Pathology Notes PDF

PATHOLOGY A. CHEST  EFFECT: difficulty in emptying the lungs of ASPIRATION air  A mechanical obstruction  CAUSED BY: foreign objects are...

PATHOLOGY A. CHEST  EFFECT: difficulty in emptying the lungs of ASPIRATION air  A mechanical obstruction  CAUSED BY: foreign objects are CYSTIC FIBROSIS swallowed/aspirated into air passages of  Most common inherited diseases bronchial tree  Secretion of heavy mucus cause progressive  Most common in small children clogging of bronchi and bronchioles  TREATMENT: Heimlich maneuver  CAUSED BY: faulty genes in chromosomes No.7 ATELECTASIS  Collapse of all or a portion of a lung DYSPNEA  CAUSED BY: obstruction of the bronchus  A sensation of difficulty in breathing or puncture or “blowout” of an air  Most common in older persons passageway  CAUSED BY: o Physical exertion BRONCHIECTASIS o Restrictive/obstructive defects within  Irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi the lungs or airways or bronchioles o Pulmonary edema  CAUSED BY: repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction EMPHYSEMA  EFFECTS:  Irreversible and chronic lung disease o Increased mucous production  Air spaces in the alveoli become greatly o Coughing up sputum enlarge  CAUSED BY: BRONCHITIS o Smoking  Excessive mucous secretion into the bronchi o Long-term dust inhalation  CAUSED BY: cigarette smoking  RESULTS:  EFFECTS: o Alveolar wall destruction o Cough o Loss of alveolar elasticity o Shortness of breath  EFFECTS: o Seriously labored breathing CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY o Serious impedance of gas exchange DISEASE (COPD) within the lungs  A persistent obstruction of the airways  CAUSED BY: PLEURAL EFFUSION/HYDROTHORAX o Smoking  Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the o Emphysema pleural cavity o Chronic bronchitis  TYPES: empyema and hemothorax 1  PATHOLOGY EMPYEMA  CAUSED BY: Streptococcus pneumonia  Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity  CAUSED BY: VIRAL/INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA o Chest wounds  Inflammation of the alveoli and connecting o Obstruction of bronchi lung structures o Ruptured lung abscess o Pneumonia PNEUMOTHORAX  Accumulation of air in the pleural space HEMOTHORAX  CAUSED BY:  Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity o Trauma  CAUSED BY: trauma/injury o Pathologic conditions  EFFECTS: PLURISY o Partial or complete collapse of lungs  Inflammation of the pleura surrounding the o Severe shortness of breath lungs o Chest pain  CAUSED BY: o Virus or bacterium PULMONARY EDEMA o Visceral and parietal pleura  Excess fluid in the lungs “rubbing” during respiration  CAUSED BY: coronary artery disease o Pneumonia o Trauma to the chest RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME  EFFECT: severe pain  Hyaline Membrane Disease in infant  Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome in PNEUMONIA/PNEUMONITIS adult  Inflammation of the lungs  The alveoli and capillaries of the lung are  TYPES: aspiration pneumonia, injured or infected bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia and  CAUSED BY: viral/visceral pneumonia o Lack of lung development  EFFECT: ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA o Leakage in fluid and blood into the  CAUSED BY: aspiration of foreign objects spaces between alveoli or food in the lungs  RESULT: irritation of the bronchi TUBERCULOSIS  EFFECT: edema  A contagious disease  CAUSED BY: Mycobacterium tuberculosis BRONCHOPNEUMONIA  TYPES: primary and reactivation/secondary  CAUSED BY: Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS  It occurs in persons who have never had the LOBAR PNEUMONIA disease before  Confined to one or two lobes of the lungs 2  PATHOLOGY  INDICATORS: DYNAMIC (with power or force)/MECHANICAL o Hilar enlargement BOWEL OBSTRUCTION o Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes  Complete or nearly complete blockage of the flow of intestinal contents REACTIVATION/SECONDARY  EFFECTS: TUBERCULOSIS o Fibrous adhesions  Develops in adult  Fibrous band of tissue  INDICATORS: interrelates with the intestine, o Irregular calcification in the upper creating a blockage lobes bilaterally  Most common cause of o Upward retraction of the hila mechanical obstruction o Crohn’s disease OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASE  Chronic inflammation of ANTHRACOSIS intestinal wall  Black lung pneumoconiosis  