Science Notes on Weather, Climate, and Volcanoes PDF

**Weather**- the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. **Temperature**- the degrees of hotness or coldness of a place. **Wind-** the movement of air in the atmosphere. Can be measured with a wind vane or anemometer. **Air pressure**- the force caused by the weight of air in th...

**Weather**- the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. **Temperature**- the degrees of hotness or coldness of a place. **Wind-** the movement of air in the atmosphere. Can be measured with a wind vane or anemometer. **Air pressure**- the force caused by the weight of air in the earth's surface. Can be measured by a barometer. **Humidity-** the amount of water vapor in the air. Can be measured with a hygrometer. **Precipitation-** the water falling from the atmosphere, in the forms of rain, snow or hail. Can be measured with a rain gauge. **Climate-** the general pattern of weather in a certain area over a long period of time. **Latitude-** the distance(in degrees) to the north and south from the equator. **Tropical zone**- low latitude, near the equator **Temperate zone-** middle latitude **Polar zone-** high latitude **Latitude increases temperature decreases** **Altitude**- the height above sea level. Temperature decreases as the altitude increases. **Leeward side**- the side where the wind flows down the other side of the mountain. **Windward side**- the side of the mountain facing the wind. **Rain shadow** - the dry region on the leeward side. **Topography**- the study of the shape of the surface of the land, with all its ups and downs. Came from the Greek words **"TOPO"-** place, "**GRAPHIA"-** to write or record **Distance from the ocean** **Absorption**- process by one thing absorbs by another **Land**- part of earth's surface that is not covered by water. **Heat-** quality of being hot; high temperature. **Ocean-** a very large expanse of sea. **Bodies of water**- part of earth's surface that is covered with water. **Coastal areas-** land that is close to sea have lower temperature. **Inland areas**- land that if far away from sea have higher temperature. Places that are far from bodies of water have extreme climates. **Ocean currents**- ocean currents that bring along cold water to inland make the climate cold. On the other hand, ocean currents that take along warm water to coastal areas make the climate warm. Basically if the current if cold the air above will be cold too. **Climate Change** it is a natural phenomenon and has been occurring since the earth come into being. It is a change in the average weather of a given area or region. **Global Warming** It is a change in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere. **Greenhouse Effect** is the process by which radiation from the sun is absorb by greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. **[Gases that are responsible for the existence of life on earth:]** - Carbon Dioxide - Nitrous Oxide - Methane - Water Vapor - CPC **Causes of Global Warming** - Burning of Fossil Fuels - Intensive Farming To Produce Crops & Livestock Raising - Deforestation - Human Activities **Effects of Climate Change** - Human Health - Plants - Animals - Melting of Glaciers - Changes in Precipitation **Prevention** - Reduce Carbon Emissions - Conservation of Energy - Practice 3R's - Adopt a Plant-Based Diet - Use Renewable Energy - Preservation of Forest - Educate People **Star** is a massive, glowing ball of gas that produces its own light and heat. **Blue color** of a star is the hottest **Red color** of a star is the coldest **Yellow and Orange** color of a star is moderate or average **Key concepts of stars:** - Brightness - Mass - Size - Color - Temperature **Volcanoes** these are natural opening in the earth\'s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes are ejected. **Crater** it is a funnel shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive eruption. **Caldera** it is a volcanic crater that is formed when a part of the wall of the crater collapses following an explosive eruption. **Magma** molten rocks inside the earth. **Lava** magma that has been ejected out of a volcano. **Shield volcano** this is formed by the accumulation of lava oozes out from the volcano. Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, abroad, slightly doomed structure that resembles a warriors shield is formed. **Cinder cone volcano** this is built from ejected lava fragments. They have a steep slope, wide crater, and is most abundant of the three major volcanoes. **Composite volcano** also known as stratovolcano. This is large nearly perfect slope structure formed from the alternate solidification of both lava and pyroclastic deposits. **Phreatic** it is a steam driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. **Phreatomagmatic** it is a violent eruption due to the contract between water and magma. **Strombolian** it is a period weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava. **Vulcanian** it is characterized by tall eruption that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and asphalt tephra. **Plinian** it is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics.