English for Academic and Professional Purposes Q2 Week 2 PDF

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 2 Week’s Objective/s create a plan in designing, testing, and revising research instrument prepare materials for the conduct of survey/ experiment/ observation design, test,...

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 2 Week’s Objective/s create a plan in designing, testing, and revising research instrument prepare materials for the conduct of survey/ experiment/ observation design, test, and revise research instrument Process for Content Validation 1. Prepare your Research Instrument 2. Look for a Validator (Content Expert) 2.1. Ask the availability of Validator 2.2. Get the Exact Name and Designation of the Validator 3. Prepare the Letter for Validator 4. Seek Approval for the Letter for Validator from the Research Adviser 5. Approach the Validator and provide the following Materials: 5.1.1. Validation Letter 5.1.2. Sample Research Instrument 5.1.3. Validation Tool 6. Retrieve the following Materials: 6.1. Sample Research Instrument 6.2. Validation Tool 7. Compute the Validity Index 8. Do the necessary Revision/s 9. Approach the Validator for Re-Validation (Steps 5-7), if needed 10. Approach the Validator for Signature Process for Face Validation 1. Prepare your Research Instrument 2. Look for a Validator (Language and Layout Expert) 2.1. Ask the availability of Validator 2.2. Get the Exact Name and Designation of the Validator 3. Prepare the Letter for Validator 4. Seek Approval for the Letter for Validator from the Research Adviser 5. Approach the Validator and provide the following Materials: 5.1.1. Validation Letter 5.1.2. Sample Research Instrument 5.1.3. Validation Tool 6. Retrieve the following Materials: 6.1. Sample Research Instrument 6.2. Validation Tool 7. Compute the Validity Index 8. Do the necessary Revision/s 9. Approach the Validator for Re-Validation (Steps 5-7), if needed 10. Approach the Validator for Signature Process for Pilot Testing (Trial Data-Gathering) 1. Prepare your Research Instrument 2. Look for a Pilot Group 2.1.Ask the details of the Immediate Head of the Pilot Group 3. Prepare the Letter for Pilot Testing 4. Seek Approval for the Letter for Pilot Testing from the Research Adviser 5. Approach the Immediate Head of the Pilot Group and provide the following Materials: 5.1. Validation Letter (signed) 5.2. Research Instrument 5.3. Consent Form 6. Conduct the Pilot Testing providing the Pilot Group the following Materials: 6.1.1. Validation Letter (1 per group) 6.1.2. Research Instrument 6.1.3. Consent Form 7. Retrieve the following Materials: 7.1. Research Instrument 7.2. Consent Form 8. Compute the Internal Consistency / Reliability Index, if Quantitative 9. Do the necessary Revision/s Research Communications Major Types of Research Letter for Validator Instruments (Content / Face) 1. Survey-Questionnaires 1. Survey-Questionnaires Letter for Pilot Testing 2. Interviews Questions 1.1. Mail Survey Consent Form 3. Content Analysis 1.2. Group 4. Focus Groups Administered Discussion Survey 5. Observation Protocol 1.3. House-Hold Drop Survey 2. Interviews 2.1. Structured 2.2. Unstructured 2.3. Non-Directive Interview Interview Interview Formal More Casual and No specific set of Follows order of Less formal question Question Can modify Interviewee sequence of continuously shares Questions a topic 3. Content Analysis (may emphasize Qualitative or Quantitative data) 3.1. Conceptual / Thematic Analysis (Quantitative-Focused) Examines the occurrence/ incidence/ frequency Focusses on themes, issues, words, phrases 3.2. Relational Analysis (Qualitative-Focused) Examines the connections of occurrence/ incidence/ frequency Focusses on connections between themes, issues, words, phrases 4. Focus Groups gathers group of participants to ‘focus’ on a topic moderated discussion where one person’s ideas bounce off another’s idea to creating a chain reaction Unlike INTERVIEW, participants have equal access to the discussion; there are no restrictions on who may speak, how often and for how long; participants do not have to wait for their turn to speak or be given permission; and, when they do speak, what they say is not specified in advance. 5. Observation Protocol  English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 3 Week’s Objective/s prepare materials for the conduct of pilot survey/ experiment/ observation design, test, and revise research instrument gather information through pilot survey, experimentation, or observation Major Data Collection Procedures 1. Survey 2. Observation 3. Experiment Common Data Collection Procedures 1. Survey people's attitudes, desires, satisfaction, and beliefs. people's perceptions, responses, satisfaction, and views can be administered electronically, telephonically, or in person descriptions of age, gender, affiliation, like-hood, useful for determining “how many” uses descriptive and inferential statistics 2. Observation firsthand look at a pattern, organization, or activity immersing in a particular aspect of life blend-in seamlessly with the group to avoid unnatural reaction result is a rich description of the events, people, and interactions around the topic of interest establishes the authenticity of the findings in passive role, the participants aren’t aware of the research question or in some cases aren’t even aware they are being observed—which can lead to an ethical dilemma. in active role, the participants are aware they’re being observed. 