Research instrument PDF

MIDTERM - LESSON 1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Prepared by: Mr. DANIEL S. HERNANDEZ  Identify different types of instrument. Determine which type of instrument suits your OBJECTIVES research. Construct your instrument.  RESEARCH INSTRUMENT It refers to the tool...

MIDTERM - LESSON 1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Prepared by: Mr. DANIEL S. HERNANDEZ  Identify different types of instrument. Determine which type of instrument suits your OBJECTIVES research. Construct your instrument.  RESEARCH INSTRUMENT It refers to the tools, methods, or procedures used to collect data in research (Babbie, 2016; Creswell, 2014; Johnson & Christensen, 2014; Neuman, 2013). ADOPTED Pre-existing instrument WAYS IN ADAPTED DEVELOPING Modified instrument RESEARCH RESEARCHER-MADE INSTRUMENT Instrument made by researcher  KINDS OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT QUESTIONNAIRE It consists of a series of questions about a research topic to gather data from the participants. It consists of indicators that is aligned to the research questions (Barrot, 2018, p 138). STRUCTURED Close-ended questions (QN) UNSTRUCTURED STRUCTURE OF Open-ended questions (QL) QUESTIONNAIRE SEMI-STRUCTURED Combination (QN and QL) QUESTIONNAIRE ADVANTAGES Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants. The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers since their identity can be made anonymous. QUESTIONNAIRE DISADVANTAGES The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses. QUESTIONNAIRE DISADVANTAGES Some questionnaires will not be returned on time. Some questionnaires will be lost. The answers from participants may lack depth. QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Divide your questionnaire into parts. a. Personal information. (Names are optional) b. Main section. c. Open-ended question section. (This applied only for mixed-method research) QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with specific research questions or objectives. Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering the questionnaire. QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Use routing (directing) technique if there is a need to skip some items in the questionnaire. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use simple terms QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the questions. a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all) QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the questions. c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never) d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good, poor) Later, these responses will be translated into numerical values (e.g. four-point Likert scale) QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Avoid negative statements unless necessary. Avoid leading and biased, double- barreled, and very sensitive questions. Do not split the questions or choices over two pages. QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the questionnaires. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency connected respondents. QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDELINES Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the questionnaire. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them and archive them digitally. TEST It is used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing some characteristics. It is usually used in quantitative research. STANDARDIZED Scored uniformly Wide-range of groups TYPES OF TEST NON-STANDARDIZED Not be scored uniformly Certain set of people TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from memory (e.g. fill-in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.) TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given choices the best or correct choice (e.g. multiple- choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.) TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g. essay writing tests and other performance based tests.) TEST TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS INTERVIEW It is a method of collecting data about an individual’s behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using words (qualitative) or numbers (quantitative). INTERVIEW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QL & QN INTERVIEW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QL & QN OBSERVATION It allows the researcher to observe the actual event or phenomenon. It has greater flexibility in the observation method. OBSERVATION It is another method of collecting data that is frequently used in qualitative research. However, it can be used in quantitative research when the observable characteristics are quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed) OBSERVATION FORMS Controlled Observation. It is usually used in experimental research and is done under a standard procedure. It provides more reliable data. The procedure can be replicated, and the data are easier to analyze. Lastly, the observer performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not interact with the participants). OBSERVATION FORMS Natural Observation. It is carried out in a non- controlled setting. It has greater ecological validity. It also responds to other areas of inquiry not initially intended by the researcher. Its major limitation is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to the presence of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the participants OBSERVATION FORMS Participation Observation. It allows the observer to become a member of the group or community that the participants belong to. It can be performed covertly. It can be done also overtly, wherein participants know the intention or objectives of the observation. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ROLES OF RESEARCHER Complete Observer. Observe the spontaneous natural behavior of the participants with as few external factors affecting it as possible. The observer is neither seen nor noticed by the participants. The participants are less prone to the Hawthorne effect. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ROLES OF RESEARCHER Observer as Participant. Researcher does not prioritize recording spontaneous or natural behavior with as few external factors affecting it as possible. The observer is known and recognized by the participants as part of their group or community but has limited interaction with them. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ROLES OF RESEARCHER Participant as Observer. Researcher does not primarily aim to capture spontaneous or natural behavior. The observer is considered a researcher and not a member of the group or community which is being investigated. However, the observer is fully engaged with the participants. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ROLES OF RESEARCHER Complete Participant. Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural behavior of the participant with as few external factors affecting it as possible. Taking this role raises ethical issues about possible deception. He acts like an “undercover” member of the community. He fully involved with the participants who are unaware that they are being observed. OBSERVATION GUIDELINES (BEFORE OBSERVATION) Clarify the research objectives. Be ready with observation checklist. Determine your time of observation and collection technique. Record only relevant information. Prepare consent form for human observation. OBSERVATION GUIDELINES (DURING OBSERVATION) Make sure to note the date, time, and place where the observation is conducted. Limit the person who will observe. Explain the purpose of the observation to participants if applicable. Avoid causing disruptions while observing. OBSERVATION GUIDELINES (DURING OBSERVATION) Make sure to guarantee anonymity of paticipants. Make use of multiple recording schemes such as taking notes, videos, audios, and photos but with proper ethical considertions. OBSERVATION GUIDELINES (AFTER OBSERVATION) Code or arrange the data gathered according to the variables of the study. Tabulate the data, use numerical value for quantitative research. Review the data gathered to determine the gaps before proceeding. ANY QUESTIONS?  RESEARCH TIME! Start constructing your research instrument. Make sure that it is validated before data collection. During validation, provide letter of validation request to your three (3) validators.  MIDTERM - LESSON 1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Prepared by: Mr. DANIEL S. HERNANDEZ