Quantitative Research Review Day 1 PDF

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Week 1-5 1. IT DEALS WITH NUMERICAL VALUES AND HOW THEY CAN DESCRIBE A PHENOMENON OR INFER A RELATIONSHIP. Quantitative Research 2. AN ASSUMPTION OR PREDICTION ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES THAT CAN BE TESTED WITH DATA Hyp...

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Week 1-5 1. IT DEALS WITH NUMERICAL VALUES AND HOW THEY CAN DESCRIBE A PHENOMENON OR INFER A RELATIONSHIP. Quantitative Research 2. AN ASSUMPTION OR PREDICTION ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES THAT CAN BE TESTED WITH DATA Hypothesis 3. THIS IS A STATEMENT THAT THERE IS NO EFFECT OR NO RELATIONSHIP. Null Hypothesis Tell the given examples or statements is/are …… HYPOTHESIS OR NULL HYPOTHESIS?  "INCREASED STUDY TIME WILL LEAD TO HIGHER EXAM SCORES." Hypothesis "STUDY TIME DOES NOT AFFECT EXAM SCORES." Null Hypothesis  "THE NEW TEACHING METHOD WILL IMPROVE STUDENT TEST SCORES." Hypothesis "THE NEW TEACHING METHOD WILL NOT AFFECT STUDENT TEST SCORES." Null Hypothesis  GIVE THE 4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Controllability Generalizability Objectivity Replicability STATE THE WEAKNESSES OF A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ✔ A large sample size requires a lot of time and effort. ✔ Statistical analysis of data requires an expert to perform. ✔ Quantifying and reducing observations to numerical values makes it too simplistic. STATES THE STRENGTHS OF A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ✔ Analysis of data is assisted with statistical methods. ✔ Large-scale research can be undertaken. ✔ Data can be presented in graphical or tabular form.  ANYTHING THAT CAN BE OBSERVED BY RESEARCHERS, SUCH AS A PERSON, THING, PLACE, SITUATION, OR EVEN A PHENOMENON. ✔ It can be changed or can inflict change. Variables KIND OF VARIABLES…. VARIABLES THAT ARE PRESUMED TO CAUSE THE CHANGE IN THE SETUP. ALSO CALLED CAUSAL VARIABLES Independent Variables KIND OF VARIABLES…. VARIABLES THAT CHANGE BECAUSE OF ANOTHER VARIABLE. ALSO CALLED OUTCOME VARIABLES Dependent Variables KIND OF VARIABLES…. VARIABLES THAT SHOW THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT AND THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES. ALSO CALLED INTERVENING VARIABLES Mediating Variables KIND OF VARIABLES…. VARIABLES THAT MAY HAVE A STRONG CONDITIONED EFFECT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. Moderating Variables KIND OF VARIABLES…. VARIABLES THAT SHOULD BE EXCLUDED FROM THE RESEARCH STUDY ITSELF SINCE IT MAY INTERFERE WITH THE RESEARCH PROCESS. Extraneous Variables  Based on the given sample or statement, state what kind of variables are being used and what are those variables.  A RESEARCHER IS DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES. THE LEVEL OF ONE’S MOTIVATION IS MEASURED AND RELATED TO ITS POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON AN EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE. Independent variable: motivation Independent variable: Self-motivation Dependent variable: Productivity of employees A RESEARCHER IS TRYING TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DIFFERENT COACHING STYLES ON VOLLEYBALL TEAMS. THE WINNING STREAK OF THE TEAMS MAY BE MEASURED AND MAY CHANGE DEPENDING ON THE COACHING STYLE EMPLOYED BY THEIR COACHES. Dependent variable: winning streak Independent variable: Self-motivation Dependent variable: Productivity of employees A RESEARCHER WANTS TO KNOW THE EFFECTS OF WORKING FOR SEVEN DAYS A WEEK ON THE EMPLOYEE’S PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL. IN THIS GIVEN HYPOTHESIS, A RESEARCHER MIGHT SEE JOB SATISFACTION AS A POSSIBLE INTERVENING VARIABLE, ENSURING THAT THE EMPLOYEE IS MOTIVATED ENOUGH TO COME TO WORK EVERY DAY. Independent Variable: 7-day work week Dependent Variable: Productivity level Mediating Variable: Job satisfaction A RESEARCHER WANTS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION LEVEL ON INCOME. Independent Variable (IV): Education Level Dependent Variable (DV): Income Mediating Variable: Job Position A RESEARCHER IS STUDYING THE IMPACT OF A TRAINING PROGRAM ON EMPLOYEES' PRODUCTIVITY. Independent Variable (IV): Training Program Dependent Variable (DV): Productivity Moderating Variable: Years of Experience A RESEARCHER IS STUDYING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEACHING METHODS ON STUDENTS' TEST SCORES. Independent Variable (IV): Teaching Methods Dependent Variable (DV): Test Scores Extraneous Variable: Class Size Level of Measurement…. THIS VARIABLE CAN REPRESENTS DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA, WHICH MAY BE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS OR CATEGORIES. THERE IS NO INTRINSIC ORDER; HENCE, ITS FREQUENCIES CAN ONLY BE COUNTED. Nominal Variable Level of Measurement…. THIS VARIABLE THAT MAY ALSO BE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS OR CATEGORIES, BUT IT HAS INTRINSIC ORDER OR RANK. ITS FREQUENCIES CAN BE BOTH COUNTED AND RANKED IN WHICH THE DISTANCE BETWEEN CATEGORIES IS NOT EQUIVALENT. Ordinal Variable Level of Measurement…. IT HAS NUMERICAL VALUE AND MEANING WHICH CAN ALSO BE COUNTED, RANKED, AND HAS A MEANINGFUL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VALUES. THERE IS A TRUE ZERO POINT, WHICH MEANS THAT NOTHING EXISTS FOR THAT VARIABLE AND THAT ZERO SIMPLY MEANS NONE. Ratio Variable Level of Measurement…. THIS VARIABLE THAT HAS A NUMERICAL VALUE. IT CAN BE COUNTED AND RANKED, AND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RANKED CATEGORIES ARE MEANINGFUL. Interval Variable  CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL-STRUCTURED RESEARCH TITLE 1. Formal 2. Brief but substantial 3. Clear 4. Proper grammar and capitalization ILLUSTRATION OF HOW THE ENTIRE RESEARCH PROCESS WILL BE EXPLORED, AND EXPLAINS THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY. Conceptual framework  PERTAINS TO THE THEORY WHERE THE RESEARCHER BASED THEIR STUDY. Theoretical framework  REFERS TO A SET OF ARCHITECTURAL BLUEPRINTS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO ENABLE THE EVOLUTION AND EXPANSION OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) SOLUTIONS OVER TIME Architectural Framework  THIS ARE THE THEORETICAL OR ABSTRACT MEANING OF A CONCEPT. Conceptual definitions  REFERS TO HOW A VARIABLE WAS USED OR MEASURED IN THE STUDY. Operational definitions  STATES 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYPOTHESIS. ✔ A hypothesis should be falsifiable. ✔ The research hypothesis must be capable of being disproved. ✔ A hypothesis should be predictable. ✔ A hypothesis must be able to predict relationships among two or more variables. ✔ A hypothesis should be simple and specific ✔ A hypothesis should be based on an existing body of knowledge. The research should investigate topics that are yet to be explored in order to address research gaps. ✔ A hypothesis should be capable of being operationally defined. The research study must be testable. It will not be considered as empirical without being tested. ✔ A hypothesis should be reflective of the research problem. The argument, objectives, and variables of the study should be clearly expressed in the hypothesis.  IT IS THE GENERAL EXTENT OF THE CONTENT THAT WILL BE COVERED BY YOUR STUDY. Scope THIS ARE THE POTENTIAL WEAKNESSES IN A STUDY THAT ARE NOT WITHIN YOUR CONTROL AS A RESEARCHER. Limitations THIS HELPS YOUR STUDY BECOME MORE FEASIBLE OR DOABLE. Delimitations  FACTORS IN WRITING LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION GIVE ATLEAST 3. ✔ Sample size. Limit the sample size of the study. ✔ Profile of your sample. Choose only the profile/s relevant to your study ✔ Design of your study ✔ Data collection and research instruments ✔ Timeframe ✔ Financial resources ✔ Access to literature  INDIVIDUALS, PEOPLE, GROUPS, AND ORGANIZATIONS WHO ARE AFFECTED BY THE OUTCOMES OF YOUR STUDY. Stakeholders SMART STANDS FOR….