3. Experiment an observation where you do something to test an idea actively cause something to happen used to test a hypothesis manipulate independent variables and measure the effects on a dependent variable. works best with well-defined measures and a narrow and verifiable hypothesis helps establish causation through proper control of variables, establishing associations and temporal precedence. begin with data table to record facts, figures, and other evidence  English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 4 Week’s Objective/s organize data gathered through appropriate visual or graphic presentation discuss and summarize findings through sufficient narratives share the results of the pilot testing Parts of Data Commentary-Discussion of Results-LDIS a. Locative Index What are you about to discuss? b. Discussion of Highlights and Summary What are the important / significant findings/ result? As a whole, what is the result? c. Implication of the result What does the result mean? What is its impact? Why did you arrive with such result? d. Supporting Literature What does other authors/ literature say about the related findings of your study? In concluding the data, have you mentioned the following: Writing the Conclusion Writing the Recommendation briefly discuss the topic being mention the suggested specific step concluded and the specific group of people mention the gist of the findings concerned focus on what to do, who will do it, how it will be done, and why Ways to Graphically Visually Present your Gathered Data 1. Use Visualizations to Show Data A. Pie Charts B. Bar Graph C. Tabular Forms D. Pictograph 2. Include only the key facts 3. Provide a Summary 4. Put Statistical Context, if applicable Parts of a Tabular Presentation present information in a way easy for readers to understand provide sufficient information in the table itself so readers do not need to read the text place entries that are to be compared next to each other place different indices (e.g., means and standard deviations) in different columns rather than in the same column. use the same font in tables as in the rest of your paper. do not use the tab key or space bar to manually create the look of a table. limit the use of borders or lines in a table to those needed for clarity make the headings row repeat on the second and any subsequent pages, if table is too long Table Components NUMBER: The table number (e.g., Table 1) appears above the table title and body in bold font. Number tables in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper. TITLE: The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number. Give each table a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the table title in italic title case. HEADINGS: Tables may include a variety of headings depending on the nature and arrangement of the data. All tables should include column headings, including a stub heading (heading for the leftmost, or stub, column). The heading “Variable” is often used for the stub column if no other heading is suitable. Some tables also include column spanners, decked heads, and table spanners; these are described in the Publication Manual. Center column headings and capitalize them in sentence case. BODY: The table body includes all the rows and columns of a table (including the headings row). A cell is the point of intersection between a row and a column. NOTE: Three types of notes (general, specific, and probability) appear below the table as needed to describe contents of the table that cannot be understood from the table title or body alone (e.g., definitions of abbreviations, copyright attribution, explanations of asterisks used to indicate p values). Include table notes only as needed. Sample 1 for Tabular Presentation of an Interview-Based Data  Sample 2 for Tabular Presentation of an Interview-Based Dat Parts of a Figure Presentation ✓ to present information in a way easy for readers to understand ✓ provide sufficient information in the figure itself so that readers do not need to read the text to understand it. ✓ ensure you meet the following standards: images are clear lines are smooth and sharp font is legible and simple units of measurement are provided axes are clearly labeled elements within the figure are clearly labeled or explained Figure Components NUMBER: The figure number (e.g., Figure 1) appears above the figure title and image in bold font. Number figures in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper. TITLE: The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number. Give each figure a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the figure title in italic title case. IMAGE: The image portion of the figure is the graph, chart, photograph, drawing, or other illustration itself. If text appears in the image of the figure (e.g., axis labels), use a sans serif font between 8 and 14 points. LEGEND: A figure legend, or key, if present, should be positioned within the borders of the figure and explains any symbols used in the figure image. Capitalize words in the figure legend in title case. NOTE: Three types of notes (general, specific, and probability) can appear below the figure to describe contents of the figure that cannot be understood from the figure title, image, and/or legend alone (e.g., definitions of abbreviations, copyright attribution, explanations of asterisks use to indicate p values). Include figure notes only as needed. Sample of a Figure Presentation Bar Graph Line Graph CONSORT Flowchart Framework / Flow Chart Map Path Model Phrases to Discuss your Findings A. Summarizing Study Results B. Linking Findings C. Discussing Research Results D. Study Limitations E. Study Implications F. Direction for Future Research G. Closing Statement. Phrases to Discuss your Findings A. Summarizing Study Results The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of… The results of the present study support the hypothesis that… The results of this