Q1_Mod2 2020 Media and Information Literacy (PDF)

Media and Information Literacy - Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 - Module 2: Media First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Region X – Northern Mindanao Regional Director: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO V Development Team of the Module: Author: Celomar Development team of the module Pacquiao Reviewers: Therese Mae C. Maandig Arian Author: Celomar PacquiaoM. Edullantes Abihail L. Gimena Editors: Therese Mae Jay Illustrator: Reviewers: Michael A. Calipusan C. Maandig Arian M. Edullantes Management Team: Abihail L. Gimena Illustrator and Layout Artist: Chairperson: Jay Dr.Calipusan Michael A. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Regional Director Co-Chairpersons: Management Team: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V Asst. Himaya B. SinataoRegional Director Mala Joel D. Potane Epra B. Magnaong CES, CLMD Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr. Regional ADM Coordinator Elson C. Jamero EPS-Designate-TLE Printed in the Philippines by Department ofthe Printed in Education - Alternative Philippines Delivery by: Department Mode –(DepEd-ADM) of Education Regional Office 10 Office Address: Zone 1, Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro City 9000 OfficeTelefax: Address: Masterson (088) 880-7071, Avenue, (088) Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de Oro 880-7072 E-mail Address:City, Cagayan de Oro, Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental [email protected] Telefax: ________________________________________________ E-mail Address: ________________________________________________ Senior High School Media and Information Literacy Quarter 1 - Module 2: Media This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education Republic of the Philippines Table of Contents What This Module is About...................................................................................................I What I Need to Know...........................................................................................................II How to Learn from this Module...........................................................................................III Icons of this Module........................................................................................................... IV What I Know...................................................................................................................... IV Lesson 1: The Evolution of Traditional Media to New Media....................1 What’s In......................................................................................................1 What’s New..................................................................................................2 What Is It......................................................................................................2 What Is It......................................................................................................7 What’s More.................................................................................................9 What I Have Learned.................................................................................11 What I Can Do............................................................................................11 Lesson 2: Types of Media...........................................................................12 What’s In....................................................................................................12 What’s New................................................................................................13 What Is It....................................................................................................14 What’s More...............................................................................................19 What I Have Learned.................................................................................20 What I Can Do............................................................................................21 Lesson 2: Media and Information Sources...............................................22 What’s In....................................................................................................23 What’s New................................................................................................23 What Is It....................................................................................................24 What’s More...............................................................................................27 What I Have Learned.................................................................................28 What I Can Do............................................................................................28 Summary...........................................................................................................................29 Key to Answers.................................................................................................................33 References........................................................................................................................38 What This Module is About Welcome to the 21st Century Society! We live in a world where the quality of information we receive largely determines our choices and ensuing actions, including our capacity to enjoy fundamental freedoms and the ability for self-determination and development. Driven by technological improvements in telecommunications, there is also a proliferation of media and other information providers through which vast amounts of information and knowledge are accessed and shared by citizens (Karklins, J., UNESCO). This Module is a second part for the subject in Media and Information Literacy, which will pave the way towards more meaningful discussions and interactions. This aimed in introducing the concept of Media and Information Literacy to Senior High School learners, as solid ground for college readiness. Basic concepts and terminologies will be presented as we go along the module. This module contains varied activities that can help you as a Senior High School student to not just be an information literate individual, but a creative and critical thinker as well as responsible user and competent producer of media and information. Together, let us scan the next few pages of this module in order for us to be fully equipped and to be media and information literate individual. But before that, let me first present to you our learning goals for this module. The following are the lessons contained in this module: 1. The Evolution of Traditional to New Media 2. Types of Media 3. Media and Information Sources I What I Need to Know At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Identify the device used by people communicate with each other, store information and broadcast Information across the different ages. (Identifies traditional media and new media and their relationships MIL11/12EMIL-IIIb-5); 2. Differentiate between traditional media and new media. (Editorializes the roles and functions of media in democratic society MIL11/12EMIL-IIIb-6); 3. Discuss the Normative Theories of the Press. (Editorializes the roles and functions of media in democratic society MIL11/12EMIL-IIIb-6); 4. Identify the functions of communication and media. (Searches latest theory on information and media MIL11/12EMIL-IIIb-7); 5. Identify the different types of media. (Classifies contents of different media types MIL11/12TYM-IIId-10); 6. Classify contents of different media types. (Classifies contents of different media types MIL11/12TYM-IIId-10); 7. Analyze and evaluate the effects of new media to the youth. (Classifies contents of different media types MIL11/12TYM-IIId-10); 8. Explain the need to be aware and understand propaganda materials (Classifies contents of different media types MIL11/12TYM-IIId-10); 9. Define media convergence through current example MIL11/12TYM-IIId-11) ; 10. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different sources information (Discusses to class on how a particular individual/ or society is portrayed in public using different type of media MIL11/12TYM-IIId-12); 11. identify and explain basic criteria for evaluating information(Compares potential sources of media and information MIL11/12MIS-IIIe-13); 12. Interviews an elder from the community regarding indigenous media and information resource MIL11/12MIS-IIIe-14; 13. discuss the importance of being able to evaluate information from the internet (Evaluates everyday media and information with regard to with codes, convention, and messages; in regards with audience, producers, and other stakeholders MIL11/12MILA-IIIf-15; 14. Produces and assesses the codes, convention, and messages of a group presentation MILI11/12MILA-IIIf-16. II How to Learn from this Module To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following: Take your time reading the lessons carefully. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently. Answer all the given tests and exercises. Icons of this Module What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that Know are set for you to learn as you go along the module. What I know This is an assessment as to your level of knowledge to the subject matter at hand, meant specifically to gauge prior relatedt knowledge What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that of the current one. What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through various activities, before it will be presented to you What is It These are discussions of the activities as a way to deepen your discovery and under- standing of the concept. What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in- tended for you to practice further in order to master the competencies. What I Have Activities designed to process what you Learned have learned from the lesson What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show- case your skills and knowledge gained, and applied into real-life concerns and situations. III What I Know Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices. 1. What year were Facebook online social networking services is being introduce to the internet world? A. 2000 B. 1995 C. 2004 D. 2020 2. In the evolution of Electronic Age, what year is being started and introduce? A. 1930–1980 B. 2001- 2005 C. 1995-2000 D. All of the above 3. Before 1700s or during the Prehistoric age, what was there way of communication as they’re painting in the wall as they will represent dancing and hunting people? A. Cave painting B. Email C. Mobile phone D. All of the above 4. In the aspect of media and government under the normative theories of the press, what theory that describe that all forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite. A. Social responsibility B. Authoritarian C. Libertarian D. All of the above 5. What type of media is Philippine Daily Inquirer newspaper? A. Print media B. Broadcast media C. Film D. New media 6. GMA 24 Oras aired on channel 7? A. Broadcast media B. Print media C. New media D. All of the above 7. A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials can be found that are kept for use. A. Internet B. Library C. Indigenous knowledge D. None of the above 8. Types of information, provide very current information about event, people, or places as the time they are published. A. Newspaper B. Magazines C. Books D. All of the above 9. An electronic communications network that connect computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. A. Book B. Magazines C. Internet D. None of the above 10. Ways to consider in evaluating information EXCEPT. A. Accuracy B. Fairness C. Relevance D. Copying IV Lesson The Evolution of Traditional 1 Media to New Media What’s In In reference to the previous module, consider the figure below. Answer the following questions based on your own understanding. Activity 1: Venn Diagram Guide Questions: 1. What is Media Literacy? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What is Information Literacy? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What is Technology (Digital) Literacy? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the similarities and differences of media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy? ___________________________________________________________________ 1 What’s New Activity 2: Throwback What famous world event happened on April 14, 1912? Source: Source: https://sputniknews.com/asia/201709221057600450- https://www.livescience.com/19635-titanic-disaster- titanic-documentary-unearth-chinese-survivors/ happen.html Process Questions: 1. If the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean, how did the news reach the people in England and New York at that time? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. If the Titanic sank today, in what format will people receive or read the news? ___________________________________________________________________ What Is It Traditional media, or as some check with as previous media, has been employed in the marketing/advertising world for years. Once associated with advertising, ancient media encompasses that of TV, newspaper, radio and magazine ads. These sorts of communication area unit the steadfast ways in which businesses have reached each customers and alternative firms for many years. New media is that the way forward for advertising. Additional and additional customers and businesses accept new media to seek out their info. Ultimately, new media refers to content that’s simply accessible via many various sorts of digital media. Once associated with advertising, some samples of new media embody on-line advertising (retargeting, banner ads, etc.), on-line streaming (radio and television) and social media advertising. 2 PREHISTORIC AGE (Before 1700s) People discovered fire, developed paper from plants and cast instrumentality or weapon through stone, bronze, copper and iron. In Bulgaria, the Magura cave is among the most important caves within the north-western portion of the country. Its cave walls square measure adorned by prehistoric cave paintings that go back around 8000 to 4000 years past. Over 700 drawings were discovered on its cave walls. Cave Painting (35,000 BC) Image: https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/0dc65822-b5d5-4bd4-be92-b074f03db2cd Early Writing Tablet recording the allocation of beer, 3100-3000 B.C.E, Late Prehistoric period, clay, probably from southern Iraq. © Trustees of the British Museum. The symbol for beer, an upright jar with pointed base, appears three times on the tablet. Beer was the most popular drink in Mesopotamia and was issued as rations to workers. Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) Image: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the- ancient-near-east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform This is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 AD. Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) Image: 3 INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s-1930s) People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production and manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press). A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium. Printing press for mass production (19th century) The telegraph key used to send the famous message “What Hath God Wroght” over the prototype telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington D.C. in 1844 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) Telegraph (1844) A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for writing characters similar to those produced by printer’s movable type. A typewriter operates by means of keys that strike a ribbon to transmit ink or carbon impressions onto paper. Typically, a single character is printed on each key press. Typewriter (1800) 4 ELECTRONIC AGE (1930 - 1980) People harnessed the power of electricity that led to electrical telegraphy, electrical circuits and the early large scale computers (through vacuum tubes, transistors and integrated circuits). In this age, long distance communication became possible. By early 1954, Texas Instruments (TI) had perfected production to the point that transistors became cheap enough for use in consumer items. TI decided that a portable, handheld radio offered the most mainstream application of the new technology and approached several large corporations about producing the radio. Transistor Radio (1954) The television began its popularity in the 1940s. It was a novel item that everyone wanted to have. People were amazed that they could go from simply hearing voices on the radio to seeing their faces as they spoke. The television opened the doors for a variety of new experiences for all Americans. This technology seemed like a large leap for society at the time as it began to shape daily routines. Television (1941) April 11, 1976 – Apple releases its first Computer the Apple 1. Designed and hand- built by Steve Wozniak, the computers are sold wholesale by “Steven” Jobs. To finance their manufacturing, Wozniak sells his HP-65 calculator for $500, while Jobs sells his VW van. Years later, in 2014, a working Apple-1 will sell at auction for $905,000. Apple 1 Computer (1976) 5 New (Information) Age (1970-Present) People advanced the use of microelectronics in the invention of personal computers, mobile devices and wearable technology. In this age, the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. The computer considered by most historians to be the first truly portable computer was the Osborne 1. Thai born book and software publisher Adam Osborne (1939–2003) was the founder of Osborne Computer Corp, which produced the Osborne 1 in 1981. The Computer Image: Ben, Kolde, https://unsplash.com/photos/t9DooibgMEk Facebook, American company offering online social networking services. Facebook was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, all of whom were students at Harvard University. Facebook became the largest social network in the world, with more than one billion users as of 2012, and about half that number were using Facebook every day. The company’s headquarters are in Menlo Park, California. Social Media Image: Austin, Distel, https://unsplash.com/photos/tLZhFRLj6nY A smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with telephones such as an operating system, web browsing, and the ability to run software applications. Smartphones can be used by individuals in both a consumer and a business context, and are now almost integral to everyday modern life. Smart Phones Image:Oleg Magni, https://unsplash.com/photos/E7FYfLSy9KM 