CAUSE: unknown  CAUSED BY: deposits of coal dust  EFFECT: bowel obstruction  Most common in young ASBESTOSIS adults  CAUSED BY: inhalation of asbestos dust o Intussusception (fibers)  Telescoping of a section of  EFFECT: pulmonary fibrosis bowel into another loop  Most common in ileum SILICOSIS  Most common in children  CAUSED BY: inhalation of silica (quartz) o Volvulus dust  Twisting of a loop of intestine B. ABDOMEN  TREATMENT: surgery ASCITES ILEUS  Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity  Non-mechanical bowel obstruction  CAUSED BY:  TYPES: o Cirrhosis of the liver o Adynamic Ileus o Metastatic disease to the peritoneal  Without power or force cavity  CAUSED BY: peritonitis o Paralytic Ileus PNEUMOPERITONEUM  Paralysis  CAUSED BY: lack of  Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity intestinal motility  CAUSED BY:  Most common in postoperative patients o Gastric or duodenal ulcer o Trauma 3  PATHOLOGY ULCERATIVE COLITIS COLLE’S FRACTURE  Chronic disease involving inflammation of  Transverse fracture of distal radius with the colon posterior displacement  Most common in young adults  Most frequently involves rectosigmoid colon SMITH’S FRACTURE  Reverse Colle’s Fracture C. UPPERLIMB  Transverse fracture of distal radius with BONE METASTASES anterior displacement  Transfer of disease or cancerous lesion from one organ or part JOINT EFFUSION  Most common bone malignant tumors  Accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity  CAUSED BY: BURSITIS o Fracture  Inflammation of the bursae o Dislocation  EFFECTS: o Soft tissue damage o Pain o Inflammation o Limited joint movement OSTEOARTHRITIS CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME  Degenerative Joint Disease  Common painful disorder of the wrist and  Noninflammatory joint disease characterized hand by gradual deterioration of articular cartilage  CAUSED BY: compression of the median  Most common type of arthritis nerve  Most commonly in middle-aged women OSTEOMYELITIS  Local or generalized infection of bone or FRACTURES bone marrow  Break in the structure of bone  CAUSED BY:  CAUSED BY: direct or indirect force o Bacteria introduced by trauma or surgery BARTON’S FRACTURE o Diabetic foot ulcer  Fracture and dislocation of posterior lip of distal radius OSTEOPETROSIS  Hereditary diseased marked by abnormally BENNETT’S FRACTURE dense bone  Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal  CAUSED BY: fracture of affected bone bone OSTEOPOROSIS BOXER’S FRACTURE  Reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy  Transverse fracture of the fifth metacarpal of skeletal tissue neck  Most common in postmenopausal women and elderly men 4  PATHOLOGY PAGET’S DISEASE BENIGN BONE/CARTILIGINOUS TUMORS  Osteitis Deformans ENCHONDROMA  Most common chronic skeletal diseases  Slow-growing benign cartilaginous tumor  CAUSE: unknown  Most commonly found in small bones of the  Most common in men older than age 40 hand and feet of adolescents and young adults RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS  Chronic systemic disease with inflammatory OSTEOCHONDROMA/EXOSTOSIS changes throughout the body’s connective  Most common type of benign bone tumor tissue  Most common in persons aged 10-20 years  Most common in women  Most common at the knee SKIER’S THUMB D. HUMERUS AND SHOULDER  Sprain or tear in the ulnar collateral ligament ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT SEPARATION of the thumb  Partial or complete tear of the AC and/or  CAUSED BY: injury coracoclavicular ligaments  CAUSED BY: trauma to upper shoulder MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS region MULTIPLE MYELOMA  Tumors that occur in various parts of the ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATION body, arising from bone marrow or marrow  Superior displacement of distal clavicle plasma cells  CAUSED BY: fall  Most common of the primary cancerous bone tumors BANKART LESION  an injury of the anteroinferior aspect of the OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA/OSTEOSARCOMA glenoid labrum  The second most common type of primary  CAUSED BY: anterior dislocation of the cancerous bone tumor proximal humerus  Most common in persons aged 10-20 years  May develop in older persons with Paget’s BURSITIS disease  Inflammation of the bursae EWING’S SARCOMA HILL-SACHS DEFECT  A common primary malignant bone tumor  A compression fracture of the articular  Most common in children and young adults surface of the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head CHONDROSARCOMA  CAUSED BY: anterior dislocation of  A slow-growing malignant tumor of the humeral head cartilage 5  PATHOLOGY IDIOPATHIC CHRONIC ADHESIVE ENCHONDROMA CAPSULITIS/FROZEN SHOULDER  Slow-growing benign cartilaginous tumor  A disability of the shoulder joint  Most often in small bones of the hands and  CAUSED BY: chronic inflammation in or feet in adolescents and young adults around the joint EWING’S SARCOMA IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME  Common primary malignant bone tumor  Impingement of the greater tuberosity and  Most common in children and young adults on the coracoacromial ligamentous and  SYMPTOMS: low-grade fever and pain osseous arch EXOSTOSIS/OSTEOCHONDROMA SUPRASPINATUS MUSCLE IMPINGEMENT  Benign, neoplastic bone lesion  Most common injury of the rotator cuff  CAUSED BY: consolidated overproduction  CAUSED BY: subacromial bone spur of bone at a joint SHOULDER DISLOCATION GOUT  Traumatic removal of humeral head from  A form of arthritis the glenoid cavity  Excessive uric acid in the blood  Common initial attacks occur in the first TENDONITIS MTP joint  Inflammation condition in the tendon  Most common in men F. LOWER LIMB LISFRANC JOINT INJURY BONE CYST  Sprains or dislocations-fractures of the bases  Benign, neoplastic bone lesions filled with of the first and second metatarsals clear fluid  CAUSED BY:  Most common near the knee joint in o Motor vehicle crashes children and adolescence o Twisting falls o Falls from high places CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE/RUNNER’S MULTIPLE MYELOMA KNEE  Tumor arises from the bone marrow or  Softening of the cartilage under the patella marrow plasma cells  Most common in cyclists and runners  Most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor CHONDROSARCOMAS  Malignant tumors of the cartilage OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE  Most common in the pelvis and long bones  Inflammation of the bone and cartilage of of men older than 45 years the anterior proximal tibia  Most common in boys ages 10-15 6  PATHOLOGY  CAUSED BY: large patellar tendon AVULSION/EVULSION FRACTURES OF THE detaches part of the tibial tuberosity PELVIS  Fractures experience after a sudden, forceful OSTEOCLASTOMAS/GIANT CELL TUMORS or unbalanced contraction of the tendinous  Benign lesions that occur in the proximal and muscular attachment tibia or distal femur after epiphyseal closure  Most common in athlete adolescents  Typically occur in the long bones of young adults DEVELOPMENT DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP/CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP OSTEOID OSTEOMAS  CAUSED BY: conditions present at birth  Benign bone lesions  Most common in teenagers or young adults LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE  SYMPTOMS: localized pain that typically  Most common type of aseptic or ischemic worsens at night necrosis  Lesions typically involve one hip (head and OSTEOMALACIA/RICKETS neck of femur)  Bone softening  Most common in boys ages 5-10 years  CAUSED BY: deficiency of calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D PELVIC RING FRACTURES  Rickets in children  CAUSED BY: severe blow or trauma to one  Osteomalacia in adults side of the pelvis  RESULT: fracture site away from the site of REITER SYNDROME primary trauma  Bony erosion at the Achilles tendon insertion on the posterosuperior margin of PROXIMAL FEMUR (HIP) FRACTURES the calcaneus  CAUSED BY: weakening or collapse of  Affects the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs weight-bearing joints of young men  Most common in older adults or geriatric  CHARACTERISTIC: arthritis, urethritis and patients with osteoporosis or avascular conjunctivitis necrosis  CAUSED BY: o Infection of the GI tract SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS o Sexually transmitted disease  Epiphysis appears shorter and the epiphyseal plate wider with smaller margins G. FEMUR AND PELVIC GIRDLE  Most common in persons ages 10-16 years ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS  Rheumatoid arthritis variant involving the H. CERVICAL AND THORACIC SPINE sacroiliac joints and spine CLAY SHOVELER’S FRACTURE  Most common in males  Avulsion fractures on the spinous processes of C6 through T1  CAUSED BY: hyperflexion of the