research provide supporting evidence that… There are three key findings of the present research. First … Second … Third … B. Linking Findings This pattern of results is consistent with the previous literature … (citation). These results are consistent with the claim that … The present results are consistent with Author et al.’s (year) work that deals with … Whereas past researchers have found... (citation; citation; citation), the present study has shown … These results represent the first direct demonstration of … C. Discussing Research Results The findings highlight … The results strongly imply that … It is interesting that … The most compelling explanation for the present set of findings is that … This idea is further supported by the finding that … Two other results from this study merit comment. First … Second … Finally, obtained evidence shows… One interpretation of these findings is that … This finding may be explained by the idea that … Taken together, findings indicate … D. Study Limitations There are at least three potential limitations concerning the results of this study. A first limitation concerns … A second potential limitation is that … One limitation of this study is that … It is possible that... Although the present research cannot rule out these explanations, it seems useful to point out issues that may conflict with these results. Although the present results clearly support …, it is appropriate to recognize several potential limitations. Besides our own interpretation of the data, an additional explanation warrants comment. For example, researchers have suggested … (citation). Certain limitations of this study could be addressed in future research. For example … The present study represents a first attempt to address these issues, further research examining … may shed light on... E. Study Implications Despite these limitations, these results suggest several theoretical and practical implications. These data have some potential intervention implications. For example … F. Direction for Future Research Although these studies support …, their most important contribution may be that they raise a variety of intriguing questions for future study. In terms of future research, it would be useful to extend the current findings by examining … If, as the present study suggests, … then there is a need for research that explores … Much work remains to be done before a full understanding of the extent of … is established. In addition to those already mentioned, I suggest several avenues of research that may be helpful. G. Closing Statement Despite these limitations, this research can be seen as a first step towards integrating two lines of research, [x and y], that, to our knowledge, have not been directly linked. Despite these limitations, the present study has enhanced understanding of the relationship between [x and y]. It is hoped that the current research will stimulate further investigation of this important area. The present research, therefore, contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that … In summary, our research replicates (citation) …The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence … Although the generality of the current results must be established by future research, the present study has provided clear support for … Not only was … Furthermore … Present the Result and Discuss your Research Findings For Visual/Graphic Presentation For Narrative Discussion of Results/Findings Appropriateness of Presentation Coherence and Completeness of Grammar and Mechanics Content Clarity and Conciseness Clarity and Conciseness of Discussion APA Formatting Grammar and Mechanics  English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 5-6 Week’s Objective/s differentiate various kinds of reports based on objectives and structure revise and finalize the written research report follow prescribed formatting and content for the research report What is Report Writing? structured style of writing focuses on a specific subject in depth formal tone and style evidence and details contained is free of bias should be completely accurate facts are proofread and double-checked to educate the reader about a subject without expressing one's opinion. Types of [Research] Report? 1. Survey Report 2. Field Report 3. Laboratory Report 4. Scientific Report 5. Technical Report Types of [Research] Report? General Structure of a Research Report IMRaD Formatting Research Title Abstract I. Introduction Background and Rationale Research Questions Hypothesis/ Assumptions Scope and Delimitations Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Research Paradigm Literature Review Synthesis III. Methodology Design Locale Participants/ Units of Analysis Instrument/ Materials/ Equipment Data Gathering Procedures IV. Results and Discussions V. Conclusions and Recommendations VI. References Other Structure of a Research Report Survey Report Laboratory/Scientific Report Title Survey Report Title A. Laboratory/Scientific Report Title B. Abstract A. Introduction C. Introduction B. Body D. Materials and Methods C. Conclusion E. Results D. References F. Discussion G. References Common Parts and Contents of the Title keywords of not less than ten words for indexing Reflecting the factual content of the paper focusing on the issue and people/things involved together with other contents such as locale if necessary for clarity. Common Parts and Contents of the Abstract makes the reader decide whether to read the entire report or not Gist of the report having the summary of the purpose of the report, the data presented, and the author’s major conclusions. self-contained synopsis of report Writing the Research Report for EAPP *not required to be included in the