6 What Is It The Difference Between Traditional Media and New Media Let us try to compare this traditional media and new media, in the view of how this Media being part in our daily lives today. As we continually interacting, listening and exchanging ideas to each and every one. The New media is much appreciated and completely being use in different form of communications. It allows its users to give their opinions instantly. Take a look at the illustration below for you to come up with the total distinction or similarity. Media and Government The Philippine Constitution state, in Section 4 Article III “No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.” This should be a core foundation between media and government. Looking at the real situation right now media is being use by the dirty politician for their personal interest and intentions. I would like to introduce this normative theories of the press to take your time in reading and reflect on it. This would somehow will give you an idea of how media and government working in old times. Normative theories were first proposed by Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm in their book called “Four Theories of the Press”. At first the word “Normative Theory” was pronounced in USA during the height of ‘cold war’ with communism and soviet. Often it called as western theories of mass media. 7 Authoritarian Theory Authoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are under the Stalinist Theory control of the governing elite or authorities or influential bureaucrats. The method of rule, or policies, of Joseph Stalin, Soviet Communist Party and Authoritarians are necessary to state leader from 1929 until his death in control the media to protect and prevent the 1953. Stalinism is associated with a regime people from the national threats through any of terror and totalitarian rule. form communication (information or news). The press is an instrument to enhance the ruler’s power in the country rather than any Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel threats. German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the SOVIET MEDIA THEORY progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis. The Soviet Union was restructured with new political system based on the Marxist-Leninist principles. The newly Libertarian Theory formed communist party by Lenin shows much interest in the media which serves to Sees people are more enough to find the working class in the country and their and judge good ideas from bad. The theory welfares. So the Soviet originates a theory says people are rational and their rational from Marxist, Leninist and Stalinist thoughts, thoughts lead them to find out what are with mixture of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich good and bad. The press should not restrict Hegel ideology is called “Soviet Media anything even a negative content may give Theory” is also known as “The Communist knowledge and can make better decision Media Theory”. The same theory was whilst worst situation. The libertarian developed and followed by Adolf Hitler’s thoughts are exactly against or opposite Nazi in Germany and Benito Mussolini in to the authoritarian theory which means Italy. the authoritarian theory says “all forms of communication works under the control of government or elite like king”. Marxist Theory The basis upon which our analysis, Social Responsibility Theory perspectives, programme, and participation in the movement are based. It is our “guide Allows free press without any to action” and is why the International censorship but at the same time the Marxist Tendency places so much emphasis content of the press should be discussed on political education. in public panel and media should accept any obligation from public interference or professional self-regulations or both. The Marxist Theory and Leninist Theory theory lies between both authoritarian theory and libertarian theory because it gives total The crimes we shall expose are to be media freedom in one hand but the external judged not by the standards of Communist controls in other hand. regimes, but by the unwritten code of the natural laws of humanity. (Source:Stéphane Courtois [The Black Book of Communism, Crimes, Terror, Repression, with Nicolas Werth, Jean-Jouis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartoshek, and Jean-Louis Margolin, translated by Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer, Harvard University Press, 1999, p.3]) 8 Funtion of Communication and Media (According to McNair communication and media function) Monitoring Functions Inform citizens of what is happening around them. Example: In times of natural disasters, war, health scares, etc. Broadcast media (TV Patrol, 24Oras and etc.) Information Function Educate the audience as to the meaning and significance of the “facts”; ability of the media to teach the various norms, rules and values. Example: Watching educative or documentary shows/programs like matanglawin, Ancient X files, Super Book, Mathtinik and etc. (Broadcast Media). Opinion Function Provide a platform for public political discourse, facilitating the formation of provide a platform for public political discourse, facilitating the formation of “public opinion” and feeding that opinion back to the public from whence it came. Example: Political forums like debates, hearings and speeches. Watch Dog Role of Journalism Give publicity to governmental and political institutions. Example: Pork Barrel scandal (Bantay kaban, GMA special report). Bayan mo ipatrol mo (ABS-CBN election coverage) Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints Serve as the channel for the advocacy of political viewpoints Example: SONA media coverage What’s More Activity 3: The Evolution of Traditional to New Media Provide answers and fill in the table on the Evolution of Traditional to New Media. Ages What devices did What devices did What devices did people use to people use to store people use to communicate with information? share or broadcast each other? information? Prehistoric Age Industrial Age Electronic Age New (Digital) Age Adapted from teaching guide by CHED to DepEd, pp.22. (Teaching Guide for SHS) 9 Activity 4: Picture Analysis Guide