Psychology Semester 2 Set PDF

Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and comm...

Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. This happens mainly in cognition the cerebral cortex and essentially runs everything thats going on thats on the emotional front Adds emotions, complex motives, in- midbrain/limbic system creased memory abilities - amygdala (al- mond tree) controls automatic behaviors necessary brain stem function for survival (pre historic, almost animal- istic) the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an imped- iment to problem solving, when looking functional fixedness at a problem from one way only, think House MD and the fact that house is the only one without functional fixedness Known for his theory of cognitive devel- opment in children. - mental schemas Jean Piaget - core beliefs - assimilation and accommodation - cognitive and emotional Early in life we basically have for every piece of information we know (phone, elevator) it is called a mental schema how do we learn things> What do I do with a new thing I've never seen before you're going to deny its ex- istence You can't understand nothingness comes out of the world of CBT (Aaron Beck) which developed the most scientif- psychology core beliefs ically valid treatments for therapy, taken from jean piagets ideas together with the idea of core belief 1 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Through the process assimilation and accommodation. Imagine a little child that has never seen a ball in their life, the first time they see it they don't have a schema for it. What's this and why is the question the kids ask! Need to see a few times no specific number (battle called how do schemas develop disequilibrium - your eyes see something and your brain says no such thing) build a schema and you'll understand it and you're set assimilation- they understand it after ac- commodating the ball Accommodation - building a schema connected to the idea of accommodation Process of language development and assimilation and it becomes more difficult the older you get assimilating an event or a person into the wrong accommodation leading it to be wrong assimilation wrong, like accidentally comparing unit- ed states of america and united arab emirates clusters of information stored in network of associations long-term memory (the word dog asso- ciates with cat, barking, fetching, etc) Adults who think they are stupid have a core belief system Traumatic event -1 time happen can al- ready cause a schema People who don't have trauma they need emotional schemas it to happen several time A LOT OF THINGS CAN BE DONE WITHOUT MEDICINE; if a person believes he is bad, this will stop him from succeeding 2 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h work against awareness(how often do they perceive this schema) If a person has a core belief "Im bad" Changing core beliefs Draw for them, a square in the brain. Write the core belief in the square. Small mistake - gets assimilated into the schema Assimilation of non-matching items: when items are not fitting the schema (e.g. triangles) get transformed to fit ( triangles to square) example: children apply the schema of a assimilation (schema) dog to a hippopotamus in which chase there is a cognitive level change: changing the triangle into the square conceptually Frequency of changing triangles into squares. Example: A person with the core belief "I am bad" might convert many small mis- takes into this schema daily. core beliefs and depression: Depression often leads to staying in bed, avoiding activities. Lack of activity reinforces negative schemas. Make patients aware of how often they change triangles into squares. Treatment of negative schemas Example: A client who helped an old lady but undermined their good deed with negative thoughts. Trauma can create instant, strong schemas. trauma and schema development Core beliefs can become stronger at dif- ferent times, influenced by factors like so- 3 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h cial media or mood (e.g., "No one loves me" after stalking an ex on Facebook). Language includes spoken, written, or language gestured words and the way they are combined to communicate meaning. Learning a new language becomes hard- er with age. critical period of development Age impacts grammar learning proficien- cy. Most people in the world speak two or more languages. General insights of learning a second Bilingualism enhances metalinguistic language skills but can decrease efficiency in memory tasks. Early starters have increased proficiency Learning a second language: proficiency and accent. factors Knowledge of native language aids in learning a second language. The earlier bilingualism is introduced, the better for metalinguistic thinking. learning a second language: infusing Environment plays a crucial role (e.g., Bilingualism number of books at home, parental inter- action). Research on 2 million individuals sug- gests it's never too late to learn a second research on language learning: immi- language. grant language proficiency Higher education levels correlate with better proficiency in both native and new languages. The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situa- intelligence tions. Stanford -Binet test 4 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h original definition is the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 Concept of IQ contemporary tests: Average perfor- mance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. Tests must be standardized for cultural relevance. defining meaningful scores by compari- Standardization son with the performance of a pretested group the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many phys- normal curve ical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. Most prominent test used for all ages. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most widely used, with ver- bal and nonverbal subtests. Assessing Intelligence: wechsler scale Reliability: Consistency of test results over time. test reliability and validity Validity: Accuracy in measuring or pre- dicting what it is supposed to (e.g., a scale valid for weight but not for artistic ability). 5 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Eight intelligences in problem solving: namely linguistic, musical, logical-math- ematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, nat- uralistic, interpersonal, and intraperson- al. Possible ninth is existential. Defines intelligence as "the capacity to solve problems or fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings." Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple In- 8 intelligences, everyone has all 8, but in telligences different proportions. You can strengthen your weaker areas. sir francis galton(aristocrat) initiated the debate and concluded that intelligence was inherited environmentalists insists that intelli- gence is influenced primarily by ones en- nature vs nurture IQ contreversy vironment (nurtured by parents, teach- ers, friends etc) heritability - some research using the adoption study method supports that geners/ heritablity influence IQ scores found that IQ scores can be modified with an enriched environment, the earlier the adoption the higher the IQ; enriched environment (nature vs nur- ture) infants and children of low IQ and in- come mothers who went to education programs scored higher on IQ tests, ad- vantages persist into adulthood 6 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h scientific study of how we think about influence and relate to one another social psychology Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as external influences (exclusively external influences) In order for us to determine or assess relationship between the situation a per- behavior is using the two different influ- son is in and the role they play in it ences, our internal attitudes and external influences a failure to consider situational variables while making an attribution, leading to an overestimation of dispositional contribu- tions when observing the behavior of oth- Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) ers. some one acting inconsiderate for example we attribute it usually to internal factors, what we dont take into account is the external forces that would be causing these behaviors Asch's conformity experiment: Took a bunch of students to compare a line with 3 other lines, the line is number 2, but if everyone says it looks like one, the last Conformity person will say also that it is 1 because conformity Influence resulting from one's willing- ness to accept others' opinions about re- ality the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience. take for example milgrams obedience ex- periment: Yale university: sample of a lot of people, there is a guy in the next room, authority who is being asked questions, if he has the question wrong the "teacher" would have to electrocute the "student", in the study, 65 percent of people went through to the end, they are getting nervous, but 7 / 26 Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h due to the authority figure they complete it. Some people, likely to internal attribut- es (personality) resist (35 percent) improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that social facilitation are difficult or not yet mastered, happens in sports, in occurences of home team advantage, and people cheering for you, or like studying with others Groupthink: Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of al- ternatives Deindividualization A very powerful force, working in a group and making a decision, you want harmo- ny, you may disagree but everyone has made a decision of everyone deciding that way so you will too. Unanimous decision is dangerous Ingroup- "us" people with whom one shares a common identity outgroup - "them" those perceived as social relations and roles different or apart from one's group take for example: Zimbardo experiment, who gave specific roles in the Standford prison experiment murder and rates of agression per day weather in huston increased as temperature in- creased as well the phenomenon that repeated expo- sure to novel stimuli increases liking of mere exposure effect them; conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture--> drastic decrease in racial attitudes as well as attraction 8 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other by- standers are present; due to a case in the 60s, although social force is pow- bystander effect (diffusion of responsibil- erful there are people who go against ity) the pressure of social norms. those are attributed to a personality that are more likely going to go against the social pres- sure internal state that arounses directs and Motivation maintains behavior, A desire to perform a behavior for its own intrinsic motivation sake a desire to perform a behavior to receive extrinsic motivation promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment extrinsic motivation : rewards are conse- quences of behavior incentives encourage or discourage be- behavioral approach to motivation haviors match incentive with students gemo- graphics (age, gender, SES) emphasis on personal choice, an inborn need to fulfill potential and self - actualize humanistic approach to motivation motivation is based on particular needs, maslows hierarchy of needs (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relation- ships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivation increases as needs are met, whereas motivation decreases as needs are met below the line of esteem needs 9 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expecta- tions, and goals—their cognitions. Focuses on thinking and the interpreta- tion of event How does one interpret the event Intrinsic motivation (motivation comes cognitive approaches to motivation from the inside, together with humanistic, and different from behavioral which are extrinsic) We have this need to understand and be curious However it's the way we think about things that influences plans goals and etc It will influence my motivation looks at when an event occurs what do we attribute it to, the way we react to a failed test. one way is to locus of control attribution theory of motivation Internal: blames me, I didn't come pre- pared, personal responsibility; you are more likely to succeed in the next exam External: fail an exam and you say that the professor is at fault stable/unstable (expectation) Expecta- Attribution theory: stability tion is that things will change, or some- thing will stay the same Controllable/ uncontrollable (emotion) More an emotional evaluation Controllable is something that I am on attribution theory: Responsibility top of, I can get better at it Uncontrollable is something I believe I can't change, that I will be bad at it. 10 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h An approach to psychology that exam- ines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. Emphasizes participation in communi- ties of practice sociocultural approach to motivation Identify with group Learn to keep identify as community member Being part of a group is a motivator (peer pressure) IDF Internal state of tension or auroral that is brought by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce Biological approach to motivation: Drive A need to reduce stressors, tension, pressure Hunger, thirst; haven't eaten, feeling a tension; wants to reduce tension so I eat Homeostasis? the idea that a physiological need cre- ates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need drive reduction theory of motivation Need (e.g. water, food) —> drive (hunger, thirst) —> drive- reducing be- haviors (eating, drinking) There is a certain amount of arousal that's ideal in order to maximize arousal but too much is going to affect it negative- ly Low in arousal: sleepy, fatigued High yerkes - dodson law of motivation arousal: strong stress, anxiety, impaired performance Both low arousal and high arousal is bad A mix between both, a good arousal is good for peak performance 11 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h a response of the whole organism, in- volving (1) physiological arousal, (2) ex- emotion pressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience (cannon bard describes the physiology and emotional part) feeling hot, getting stomach ache, heart physiological reactions to emotion rate behave in a certain way or lack of, (curs- behavioral reaction to emotion ing, driving faster) thought of things (someone cuts me off conscious experience of emotion " how dare you" if you think that you'll quickly get to anger. Culturally universal expression The way it is expressed Experienced Emotion (same all over the Something that is natural, innate world) Evolutionary advantage to have those expressions Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of Experienced Emotion them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt. High self esteem ( in individualistic coun- tries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable (good for us, how it enhances our lives) Have close friendships or a satisfying positive element of emotion: happi- marriage ness(things we have control over) Have work and leisure that engage their skill ( going on vacation can be good for you) People who live close to a beach are a happier Religiousity is linked with happiness Sleeping well and exercise 12 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Age Gender (women are more often de- pressed but also more often joyful) happiness does not relate to: Education level (PhD won't make you happy) Parenthood (having children) Attractiveness Women express emotions more than expressed emotions men, particularly in scary movies Gender link in expressiveness The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stres- stress sors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging Positive event can also be a stressor How do we appraise stressors in our lives? When stress occurs we pass through 3 phases Stage 1: stress kicks in, alarm reaction, mobilizing resources, freezing Phase 2: Resistance, cope with the stress Phase 3: exhaustion(reserves de- General Adaptation Syndrome pleted) The body's resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in During exam period there is a rapid in- crease in going to the university health center for health related issue a subfield of psychology that provides health psychology psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine Mind-body illness psychophysical illness Any stress related Men who are feeling extreme hopeless- hopelessness scores ness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death 13 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Psychological construct Clear correlation between visits and re- lease from hospital religion is multidimensional More likely to engage in healthy behav- iors: smoking, drinking, health diseases Social support (faith, communities, mar- riage) Positive emotion (believing that there is a religion an the reason for longer lives god leads to more faith, less anxiety, less stress) leading to a better health, less immune system suppression , stress hormones and suicide) theological phenomena linkage, believ- Theodessy ing that everything happens for a reason Research based tool to help Stress is not only appraisal, there is a behavior of stress, When someone is stress