research report for EAPP **could be based on the result of Pilot Testing Notes for Grading A. Task Response B. Grammatical Accuracy C. Coherence and Cohesion D. Discussion, Synthesis, and Argumentation E. Concept Elucidation F. Formatting, Citation, Referencing G. Originality Index  English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 7 Week’s Objective/s analyze arguments of the authors make a stand on an issue supported with reasons prepare claims and supporting arguments for the position paper Argument Manifesto set of ideas put together to a written statement prove a point declaring publicly the intentions, motives, or different from the “real world’ views of its issuer meaning where an argument denotes “fight” or “conflict”. group of statements or reasons used to persuade Any insights on the connection of between the two terms? Argument is abstract while Manifesto is a document. Argument is the idea while Manifesto is the “black and white copy” As an audience/reader, you read the manifesto containing the argument of the writer. Parts of an Argument A. Claim- statement that summarizes the idea Research instruments should be validated. B. Reason- evidence that supports that claim Validated research instruments yield accurate results based on the data gathered by Dela Cruz and Mabini (2020) showing that unvalidated instruments are not reliable enough. Types of an Argument A. Deductive - from general ideas/facts to specific inferences B. Inductive - derives from specific observations lead to a general conclusion Ways to Present an Argument A. By Reason - providing “logical” explanations B. By Evidence - presenting statistics, facts, and research studies C. By Appeal -stimulating the “emotion” Ways to Present an Argument A. By Reason - Since they did not follow the process in validating the instrument, the results of the study might not be valid. B. By Evidence - Based on the study of Dela Cruz and Mabini (2020) involving 75 research projects, 98% of the properly validated instruments yield accurate and reliable results. C. By Appeal -Knowing that the instrument was not validated, the result of their study might not be relevant and possess no value at all. Thus, it is advised to redo the whole process to ensure that the result will be addressing the needs of the beneficiaries. Claim Similarities Opinion potentially arguable not an evidence unarguable, with respect and entitlement should be proven to be true with test reveals the belief or point not required to be proven to be true evidence and data comparisons of view of an individual should be supported with reasons, questions for evidence may not be supported with reasons facts, and evidence and evidence not emotional description checks for biases emotion-based description Appeal is addressed to someone (a principle or quality in someone) in anticipation of a favorable or sympathetic response or action. How to Make an Appeal (or make your Claim Appealing?) 1. Through Logic (Logical) providing established facts case studies statistics experiment results analogies / reasoning connection among expert findings 2. Through Authority (Authoritative) personal anecdotes (real incidents) illustration of deep knowledge citations from experts testimony from involved first-hand 3. Through Emotion (Emotional) personal anecdotes narratives, stories, impact studies testimony of those involved first-hand on the issue  English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 - Week 8 Week’s Objective/s analyze arguments of the authors make a stand on an issue supported with reasons prepare claims and supporting arguments for the position paper write a position paper Considerations in Writing a Position Paper writing a position paper is making an argument which has to be built upon evidence structure used to do this is very similar to that used when writing a critical essay purpose is to generate support on an issue describes the author’s position on an issue and supportive evidence addresses both strengths and weaknesses of the author’s opinion. Abstraction A. Thesis dictates the direction of your paper B. Introduction attracts reader to read your paper or dismiss them if not appealing. identifies the issue and states the author’s position on that issue C. Body discusses sides of the argument but center more points on the position that you are interested in as a writer gives points for counter argument but finish up with ample points and support for your desired position through: (a) Background information, (b) Evidence supporting the author’s position, and (c) Discussion of both sides of the issue. D. Conclusion summarizes all your points and give your view on the argument. at the start of conclusion, restate your thesis to remind the reader of what your intention and end with a summary of points and what you want to happen as resolution E. References contains the list of reference materials used as support just in case the reader needs to confirm something from your points. Characteristic of a Good Position Paper 4. Vivid Verbs and Concrete Nouns 1. Debate Mode avoid using the passive voice and words such as “maybe, choose a side and argue in perhaps, possibly, etc.” that favor of your point of view weaken your argument 2. Considerations of Opposing Side consider the other viewpoint Writing a Position Paper related to your and dismantle it in your Research Topic. paper, using enough details to show that you understand Notes on Assessment. both sides. ▪ Rationality of 3. Evidence Presented Arguments ▪ Grammar and uphold by references to Mechanics specific details — supporting ▪ Compelling Appeal facts, arguments, and ▪ Clarity and Conciseness quotations — in order to of Stand achieve validity. ▪ Flow of Discussion