Qualitative Research Year 2 Oct PDF

‘What’ is Qualitative Research? Prashanti Eachempati Year 3 Programme lead Research and Lifelong learning lead ADK and ADTK lead Peninsula Dental School Plymouth 1 Learning objectives Describe the basic principles of Q...

‘What’ is Qualitative Research? Prashanti Eachempati Year 3 Programme lead Research and Lifelong learning lead ADK and ADTK lead Peninsula Dental School Plymouth 1 Learning objectives Describe the basic principles of Qualitative Research, contrasting it with Quantitative Research, in educational and clinical contexts Discuss a range of traditions and approaches to Qualitative Research (e.g. Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory) Discriminate between different methods employed in Qualitative Research (Interviews, Focus Groups etc.) 2 Let’s do a small exercise 3  Library Facilities Feedback Questionnaire 1.How often do you use the library facilities each week? a. 0–1 times b. 2–3 times c. 4–5 times d. More than 5 times 2.On a scale of 1 to 5, how satisfied are you with the library's study environment? (1 = Not satisfied, 5 = Very satisfied) a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 4 e. 5  Library Facilities Feedback What are the barriers for you to use the library facilities? What do you think could be improved in the library to enhance your overall experience? 5 Types of Methodologies Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Mixed Methods Research 6 Quantitative vs Qualitative 7 What is Qualitative Research? Qualitative research involves collecting and analysing non- numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. 8 Key features of Qualitative Research Naturalistic methods – opposite of experiments Looking for ‘meaning’ rather than ‘cause’ – why and how of experiences lived within a social context Sampling for widest range, not statistical representation – purposive rather than random sampling Iterative process (flexible) Data analysis – inductive (based on what participants say), rather than deductive (what researchers think) 9 Good news! P value > 0.05 10 ‘When’ do we use Qualitative Research? 11 1. Are these words used in your research question? 12 Numbers can’t tell the whole story…… Satisfaction survey – Example from King’s College London Item Excellent Good Average Poor Did you feel you were X treated with respect and dignity while you were in hospital Overall, how do you rate the X care you received? http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0007/85093/ES-08-1819-213.pdf 13 Numbers can’t tell the whole story…… Same patient experience recorded in an interview – Example from King’s College London “The other thing I didn’t raise, and I should have done, because it does annoy me intensely: the time you have to wait for a bedpan. Elderly people can’t wait. If we want a bedpan, it’s because we need it now. I just said to one of them, ‘I need a bedpan please.’ And it took so long for them to bringing it, it was too late. It is a very embarrassing subject, although they don’t make anything of it, they just say, ‘Oh well, it can’t be helped if you’re not well.’ And I thought, ‘Well, if only you’d brought the bedpan you wouldn’t have to strip the bed and I wouldn’t be so embarrassed.” http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0007/85093/ES-08-1819-213.pdf 14 2. Your way of getting answer to your research question? You believe numbers only You believe in may not reveal numbers truth You want an You want a objective answer Positivism Constructivi subjective sm answer You emphasize ‘no bias’ in You tolerate research deviations in research 15 3. Research methodologies you want to use? Resea Resea rch rch Metho Metho dologi ds es 16 3. Research methodologies Quantitati Descriptiv ve e Qualitativ Analytical e Explorato Primary ry Secondar Conclusiv y e 17 Types of Qualitative Research approaches PARTICIPAT ORY ACTION RESEARCH QUALITATI VE PHENOMENOL GROUNDE RESEARCH OGY D THEORY APPROACH ES CONVERSATI ON ANALYSIS 18 Participatory Action Research – Example Photo elicitation 19 Case study Research An intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group or community in which the researcher examines in- depth data relating to several variables. Example: life history which is the story of one specific person. Woods NF, Calanzaro M. Nursing research: theory and practice. St Louis: Mosby, 1980. 20 Phenomenology A phenomenological study explores what people experienced and focuses on their experience of a phenomena. Examples: Women's experiences in maternity wards, racism in the workplace, and how families experience end-of-life care for loved ones 21 Grounded Theory A qualitative method that enables you to study a particular process and discover new theories that are based on the collection and analysis of real world data. Example: How Dentists Read a orthopantomogram : A Grounded Theory Investigation 22 Conversation analysis Conversation analysis is an approach to the study of social interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in situations of everyday life. Examples: The organization of conversation between dental students and patients: A conversation analysis perspective Explanation of consent before undergoing biopsy in dental clinics: Conversation analysis 23 Ethnographic Research Ethnography involves observing people in their own environment to understand their experiences, perspectives and everyday practices. Example: A classic example of ethnographic research would be an Oral Medicine specialist staying in a village with majority of betel quid chewers for a month, and researching its people and their habits through a process of sustained observation and participation. Classique example- Sit in a bus stop and observe people boarding a bus and collect the observations 24 4. Research Methods METHODS 25 4. Research Methods Focus groups Interviews 26 Data coding in Qualitative Research “Hmmm, I think. Uh... before we receive the dental treatment…, we didn’t have a waiting number, so I Transcript think there should be a waiting system upon the reception, so we’ll know when we are next.” Mrs.Soo Feng Code 1 Patients should be informed about the waiting period 27 Data coding in Qualitative Research “I think that the dentist should have prescribed me with some medications if the complications of the Transcript procedure were anticipated. Furthermore, dentist should have told me the complications if there’s possibility of developing the complications.” Mrs.Siaw Leong Li Code 2 Complications were not explained priorly 28 Data coding in Qualitative Research Patients should be Complications were Codes 1 and informed about the 2 not explained priorly waiting period Gap in communication Theme between patient and dental team 29 Qualitative data analysis is messy… 30 Software can help to some extent… Nvivo, Quirkos, MaxQDA, ATLAS.ti 31 Criticism on Qualitative Research 32 Acceptance of Qualitative Research? Natural attraction! Conventional dental practice 33 Conclusion “The value of qualitative methods lies in their ability to pursue systematically the kinds of research questions that are not easily answerable by experimental methods” Green J (1998): Qualitative research and evidence based medicine 34