Bioelements PDF

GOOD DAY, CLASS! CHAPTER 4: BIOELEMENTS  LESSON 1: ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR GROUPINGS  BIOELEMENTS Any chemical element found in the molecules and compounds that make up a living organism. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Essential Elements An essen...

GOOD DAY, CLASS! CHAPTER 4: BIOELEMENTS  LESSON 1: ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR GROUPINGS  BIOELEMENTS Any chemical element found in the molecules and compounds that make up a living organism. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Essential Elements An essential element is one that is required for life and whose absence results in death. An element is considered essential if a deficiency consistently causes abnormal development or functioning and if dietary supplementation of that element—and only that element—prevents this adverse effect.  Of the approximately 115 elements known, only the 19 highlighted in purple in Figure 1.8.1 are absolutely Essential required in the human diet. These elements—called essential elements—are restricted to the first four rows of Elements the periodic table, with only two or three exceptions (molybdenum, iodine, and possibly tin in the fifth row). Essential Elements in the Human Body Oxygen Sodium Carbon Magnesium Hydrogen Iron Nitrogen Cobalt Calcium Copper Phosphorus Zinc Potassium Iodine Sulfur Selenium Chlorine Fluorine Groupings of Essential Elements There are four primary groupings for essential elements needed by the body 6 bulk structural elements 7 macrominerals 9 microminerals some trace minerals. Classification of the Essential Elements Bulk structural H, C, O, N, P, S elements Macrominerals Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, PO43-, SO42- F, I, Se, Si, As, B (nonmentals) Fe, Zn, Microminerals Cu (metals Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Cd, Sn, Pb, Li Trace elements (metals) Biochemical Roles and Essential Elements The essential elements and their compounds perform a number of biochemical roles. They may be grouped into three categories. Group A Structural Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, Elements that makeup biomolecules – Elements oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur carbohydrates such as sugar and glucose; fatty acids in lipids; amino acids in proteins; nucleic acids DNA and RNA Group B Macronutrients Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, They are partially responsible for Manganese, Chlorine, maintaining the proper volume of blood and Sulfate, and Phosphate other fluid systems in the body. Group C Micronutrients Boron, fluorine, magnesium, They perform vital functions such as and Trace silicon, vanadium, iron, maintenance of the electroneutrality of body Elements cobalt, copper, zinc, fluids, electron and oxygen carriers, and selenium, molybdenum, tin, catalysts for biochemical reactions. iodine, nickel, cadmium, chromium, lithium, and lead Minerals Minerals are those elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function normally. Functions of Minerals The body needs many minerals; these are called essential minerals. Essential minerals are sometimes divided into major minerals (macrominerals) and trace minerals (microminerals). Macrominerals Major minerals Mineral Function Sources Table salt, soy sauce; large Needed for proper fluid balance, amounts in processed foods; Sodium nerve transmission, and muscle small amounts in milk, breads, contraction vegetables, and unprocessed meats Table salt, soy sauce; large Needed for proper fluid balance, amounts in processed foods; Chloride stomach acid small amounts in milk, meats, breads, and vegetables Needed for proper fluid balance, Meats, milk, fresh fruits and Potassium nerve transmission, and muscle vegetables, whole grains, contraction legumes Macrominerals Major minerals Mineral Function Sources Important for healthy bones and teeth; Milk and milk products; canned fish helps muscles relax and contract; with bones (salmon, sardines); fortified Calcium important in nerve functioning, blood tofu and fortified soy milk; greens clotting, blood pressure regulation, (broccoli, mustard greens); legumes immune system health Important for healthy bones and teeth; Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, Phosphorus found in every cell; part of the system that processed foods (including soda pop) maintains acid-base balance Found in bones; needed for making Nuts and seeds; legumes; leafy, green Magnesium protein, muscle contraction, nerve vegetables; seafood; chocolate; transmission, immune system health artichokes; "hard" drinking water Occurs in foods as part of protein: Sulfur Found in protein molecules meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts  Note that iron is considered to be a trace mineral, although the Trace Minerals (microminerals) amount needed is somewhat more than for other microminerals Trace minerals Mineral Function Sources Organ meats; red meats; fish; poultry; Part of a molecule (hemoglobin) found in red shellfish (especially clams); egg yolks; Iron blood cells that carries oxygen in the body; legumes; dried fruits; dark, leafy greens; needed for energy metabolism iron-enriched breads and cereals; and fortified cereals Part of many enzymes; needed for making protein and genetic material; has a Zinc function in taste perception, wound healing, Meats, fish, poultry, leavened whole normal fetal development, production of grains, vegetables sperm, normal growth and sexual maturation, immune system health Found in thyroid hormone, which helps Seafood, foods grown in iodine-rich soil, Iodine regulate growth, development, and iodized salt, bread, dairy products metabolism  Note that iron is considered to be a trace mineral, although the Trace Minerals (microminerals) amount needed is somewhat more than for other microminerals Trace minerals Mineral Function Sources Selenium Antioxidant Meats, seafood, grains Part of many enzymes; needed for iron Legumes, nuts and seeds, whole grains, Copper metabolism organ meats, drinking water Widespread in foods, especially plant Manganese Part of many enzymes foods Drinking water (either fluoridated or Involved in formation of bones and teeth; Fluoride naturally containing fluoride), fish, and helps prevent tooth decay most teas Unrefined foods, especially liver, Works closely with insulin to regulate Chromium brewer's yeast, whole grains, nuts, blood sugar (glucose) levels cheeses Legumes; breads and grains; leafy Molybdenum Part of some enzymes greens; leafy, green vegetables; milk; liver The Role Minerals in Your Diet Minerals are needed for the proper composition of body fluids, including blood, and for the proper composition of tissues, bone, teeth, muscles and nerves. Minerals also play a significant role in maintaining healthy nerve function, regulation of muscle tone, and supporting a healthy cardiovascular system.  LESSON 2: TRACE ELEMENTS AND BIOSELECTION RULES TRACE ELEMENTS Also known as trace minerals, are chemical elements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms, although required in minute quantities. Most biologically active are iron, zinc, and copper. Iron is the most extensively used and is the key element in protein carriers such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. Impaired Biological Functions Caused by Mineral Deficiencies Deficient Element Impaired Biological Functions Iron Anemia Decreased growth and extensive loss of hair in rats Anorexia or loss of appetite Zinc Impaired taste and smell Impaired wound healing Anemia, faulty bone formation, abnormal development of air Copper sacs in lungs (rarely observed in humans) Iodine Goiter Mouth and gum disorders, anemia, and loss of appetite and Molybdenum weight Impaired growth in lambs and chicks Severely impaired glucose tolerance Chromium Loss of weight Magnesium Muscle weakness, sleepiness Bioselection Rules How does a certain element become adopted to perform specific biochemical functions? BIOSELECTION RULES Rule of Abundance Between two substances that can accomplish the same function, organisms would utilize the more abundant and readily available one. Rule of Efficiency Organisms would choose the more efficient substance as long as it is readily available. Rule of Basic Fitness An organic element to be selected should have the basic ability or potential to carry out the desired function THE END! THANK YOU!