you can see it Mindfulness in their behavior One of the objectives of mindfulness is to bring down the body stress and release the tension An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. personality and its 3 components but it is much deeper that that psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, so- 4 basic perspectives of personality cial-cognitive childhood sexuality and unconscious Freud's theory of personality motivations influence personality 14 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Whatever we think and do is driven by unseen subconscious So when we're doing something that's unhealthy, that's coming from the sub- conscious Psychoanalysis (Freud) We treat it by going to the source of the problem So if personality is in the unconscious, what's driving it Unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memo- unconscious mind ries, contemporary viewpoint - informa- tion processing of which we are unaware (how we process information) Contains a reservoir of unconscious psy- chic energy Personality Structure: ID Strives to satisfy Basic drives Operates on the pleasure principle, de- manding immediate gratification The part of personality that presents in- ternalized ideals personality structure: Superego Provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations The largely conscious "executes" part of personality Mediates among the demands of the id, personality structure: ego superego and reality Operates on the reality principle, satisfy- ing the id's desires in ways that will real- istically bring pleasure rather than pain Oral (0-18 months)- pleasure centers of the mouth, sucking, biting, chewing Anal (18-36 months) - pleasure focuses on the bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic (3-6 years) - pleasure zone is the 15 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings (no one has the oedipal com- plex/ Electra complex for girls psychosexual stages of development Latency (6 to puberty) - dormant sexual feelings Genital ( puberty on) - maturation of sex- ual interests in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's pro- defense mechanisms tective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality The basic defense mechanisms that banishes anxiety - arousing thoughts feelings and memories from conscious- ness Repression (defense mechanism) Banishes feeling deep down, it is in the Id but then if mom comes over and says things that triggers then youre getting that thought Defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites People may express feelings that are reaction formation (defense mechanism) the opposite of their anxiety - arousing coconscious feelings Overreacting and creating a reaction to hide how you're truly feeling (hate my mom but say the complete opposite) Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses Projection (Freud's Defense Mecha- by attributing them to others nisms) My parents saying Louie is a narcissist, maybe they are...? Defense mechanism that offers self - jus- tifying explanations in place of the real Rationalization (defense mechanism) more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's action 16 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h You did something wrong but come up with reasons why its okay Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to- ward a more acceptable or less threaten- displacement (defense mechanism) ing object or person As when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet Evaluating personality from an uncon- scious mind's perspective would require a psychological instrument (projective tests) that would reveal the hidden un- conscious mind. Assessing Unconscious Processes Free association (wahtever first word comes to mind) dreams Roshes test Abraham maslow (1908- 1970) Studied self actualization processes of produc- tive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln) Self actualization The ultimate psycho- logical need that arises after basic physi- humanistic perspective of personality cal and psychological needs are met and slef esteem is achieved The motivation to fulfill one's potential Unconditional positive regard An attitude of total acceptance toward another per- son Doesn't primarily ask where personality from rather what does it look like and can we measure it? contemportary research - trait perspec- doen through traits:A characteristic pat- tive tern of behavior; A disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self- report invento- ries and peer reports or inventories: a true false questionnaire 17 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Emotional stability- Calm versus anx- ious, secure versus insecure, self- satis- fied versus self pitying Extraversion- Socialable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate ver- sus reserved Openness- Imaginative vs practical Pref- the big 5 personalities erence for variety vs preference for rou- tine Independent versus conforming Agreeableness- Soft- hearted vs ruth- less Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative Conscientiousness - Organized vs dis- organized Careful versus careless Disci- plined versus impulsive Views behavior as influenced by the in- social/ cognitive perspective of personal- teraction between persons an d their so- ity cial context the interacting influences between per- reciprocal determinism sonality and environmental factors Individualism emphasizes indepen- dence, where one's identity is derived from personal traits and achievements. Individuals are encouraged to discov- er and express their uniqueness, focus- ing on personal goals and fulfillment. In contrast, collectivism values interdepen- dence, with identity coming from belong- ing to a group. It prioritizes maintaining Individualism/Collectivism connections and fitting in, with emphasis on group goals, social responsibilities, and relationships. Individualists cope by changing their reality, while collectivists accommodate to it. Morality in individu- alism is self-based, defined by person- al principles, whereas in collectivism, it is duty-based, defined by social net- works. Relationships in individualist cul- 18 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h tures are often temporary or casual, with confrontation acceptable, while collec- tivist cultures value few, close, enduring relationships, with harmony being para- mount. Behavior in individualism reflects one's personality and attitudes, while in collectivism, it reflects social roles and expectations. (1) personal distress (2) disability: inabili- key considerations of mental disorders ty to function (3) violation of social norms: cultural factors (4) dysfunction Biological: Genetics, evolution, brain structure, chemistry Social Elements: Definition of normality Roots of psychological conditions and disorder, roles, expectations Psychological: Stress, anxiety, past trau- ma Beliefs: Failure, Defective, Worthless, Typology of Suicide Helpless, Hopeless (Ideal vs. feared self), Undeserving 21-item test, presented in multi- ple-choice formats, that assesses the presence and degree of depression in Beck Depression Inventory adolescents and adults. women are more likely to attempt suicide, men are more likely to go through with it in ireland, to understand the thinking suicide note study process in suicide notes, gathering 42 suicide notes An increased suicide rate linked to media coverage of suicide(s), or which occurs in persons "inspired" by reading about or having had a close relationship with a Werther Effect (Copycat Suicide) "successful suicide" Kurt Cobain's suicide led to a spike in suicides. 19 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h A German musician's suicide by train led to a rise in similar cases. Similar trends observed with "13 Rea- sons Why" and Robin Williams. Fact: Since 1937, 1700 people have jumped. Example: Kevin survived a jump and ad- golden gate bridge suicide case vocated for safety nets. Sears Tower: Similar preventative mea- sures can reduce suicide rates. Anxiety is influenced by beliefs about the world's risks and available resources, ranging from worry to OCD. anxiety characteristics of anxiety: Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behav- iors to reduce anxiety. continual feelings of worry, anxiety, phys- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) ical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning Intense dread episodes with physical panic disorder symptoms Irrational fear of specific objects or situa- phobia tions. an anxiety disorder characterized by un- OCD wanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) literal translation "split mind" characteristics: Disorganized and delusional thinking. Schizophrenia Disturbed perceptions (e.g., hallucina- tions). Inappropriate emotions and actions. symptoms: 20 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Delusions: False beliefs, often of perse- cution or grandeur. Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without sensory input. disorders characterized by deeply in- grained, inflexible patterns of thinking, personality diorders feeling, relating to others, or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning Unstable Positive Sense of Self Relationship Issues: Inability to sustain close relationships. Stable Impairments: Across time and sit- characteristics of personality disorder uations, not explained by developmental stage, socio-cultural environment, sub- stance abuse, or another psychological or medical condition. Paranoid Personality Disorder clusters of personality disorders: Cluster Schizoid Personality Disorder A (Odd, eccentric) Schizotypal Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder (most Cluster B (Dramatic, Erratic): common) Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment. Unstable interpersonal relationships symptoms of borderline personality dis- (idealization or devaluation). order Unstable sense of self. Self-damaging, impulsive behavior. Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful): Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Dis- order Chronic: PTSD lasting over 2 years (5-30%). 21 / 26 Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Recovery: 15-25%. trauma: Post 9/11 PTSD Delayed: PTSD onset later (0-15%). Resilience: 55-85%. Affects doctors, nurses, therapists, social workers, law enforcement, first respon- ders, undertakers, train conductors, re- secondary trauma viewers of online content, and rabbis. Professionals often absorb trauma from their patients. positive life changes and psychological development following exposure to trau- ma areas of growth: Appreciation for Life: Increased grati- tude, altruism, clearer priorities. Personal Strength: Increased resilience, posttraumatic growth self-reliance, confidence. New Possibilities: New interests, per- spectives, adaptability. Improved Relationships: Increased sense of belonging, emotional vulnera- bility. Spiritual Growth: Deeper beliefs and philosophies, clearer purpose. Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, inappropriate emotion. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Catatonic: Immobility or excessive move- ment, extreme negativism. Undifferentiated: Many and varied symp- toms. 22 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h Residual: Withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared. Subjective Well-Being (SWB) encom- passes life satisfaction, positive emo- tions, and the absence of negative emo- What is Subjective Well-Being (SWB)? tions. It reflects an individual's overall assessment of their life and emotional experiences, contributing significantly to better health and longevity. Longitudinal studies, experimental re- search, and quasi-experimental designs consistently show that higher SWB pre- What evidence supports the connection dicts better health outcomes and in- between SWB and health? creased longevity. This association re- mains strong even when controlling for initial health, socioeconomic status, and other factors. SWB positively impacts physiological processes such as immune function and cardiovascular health. Individuals with How does SWB influence physiological higher SWB often exhibit lower levels of processes? inflammation, better immune responses, and healthier heart rates, which are crit- ical for maintaining overall health. Animal studies indicate that positive en- vironments and reduced stress lead to improved health outcomes. For example, What do animal studies reveal about animals in enriched environments with SWB? less stress show better health indicators compared to those in less stimulating or more stressful conditions. Interventions designed to increase SWB, such as mindfulness meditation, stress What are the effects of experimental in- reduction techniques, and positive psy- terventions aimed at increasing SWB? chology exercises, have been shown to enhance physiological health markers, including lower blood pressure, reduced 23 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h stress hormones, and improved immune function. The impact of SWB on individuals with chronic illnesses varies. For those with diseases that have better long-term sur- How does SWB affect individuals with vival prospects, higher SWB can lead to chronic illnesses? improved outcomes and potentially ex- tended life spans. However, for severe illnesses with short-term prognoses, the evidence is less clear and more mixed. Establishing causality is challenging due to potential unmeasured third variables, such as genetic factors, lifestyle choices, What are the challenges in establishing and socioeconomic status. Additionally, causality between SWB and health? the complex interplay of factors that af- fect both health and SWB makes it diffi- cult to determine direct causal relation- ships. Positive emotions independently con- tribute to better health outcomes. They are associated with lower levels of stress, What is the impact of positive emotions improved immune function, and better on health? cardiovascular health, beyond the bene- fits gained from merely reducing nega- tive emotions. Individuals with higher SWB are more likely to engage in healthier behaviors, such as regular exercise, maintaining a How is higher SWB linked to health be- healthy diet, not smoking, and moderat- haviors? ing alcohol consumption. These behav- iors further contribute to better health and longevity. Future research should focus on under- standing the mechanisms through which What future research is needed regard- SWB affects health, identifying which ing SWB and health? types of SWB are most beneficial, and developing effective interventions. There 24 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h is also a need to explore the impact of SWB on specific health conditions and populations. Longitudinal studies reveal that individu- als with higher SWB tend to live longer, What do longitudinal studies reveal with better health outcomes over time. about SWB and longevity? This correlation persists even when ac- counting for factors such as baseline health and socioeconomic status. SWB is linked to positive physiological impacts, including stronger immune re- What physiological impacts are associat- sponses, lower inflammation, healthier ed with SWB? heart rates, and reduced levels of stress hormones, all of which contribute to over- all health. Interventions such as mindfulness med- itation, positive thinking exercises, and stress management programs have How do interventions designed to in- been shown to lower blood pressure, de- crease SWB affect health? crease stress hormones, and boost im- mune function, indicating a direct benefit to physical health from increased SWB. While SWB can benefit those with chron- ic illnesses that have favorable long-term What is the mixed effect of SWB on indi- survival rates by improving their quality of viduals with chronic illnesses? life and possibly extending their lifespan, its impact on severe, short-term illnesses is less clear and requires further study. Establishing causality is difficult because of the potential influence of unmeasured Why is establishing causality between variables, such as genetics, pre-existing SWB and health challenging? health conditions, and lifestyle factors, as well as the complex interactions between mental and physical health. Positive emotions enhance health by re- ducing stress, improving cardiovascular function, and boosting the immune sys- 25 / 26  Psychology semester 2 set Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fd774h tem. They provide benefits that go be- How do positive emotions contribute to yond simply reducing negative emotions, health beyond the absence of negative underscoring the importance of cultivat- emotions? ing positive mental states. Higher SWB encourages engagement in health-promoting behaviors, such as physical activity, balanced nutrition, and How is SWB linked to healthier behav- avoidance of harmful habits like smok- iors? ing, which collectively enhance overall health and reduce the risk of chronic dis- eases. Future research should aim to uncover the specific mechanisms through which SWB influences health, determine which What areas should future research focus aspects of SWB are most beneficial, and on regarding SWB and health? develop targeted interventions. Addition- ally, studies should examine the role of SWB in various health conditions and across different demographics. 26 / 26