CCDRM-Module-1-Weather-and-Climate.pdf

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management C H R I S T I N E A L O N Z O S.Y. 2 0 2 2 - 2 0 2 3 Introduction CLIMATE CHANGE resulting from human-induced greenhouse gas emissions is affecting the Earth in ways that are and will be significantly impacting pe...

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management C H R I S T I N E A L O N Z O S.Y. 2 0 2 2 - 2 0 2 3 Introduction CLIMATE CHANGE resulting from human-induced greenhouse gas emissions is affecting the Earth in ways that are and will be significantly impacting people and our environment for generations to come. Introduction o The impacts of global temperature increase on Earth are pervasive and significant, including: ❑ sea level rise, ❑ changes in precipitation, and ❑ humidity patterns, ❑ increased extreme weather events, and ❑ more climate variability. Introduction o The impacts of global temperature increase on Earth are pervasive and significant, including: ❑ sea level rise, ❑ changes in precipitation, and ❑ humidity patterns, ❑ increased extreme weather events, and ❑ more climate variability. Lesson 1: Climate and Weather Weather vs. Climate Weather vs. Climate Weather Weather in its basic sense has a lot of components. It includes rain, sunshine, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains form a cold front or warm front, excessive heat, heat waves, and more. Weather Weather is defined as the state of the atmosphere at some place and time. Usually expressed in terms of temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind speed and directions, precipitation, and cloudiness. Meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmospheric phenomena. Weather Weather Symbols Weather Symbols Weather Symbols Weather The preparedness of people in the different weather conditions is made possible with the help of the different government agencies in the Philippines. PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration PHILVOCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Weather The preparedness of people in the different weather conditions is made possible with the help of the different government agencies in the Philippines. PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration PHILVOCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Weather Weather balloons, satellites, specially designed airplanes, and radar and other ground-based data collection instruments are used to measure wind speed, precipitation, air temperature, humidity levels, etc.  Weather Balloons A weather balloon, also known as sounding balloon, is a balloon (specifically a type of high-altitude balloon) that carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde. Climate Climate is the usual weather of a place. Climate can be different for different seasons. A place might be mostly warm and dry in the summer. The same place may be cool and wet in the winter. Earth’s climate is the average of all the world’s regional climates. World Climate Climate Climate is defined in terms of the average (mean) of weather elements (such as temperature and precipitation) over a specified period (30 years according to the World Meteorological Organization). A Primer for Local Government, Climate Change Commission of the Philippines defined climate as the combination of different weather. Climate and Average Weather in the Philippines In terms of climate, the Philippines have three recognized seasons such as : 1. Tag-init or Tag-araw- hot season or summer from March to May. 2. Tag-ulan- the rainy season from June to November. 3. Taglamig- the cold season from December to February. From March to May the Philippines experiences very hot summers. Climate and Average Weather in the Philippines Moreover, in terms of winds that prevail over the country, we have: 1. Wet southwest moonsoon or “habagat” – prevailing over the country from May to September/October; 2. Cool northeast monsoon or “amihan”- prevailing from November to March. Climate and Average Weather in the Philippines Extreme climate events are a result of the serious mixed up of our seasons by El Niño/La Niña effects on our climate. 1. El Niño– brings dry weather and even droughts and considered the most important source of rainfall variability from year to year. El Niño events occurs irregularly every 2-7 years, but it reduces rainfall and weaken cyclone. Climate and Average Weather in the Philippines Extreme climate events are a result of the serious mixed up of our seasons by El Niño/La Niña effects on our climate. 2. La Niña– is associated with more rains. It occurs less frequently but may increase heavy rainfall and cyclone activity. Koppen Climate Classification System A German scientist named WLADIMIR KOPPEN developed one of the most widely used classification systems. Koppen Climate Classification System  Weather Instruments Weather Instruments ❑ Various instruments are used for measuring different weather phenomena. ❑ Some of the common but important weather instruments are listed below. 1. Thermometer 8. Rain Gauge 2. Barometer 9. Cloud Mirror 3. Anemometer 10.Weather maps 4. Windsock 11.Weather Satellites 5. Wind Vane 12.Our eyes 6. Weather Balloon 7. Hygrometer 1. Thermometer ❑ Measures the air temperature. ❑ Most thermometers are closed glass tubes containing liquids such as alcohol or mercury. ❑ When air around the tube heats the liquid, the liquid expands and moves up the tube. ❑ A scale then shows what the actual temperature is. 1. Thermometer ❑ The two most common scales used in thermometers are Centigrade and the Fahrenheit. ❑ On the Centigrade thermometer, the temperature of melting ice is marked 0.0°C and that of boiling water as 100.0°C, and the interval between the two is divided into 100 equal parts. ❑ On the Fahrenheit thermometer, the freezing and boiling points of water are graduated as 32.0 F and 212.0 F respectively. 1. Thermometer ❑ While the maximum thermometer and minimum thermometer are used to measure the air temperature, the dry bulb and the wet bulb thermometers are used to determine the humidity in the air. ❑ Fahrenheit = (°C x 9/5) + 32 ❑ Celsius = (F – 32) x 5/9 Minimum/Maximum Thermometer Indoor/Outdoor Thermometer 2. Barometer ❑ The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called a barometer. ❑ It tells us whether or not the pressure is rising or falling. ❑ A rising barometer means a sunny and dry conditions, while a falling barometer means stormy and wet conditions. ❑ The most used barometers are the mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and barographs. The unit of measurement is in the millibar (mb). 2. Barometer ❑ Mercury barometer is an accurate instrument and is used as a standard. ❑ In it the atmospheric pressure of any place is balanced against the weight of a column of mercury in an inverted glass tube. a. Mercurial Barometer ❑ A mercurial barometer is a simple barometer made by filling a glass tube 32 inches long with mercury and inverting it so that the open end of the tube is below the surface of mercury in a cistern. ❑ The height of the mercury column is measured by sliding a vernier attached on a scale. a. Mercurial Barometer ❑ To obtain accurate measurements, corrections are made for temperature expansion of the instrument, gravity and latitude. ❑ Values are read in millibars, millimeters or inches of mercury. b. Aneroid Barometer ❑ An aneroid barometer is made by removing the air from a thin, circular, metallic box. ❑ With practically no air on the inside the box would collapse. ❑ A spring is installed to limit the collapse of the box commensurate to the air pressure or weight of the column of air on the box. ❑ If one side of the box is fixed, the other side will move due to changes in atmospheric pressure. b. Aneroid Barometer ❑ The surface of the metallic box is corrugated in order for the box to collapse and return uniformly. ❑ The movement of the spring causes a pointer to move over a scale of figure corresponding to the readings of a mercury barometer. c. Barograph ❑ A barograph is a recording barometer. ❑ The pen point that traces the pressure curve on the paper is made to move up or down by means of a series of levers attached to aneroid cells (metallic boxes) in tandem. ❑ The use of aneroid cells in tandem provide a more pronounced response to changes in atmospheric pressure than would be indicated by a single aneroid cell of the same size. 3. Anemometer ❑ The anemometer is a device used to measure the speed of airflow in the atmosphere. ❑ Most widely used for wind-speed measurements is the revolving cups drive an electric anemometer where he revolving cups drive an electric generator. 4. Windsock ❑ It is used to measure or to get the wind direction. ❑ It indicates the direction that wind originates from. 5. Wind Vane ❑ Wind vane is a device used to measure the direction of the wind. ❑ The wind vane is a lightweight revolving plate with an arrowhead on one end and two metal plates attached to the other end at the same angle. ❑ This revolving plate is mounted on a rod in such a manner that it is free to rotate on a horizontal plane. ❑ It responds even to a slight blow of wind. ❑ The arrow always points towards the direction from which the wind blows. 6. Weather Balloon ❑ It measures conditions up in the atmosphere 7. Hygrometer ❑ It measures the water vapor content of air or the humidity. ❑ High humidity indicates warmer temperatures, while low humidity indicates cooler temperatures. 8. Rain Gauge ❑ The amount of rainfall is measured with the help of a rain gauge. ❑ The rain gauge consists of a metal cylinder on which a circular funnel is fitted. ❑ The diameter of the funnel’s rim is normally 20 cm. 8. Rain Gauge ❑ The raindrops are collected and measured in a measuring glass. ❑ Normally, rainfall is measured in the units of mL or cm. ❑ Snow is also measured in a similar manner by turning it into liquid form. 9. Cloud Mirror ❑ It is used to measure the percentage of cloud cover. ❑ A cloud mirror estimates the amount of cloud coverage in the sky. 10. Weather Maps ❑ It indicates atmospheric conditions above a large portion/part on Earth’s surface. ❑ Meteorologist use weather maps to forecast the weather. 10. Weather Maps 11. Weather Satellites ❑ It is used to photograph and track large-scale air movements. ❑ Meteorologist compile and analyze the data with the help of computers. 11. Weather Satellites ❑ A good view of the weather can be seen from a weather satellite. ❑ Weather satellites make comprehensive and large-scale observations of different meteorological elements at the ground level as well in the upper layers of the atmosphere. ❑ The geo-stationary satellites provide space-based observations about weather conditions. ❑ Satellite provides valuable observations of temperature, cloud cover, wind and associated weather phenomena. 11. Weather Satellites ❑ DIWATA-1 is the 1st micro-satellite build by Filipinos launched and deployed to orbit on April 27, 2016. ❑ This satellite is as small as a coffee table and was sent to space for three years via the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Micro-Satellite (PHL-Microsat) Program of DOST in collaboration with UP, Diliman and two Japanese academic institutions, Tohoku University and Hokkaido University. DIWATA- 1’s mission is to assist in weather observation, disaster risk management, environmental monitoring, monitoring and preservation of cultural and historical sites and other services. 11. Weather Satellites ❑ Since Philippines: DIWATA-1 occupies a low Earth orbit (400 km), it is not considered as geostationary satellite and cannot monitor weather conditions such as typhoon. ❑ DIWATA-1 sends data and captured pictures to PEDRO or Philippine Earth Data Resources Observation which is the ground receiving station. 11. Weather Satellites ❑ The Japan: HIMAWARI-8 is a geo-stationary weather satellite, successor to Japan Meteorological Agency’s Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) series. ❑ It was installed at PAGASA last December 2015. ❑ It is the most utilized satellite imagery in real time weather forecasting tropical cyclone analysis and for research purposes as it generates images every 10 minutes. 12. Our eyes ❑ Thes are one of the best ways to help detect the weather. ❑ Keep an eye at the sky and we’ll usually be on top of weather conditions. Types of Climate The World with Many Climates ❑ The Earth has different climate types. ❑ This creates variation of place where tropical jungles are created to other parts of the world to the frigid polar “wastelands,” there seems to be an almost endless variety of climatic regions. The World with Many Climates ❑ The factors that produce the climate in any given place— the climatic controls—are the same that produce our day- to-day weather. ❑ There are several factors that control the climate by the observation of two weather factors, the temperature and precipitation. Main Climate Types of the World A. Tropical Climate ❑ Tropical (also known as equatorial) climates occur in regions situated around the equator and expand to latitudes of 15 to 25 to the north and south. ❑ It is the warmest of all the climate zones. ❑ Regions in this zone have an average monthly temperature of higher than 18 C (64.4 F) A. Tropical Climate ❑ Annual precipitation exceeds 1, 500 millimeters in this zone. ❑ High humidity levels and warm temperatures results in a frequent, almost daily occurrences of cumulus or larger cumulonimbus cloud formations. A. Tropical Climate ❑ This zone is divided into three subcategories, which are classified according to temperature and dryness. ❑ Af- Tropical Rainforest Climate (no dry season) ❑ Am- Tropical Monsoon Climate (short dry season) ❑ Aw/As- Tropical Savanna Climate (winter dry season) United States United States China Thailand Philippines Indonesia Brazil Australia Argentina B. Dry/Arid Climate ❑ Dry climates are areas that are very dry and where the water escapes and leaves the area drier than other places. ❑ Most dry climates have summers that are very hot, winters are cool and warm, and the air is very dry. ❑ These climate zones are so dry because moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and there is very little precipitation. B. Dry/Arid Climate ❑ Deserts are categorized by the amount of annual rainfall. ❑ Hot deserts (Sahara) have low humidity and high temperatures during the day. ❑ At night, temperature falls because the dry air cannot hold heat well. B. Dry/Arid Climate ❑ Dry climate zones cover about 26 percent of the world’s land area. ❑ Temperature: Abundant sunshine. Summer temperatures are high; winters are cooler and longer than Tropical Moist climates ❑ Rainfall: Irregular; several years of drought are often followed by a single year of abundant rainfall B. Dry/Arid Climate ❑ This climate zone is divided into desert (BW) and semi- arid (BS) regions, according to vegetation type. ❑ It is further categorized into hot (h) and cold (k) zones) ❑ BWh- Hot desert Climate ❑ BWk- Cold Desert Climate ❑ BSh- Hot Semi-Arid Climate ❑ BSk- Cold Semi-arid Climate Algeria Libya S a h a r a Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudan Australia C. Temperate Climate ❑ Temperate climate (or mesothermal) climates occur in regions situated at latitudes between 30 to 50 north and south of the equator. ❑ It typically experience warm summers with high levels of humidity and mild winter seasons. ❑ During the year, the warmest month is at least 10 C (60 F) or higher, while the coldest month is lower than 18 C (64.4 F) but higher than -3 C (26.6 F) C. Temperate Climate ❑ Temperate climate zones are divided into three main categories according to precipitation: mild temperate dry winters (Cw), mild temperate dry summers (Cs), and mild temperate humid (Cf) climates. ❑ Cfa- Humid Subtropical Climate ❑ Cfb- Temperate Oceanic Climate ❑ Cfc- Subpolar Oceanic Climate C. Temperate Climate ❑ Csa- Hot-Summer Meditereranean Climate ❑ Csb- Cold-summer Mediterranean Climate ❑ Csc- Cold-Summer Mediterranean Climate ❑ Cwa- Monsoon-influenced Humid Subtropical Climate ❑ Cwb- Subtropical Highland Climate ❑ Cwc- Cold Subtropical Highland Climate C. Temperate Climate D. Continental Climate ❑ Typically occur in regions situated at latitudes between 40 and 75 north and south of the equator. ❑ The average temperature of the warmest month is above 10 C (50 F), while the coldest month is below -3 C (26.6 F) ❑ It is usually found in the interior of continents. ❑ Regions in this zone experience summers with warm to cool temperatures, while winters are generally cold. D. Continental Climate ❑ Main categories according to precipitation: continental dry summer (Ds), continental dry winter (Dw), and continental humid (Df). ❑ Dfa- Hot-summer Humid Continental Climate ❑ Dfb- Warm-summer Humid Continental Climate ❑ Dfc- Subarctic Climate ❑ Dfd- Extremely Cold Subarctic Climate ❑ Dsa- Hot Dry-summer Continental Climate D. Continental Climate ❑ Dsb- Warm Dry-summer Continental Climate ❑ Dsc- Subarctic Climate ❑ Dsd- Very Cold Subarctic Climate ❑ Dwa- Monsoon-Inlfuence Hot-summer Humid Continental Climate ❑ Dwb- Monsoon-Inlfuence Warm-summer Humid Continental Climate ❑ Dwc- Monsoon-Inlfuence Subarctic Climate ❑ Dwd. Monsoon-Inlfuence Extreme Cold Subarctic Climate D. Continental Climate ❑ Dsb- Warm Dry-summer Continental Climate ❑ Dsc- Subarctic Climate ❑ Dsd- Very Cold Subarctic Climate ❑ Dwa- Monsoon-Inlfuence Hot-summer Humid Continental Climate ❑ Dwb- Monsoon-Inlfuence Warm-summer Humid Continental Climate ❑ Dwc- Monsoon-Inlfuence Subarctic Climate ❑ Dwd. Monsoon-Inlfuence Extreme Cold Subarctic Climate CANADA Toronto NORTH AMERICA E. Polar Climate ❑ Polar climates are located at latitudes above 70 over the Arctic, Greenland, and Antarctica. ❑ It is characterized by its all-year-round cold temperatures and little no vegetation. ❑ The warmest month of the year is below 10 C (50 F) ❑ Polar climate regions are extremely dry, with annual precipitation of less than 25 cm (10 inches) E. Polar Climate ❑ Polar climates are divided into two categories according to vegetation: ❑ ET- Tundra ❑ EF- Ice Cap Climate ❑ Tundra Climates consist of very little vegetation (mainly loose shrubs, mosses, and dwarf tress) over a surface where the soil is frozen for several hundred meters. ❑ Ice Cap Climates are completely covered by ice or snow.  Greenland (Denmark) Iceland R U S S I A CANADA E U R AS I A A N T A R C T I C A