Psychological Assessment 2 PDF - Early Beginnings

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2 MOD1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MAGBANUA, KEILAH EARLY BEGINNINGS o also pioneered rating scale & questionnaire me...

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2 MOD1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MAGBANUA, KEILAH EARLY BEGINNINGS o also pioneered rating scale & questionnaire methods, as well as free association  Chinese influence techniques o Civil service examination - Developed to assess governmental  James McKeen Cattell officials o American psychologist who studied with - Conducted every three years Galton and Wilhelm Wundt, and was active - Initially measured proficiency in music, in establishing experimental laboratories & archery, horsemanship, writing, in the spread of the testing movement arithmetic, public & private rites & o 1890 – invented the term “mental test” to ceremonies describe a series of tests to determine the - Han Dynasty – modified & refined, intellectual level of college students introduced written exams; tested topics o shared Galton’s view that measure of on civil law, military affairs, agriculture, intellectual functions could be obtained revenue, geography through tests of sensory discrimination and o National multi-stage testing reaction time - Introduced during the Ming Dynasty o tests were administered individually, but - Involved local and regional testing correlations on test performance and centers where candidates are asked to scholastic achievement proved to be very write essays in special testing booths low - Those who passed the local level moved o Cattell’s Mental Tests up to the district level, then the final Strength of hand squeeze as examinations; passers are made eligible measured by dynamometer Rate of for public office hand movement through a distance of 50 centimeters  Charles Darwin Two-point threshold for touch— o stimulated the interest in the study of minimum distance at which two individual differences points are still perceived as separate o published “Origin of the Species” in 1859 Degree of pressure needed to cause o those who have the best or most adaptive pain—rubber tip pressed against the characteristics will survive at the expense forehead of lesser fit life forms – “survival of the Weight differentiation—discern the fittest” relative weights of identical looking boxes varying by one gram from 100  Francis Galton to 110 grams o cousin of Darwin, applied the theory of Reaction time for sound—using a individual differences device similar to Galton’s o English biologist who was responsible for Time for naming colors launching the testing movement Bisection of a 50-centimeter line o interest in human heredity – basis of Judgment of 10 seconds of time intelligence and techniques for measuring Number of letters repeated on one human abilities hearing o set up a psychometric laboratory at the International Health Exhibition in London in  J.E.D. Esquirol 1884 o French physician who started to formalize o developed the first large, systematic body the difference between insane and retarded of data on individual differences, and people statistical methods to analyze the data PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2 MOD1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MAGBANUA, KEILAH o emphasized language skills to diagnose 15. Repeats a sentence of 15 words. mental retardation 16. Tells how two common objects are o also proposed the first classification of M.R. different, e.g., “paper and cardboard.” o 3 levels: (1) using short phrases, (2) using 17. Names from memory as many as possible of monosyllables, (3) with cries only, no 13 objects displayed on a board for 30 speech seconds. [This test was later dropped because it permitted too many possibilities INTELLIGENCE for distraction.]  Alfred Binet 18. Reproduces from memory two designs o French psychologist who was appointed in shown for 10 seconds. 1904 by the Minister of Public Instruction to 19. Repeats a longer series of digits than in item study procedures for the education of 11 to test immediate memory. retarded children 20. Tells how two common objects are alike, o invented the first modern intelligence test, e.g., “butterfly and flea.” Binet-Simon Scale, which he developed 21. Compares two lines of slightly unequal with his physician-associate Theodore length. Simon 22. Compares five blocks to put them in order of weight.  1905 Scale 23. Indicates which of the previous five weights o 30 problems on tests in ascending order of the examiner has removed. difficulty 24. Produces rhymes, e.g., “What rhymes with o designed to cover various functions, with ‘school’?” emphasis on the essential elements of 25. A word completion test based on those intelligence: judgment, comprehension, proposed by Ebbinghaus. reasoning 26. Puts three nouns, e.g., “Paris, river, fortune” 1. Follows a moving object with the eyes. (or three verbs) in a sentence. 2. Grasps a small object which is touched. 27. Responds to 25 abstract (comprehension) 3. Grasps a small object which is seen. questions, e.g., “When a person has 4. Recognizes the difference between a offended you, and comes to offer his square of chocolate and a square of wood. apologies, what should you do?” 5. Finds and eats a square of chocolate 28. Reverses the hands of a clock. wrapped in paper. 29. After paper folding and cutting, draws the 6. Executes simple commands and imitates form of the resulting holes. simple gestures. 30. Defines abstract words by designating the 7. Points to familiar named objects, e.g., difference between, e.g., “boredom and “Show me the cup.” weariness.” 8. Points to objects represented in pictures, e.g., “Put your finger on the window.”  1908 Scale 9. Names objects in pictures, e.g., “What is o tests were grouped into age levels between this?” [examiner points to a picture of a 3 – 13 sign]. o score on the entire test was expressed as 10. Compares two lines of markedly unequal “mental level” corresponding to the age of length. normal children whose performance he or 11. Repeats three spoken digits. she equaled 12. Compares two weights. o “mental level” sometimes substituted by 13. Shows susceptibility to suggestion. “mental age” 14. Defines common words by function. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2 MOD1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MAGBANUA, KEILAH  1911 Scale constructs) are sufficient to explain the o little revision was made due to the death of correlations Binet  data gathered by such procedures indicated o scale was extended to adult level that there are relatively independent factors or traits  1912  this contributed to the development of o William Stern suggested that an multiple batteries – designed to provide a intelligence quotient computed from the measure of the individual’s standing in each mental age divided by the chronological age of a number of traits (MACA) would give a better measure of the  in place of a total score of IQ, there is a relative functioning of a subject compared separate score obtained for those traits to his or her same-aged peers  such batteries provide a suitable instrument for intra-individual analysis  Lewis M. Terman ACHIEVEMENT o Stanford professor who popularized IQ testing with his revision of the Binet scales  E.L. Thorndike – spearheaded the use of in 1916 standardized tests to measure the outcomes of o developed the more extensive and school instruction psychometrically refined Stanford-Binet test  1845 o suggested that IQ be multiplied by 100 to o written examinations replaced oral remove the decimals interrogation among Boston public schools o (MA÷CA)/100 o Written examinations - put all students in uniform situation,  Binet tests wider coverage of content, reduced the o introduced individual tests administered to element of chance in question choice, only one person at a time eliminated the possibility of favoritism o require oral responses or manipulation of on the examiner’s part materials - replaced essay questions with objective multiple-choice items o individual timing of responses APTITUDE  Stanford Achievement Test o first edition was published in 1923  Psychologists realized the need for tests of o authored by the 3 early leaders in test special aptitudes to supplement global development: T.L. Kelley, G.M. Ruch and intelligence tests, even prior to WWI L.M. Terman  special aptitude tests were used in vocational counseling as well as in the selection &  1930 classification of industrial and military o introduction of test scoring machines, since personnel essays were more time consuming for both  examples were tests on mechanical, clerical, examiner and examinees and yielded less musical, artistic aptitudes reliable results than the new type of objective items  Factor Analysis o Developed by Charles Spearman, T.L.  CEEB Kelley, and L.L. Thurstone o College Entrance Examination Board o Defined as a mathematical procedure for o foremost program that resulted from the analyzing a matrix of correlations among establishment of statewide, regional, and measurement to determine what factors (or national testing programs PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2 MOD1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MAGBANUA, KEILAH o used to reduce duplication in the examining 5. disarranged sentences of entering college freshmen 6. number series completion o 1947 – CEEB testing functions were merged 7. analogies with the Carnegie Corporation and 8. information American Council on Education to form the  Army Beta ETS – Educational Testing Service o non-language scale used with illiterates and - assumed responsibility for testing foreign-bred recruits unable to take a test in programs in behalf of universities, English professional schools and government agencies and other institutions o consisted of various visual-perceptual and motor tests such as tracing a path through  Achievement Tests mazes and visualizing the correct number of o were also used in selection of applicants for blocks depicted in a three-dimensional industrial and government jobs drawing o technical aspects of achievement tests resemble those of intelligence and aptitude PERSONALITY TESTING tests  Robert Woodworth – developed the Personal o difference between intelligence and Data Sheet achievement tests lies on the specificity of  Herman Rorschach – designed the first inkblot content and the extent to which the test test presupposes a designated course of prior instruction  Pseudo-sciences as Foundations of Personality Assessment GROUP TESTING 1. Phrenology - development of specific brain areas is associated with certain  picked up dramatically during the World War I in personality characteristics and mental 1917 disorders.  Robert Yerkes ▪ Phrenology, a method developed by o psychology professor at Harvard appointed Franz Joseph Gall, is a process that by the American Psychological Association to assess army recruits involves observing and/or feeling the skull to determine an individual's o provide information that could assist in psychological attributes. administrative functions ▪ Although now regarded as obsolete, - rejection or discharge from military Gall's assumption that character, service thoughts, and emotions are located - assignment to different types of in specific parts of the brain is services considered an important historical - admission to officer-training camps  Arthur S. Otis advance toward neuropsychology. o prepared the group intelligence test and 2. Physiognomy - one’s temperament & character is determined from external turned it over to the army features of the body, especially the face. o introduced multiple-choice and other “objective” types of items ▪ Physiognomy associates any  Army Alpha feature of the face and head with personal characteristics. Some o designed for general routine testing traditional physiognomists insist o consisted of 8 verbally loaded tests on a much stronger relation 1. following oral directions 2. arithmetical reasoning between facial appearance and character. They posit a virtual 3. practical judgement identity between facial and 4. synonym-antonym pairs PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2 MOD1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MAGBANUA, KEILAH psychological characters, such that if one is changed, a change in the other will follow. 3. Graphology - personality can be analyzed by studying handwriting samples ▪ There are aspects of handwriting that are described in graphology, such as direction of lines, space between words, slant, body image, pressure, among others.