Questions: 1. What is the picture all about? _____________________________ 2. Why do you think these people participated in this event? _____________________________ 3. If given the chance, will you join this rally? Why or why not? _____________________________ Image source: VladTchompalov, https://unsplash.com/ photos/cpAKc-G6lPg Picture Analysis Rubric Category 4 3 2 1 Observations Student makes Student makes Student makes Student a complete a detailed a detailed descriptions and detailed description of description of are not detailed description of most of the some of the or complete. the subject subject matter subject matter matter and/or and/or elements and/or elements elements seen seen the photo. seen the photo. the photo. Understanding Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of the piece the piece the piece the piece demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated Thorough considerable some little understanding understanding understanding understanding of principles, of principles, of principles, of principles, concepts and concepts and concepts and concepts and relationships. relationships. relationships. relationships. Thinking/ Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Inquiry Interpretation Interpretation of Interpretation of images is images is sound. of images is Interpretation strong. satisfactory. of images is weak. Application Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make and express and express and express and express judgements, judgements, judgements, judgements, conclusions and conclusions and conclusions conclusions predictions was predictions was and predictions and predictions insightful and considerably was moderately was limited. effective. effective. effective. 10 What I Have Learned Activity 5: Function of Media and Government Provide answers and fill in the table about the Function of Media and Government. Normative Media Control Functions of Media theories of the press Authoritarian Soviet Media Libertarian Social Responsibility What I Can Do Instructions: 1. Draw on a short bond paper a political cartoon depicting your opinion about how Philippine media performs its roles and functions in the Philippines which is a democratic country. 2. Explain the message of your political cartoon in not less than 3 sentences. Category Excellent (4) Acceptable (3) Minimal (2) Unacceptable (1) Message Key issue and Key issue and Key issue is Key issue and cartoonist’s cartoonist’s position identifiable; cartoonist’s position position are are identifiable. cartoonist’s are unclear. clearly identifiable. position may be unclear. Visual Carton is neat and Carton is neat and Carton is Carton is messy; presentation clean; color and clean; color and somewhat neat color and graphics and Creativity creative graphics creative graphics and clean; color are lacking; are used are used; and creative captions omitted graphics are unreadable. Exceptionally Captions are used; captions are well; captions are readable. readable. readable. Content Cartoon clearly Cartoon conveys Cartoon conveys Cartoon conveys conveys an understanding a limited little or no understanding of the issue; understanding of understanding of of the issue; uses appropriate the issue; attempts the issue; does not excellent use symbolism; title is to use symbolism; use symbolism; title of appropriate clear and relevant to title is unclear or is missing. symbolism; title is topic. irrelevant to topic. clear, clever, and relevant to topic. Source:https://assets.pearsonschool.com/asset_mgr/current/201129/govt_rubric_political_cartoon.pdf 11 Lesson 2 Types of Media What’s In Activity 1: Analyzing Infographics Source: http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/06/01/Media-killings-journalists-Duterte-Philippines.html Process questions: 1. What information is show in the Infographics? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the implication of media killings in the Philippines? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Do you agree that media killings is a danger to Philippine democracy? Why? Why not? ___________________________________________________________________ 12 What’s New Activity 2: Photo Analysis Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/113a5fc5-c52f-4cc9-bdeb-ad9cc6deef90 Process questions: 1. Define media in your own words based from the picture shown above? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What possible type of media can you depict from the picture? ___________________________________________________________________ Category 4 3 2 1 Observations Student makes Student makes Student makes Student a complete a detailed a detailed descriptions and detailed description of description of are not detailed description of most of the some of the or complete. the subject subject matter subject matter matter and/or and/or elements and/or elements elements seen seen the photo. seen the photo. the photo. Understanding Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of the piece the piece the piece the piece demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated Thorough considerable some little understanding understanding understanding understanding of principles, of principles, of principles, of principles, concepts and concepts and concepts and concepts and relationships. relationships. relationships. relationships. Thinking/ Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Inquiry Interpretation Interpretation of Interpretation of images is images is sound. of images is Interpretation strong. satisfactory. of images is weak. Application Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make and express and express and express and express judgements, judgements, judgements, judgements, conclusions and conclusions and conclusions conclusions predictions was predictions was and predictions and predictions insightful and considerably was moderately was limited. effective. effective. effective. 