neck 7  PATHOLOGY KYPHOSIS COMPRESSION FRACTURE  Abnormal or exaggerated convex curvature  Collapse of the anterior edge of the vertebral of the thoracic spine body, changing its shape into a wedge  CAUSED BY: compression fractures of the instead of block anterior edges of the vertebral bodies in  CAUSED BY: osteoporotic patients o Osteoporosis  RESULTS: o Severe kyphosis caused by other o Stooped posture diseases o Reduced height o Injury of the spinal cord LORDOSIS HANGMAN’S FRACTURE  Abnormal or exaggerated concave lumbar  Fracture extends through pedicles of C2 curvature with or without subluxation of C2 upon C3  CAUSED BY:  CAUSED BY: extreme hyperextension of o Pregnancy the neck o Obesity o Poor posture JEFFERSON’S FRACTURE o Rickets or tuberculosis of the spine  Comminuted fracture of anterior and posterior arches of C1 SCOLIOSIS  CAUSED BY:  Abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature o Landing on one’s head of the spine o Landing on one’s feet  Most common in children ages 10-14 years  Most common in girls ODONTOID FRACTURE  Fracture involving the dens and can extend SCHEUERMANN’S DISEASE into the lateral masses or arches of C1  Osteochondritis involving one or more of the verterbrae TEARDROP BURST FRACTURE  RESULTS IN: abnormal spine curvature of  Compression with hyperflexion in the kyphosis and scoliosis cervical region  Most common in boys HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS TRANSITIONAL VERTEBRA  Herniated lumbar disc/Slipped disk  Vertebra takes on a characteristic of the  CAUSED BY: protrusion of nucleus adjacent region of the spine pulposus (soft inner part) of an invertebral  Most often occurs in the lumbosacral region disk through the annulus (fibrous cartilage  It also involves the cervical and lumbar ribs outer layer) in the spinal canal 8  PATHOLOGY I. LUMBAR, SACRUM AND COCCYX  CAUSED BY: CHANCE FRACTURE o Blunt trauma  Fracture through the vertebral body and o Pulmonary injury posterior elements (spinous processes, pedicles, facets, transverse processes) STERNAL FRACTURE  CAUSED BY: hyperflexion force  CAUSED BY: blunt trauma METASTASES  Primary malignant neoplasms that spread to CONGENITAL ANOMALIES distant sites via blood and lymphatics PECTUS CARINATUM  Pigeon breast SPINA BIFIDA  Anterior protrusion of the lower sternum and  Congenital condition in which posterior xiphoid process aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop  Most often at L5 PECTUS EXCAVATUM  Funnel chest SPONDYLOLISTHESIS  Characterized by a depressed sternum  Forward movement of one vertebra in relation to another K. SKULL  CAUSED BY: SKULL FRACTURE o Developmental defect in the pars  Disruptions in the discontinuity of bones of interarticularis the skull o Spondylolysis o Severe osteoarthritis LINEAR FRACTURE  It appears as jagged or irregular lucent lines SPONDYLOLYSIS that lie at right angles to the axis of the bone  Dissolution of a vertebra  CAUSED BY: DEPRESSED FRACTURE o Aplasia (lack of development) of the  Ping-pong fracture vertebral arch  A fragment of bone that is separated and o Separation of the pars interarticularis depressed into the cranial cavity  Most common at L4 or L5 BASAL SKULL FRACTURE J: BONY THORAX– STERNUM AND RIBS  Fracture through the dense inner structures RIB FRACTURE of the temporal bone  CAUSED BY: o Trauma MULTIPLE MYELOMA o Underlying pathology  It consists of one or more tumors that originate in the bone marrow FLAIL CHEST  Skull is the common site  Fracture of the adjacent ribs into two or more places 9  PATHOLOGY PITUITARY ADENOMAS  Tumors of the pituitary gland  FINDINGS: o Enlargement of the sella turcica o Erosion of the dorsum sellae MASTOIDITIS  Bacterial infection of the mastoid process  Mastoid air cells are replaced with a fluid- filled abscess  RESULTS IN: hearing loss ACOUSTIC NEUROMA  Benign tumor of the auditory nerve sheath originates in the internal auditory canal  SYMPTOMS: o Hearing loss o Dizziness o Loss of balance CHOLESTEATOMA  Benign cyst-like mass or tumor  Most common in the middle ear or mastoid region POLYP  Growth arises from a mucous membrane and projects into a cavity  CAUSES: chronic sinusitis OTOSCLEROSIS  Hereditary disease involving excessive spongy bone formation of the middle and inner ear  Most common cause of hearing loss in adults without ear drum damage -THE END- “Board Exam is a matter of preparation. 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