13 What Is It Media is the term we use to refer to different types of media that provide us with important information and knowledge. Media has always been part of our society, even when people used paintings and writings to share information. As time passed, people came up with different modes to provide news to the public. Based on the type of medium, their role may be different, but they all exist to communicate to the audience and affect their perceptions. Today, we don’t have to travel oceans or wait for a pigeon to get the latest news. Print Media This type of news media used to be the only way of delivering information to the public. For the generations of the 80s and 90s, print media was the only media of entertain. People relied on newspapers and magazines to learn everything, from recipes and entertainment news to important information about the country or the world. Print media includes: Newspapers. Printed and Magazines. Printed on a Books. Focused on distributed on a daily or weekly, monthly, quarterly, a particular topic or weekly basis. They include or annual basis. It contains subject, giving the news related to sports, information about finance, reader a chance politics, technology, science, food, lifestyle, fashion, to spread their local news, national sports, etc. knowledge about their news, international news, favorite topic. birth notices, as well as Banners. Used to advertise Billboards. Huge entertainment news related a company’s services and advertisements to fashion, celebrities, and products, hung on easily- created with the help movies. Today’s parents noticed sights to attract of computers. Their grew up with this type of people’s attention. goal is to attract printed media. people passing by. Brochures. A type of Flyers. Used mostly by (source: https:// booklet that includes small companies due to whatagraph.com/blog/ articles/different-types-of- everything about one the low cost of advertising. media) company – its products, They contain the basic services, terms and information about a conditions, contact details, company, their name, logo, address, etc. They are service or product, and either distributed with the contact information, and newspapers, or hand over they are distributed in public to people. areas. 14 Broadcast Media Broadcast media describes the traditional forms of media that include television and radio. Technically, the term ‘broadcast media’ can include the internet as well and even such things as Bluetooth marketing and other forms of location-based transmissions. (Source: https://www.openpr.com/wiki/broadcast-media) This means to communicate or transmit a signal, a message, or content, such as audio or video programming, to numerous recipients simultaneously over a communication network. To make knows over a wide area. (Source: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Broadcast+media) (Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org) Film / Cinema The Term ‘Film’ is commonly applied to movies of an artistic or educational nature and is not expected to have broad, commercial appeal. According to Wikipedia, a film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects. It is a series of images, which when displayed on screen, create an illusion of moving images by the phi phenomenon. (Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org) 15 Video Games / Digital Games Any of various interactive games played using a specialized electronic gaming device or a computer or mobile device and a television or other display screen, along with a means to control graphic images. (Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org) New Media Defines “new media” as “forms of communicating in the digital world, which includes publishing... most significantly, over the Internet. It implies that the user obtains the material via desktop and laptop computers, smartphones and tablets. Every company in the developed world is involved with new media.” PC Magazine (Source: https://ddunleavy.typepad.com/new_ media/2016/03/what-is-new-media.html) (Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org) Media Convergence Media convergence is a term that can refer to either: 1) the merging of previously distinct media technologies and media forms due to digitization and computer networking; or 2) an economic strategy in which the media properties owned by communications companies employ digitization and computer networking to work together. (Source: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/ article/media-convergence). (Source: Gleonhard, https://search.creativecommons. org/photos/d509277b-ae9f-4fdf-89ca-24115df912c6) Mass Media and Media Effects Mass Media Refers to the various ways, especially television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, by which information and news are given to large numbers of people. (Source:https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mass-media) Media Effects Are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does? (Denis McQuail, 2010) 16 Media Effects Third – party Theory People think they are more immune to media influence than others. Behavioral hypothesis predicts that third-person perception (i.e., seeing others as more influenced) will lead to support for restrictions on media messages. Source: superk8nyc, https://search.creativecommons. org/photos/77dd5caf-ab32-4dfa-8aca-71c56715dade Reciprocal Effect When a person or event gets media attention, it influences the way the person acts or the way the event functions. Mixer, https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/ c2ca765b-46f5-48bc-8c08-5b4cc2628b6c Boomerang Effect Refers to media-induced change that is counter to the desired change. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V78_ D198_Boomerang_effect_caused_by_extreme_ arcing.png Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner) It state media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our social reality by giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world rawpixel.com/ https://www.freepik.com/free- vector/character-illustration-people-with-analog- tv-icons_3425182.htm#query=Watching%20 Television&position=25 Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmann/ McCombs and Shaw) Process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about. Macrovector/ https://www.freepik.com/ free-vector/media-flat-set_2868633. htm#page=1&query=Media&position=2 17 Propaganda Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc. (http://www.merriamwebster.com/ dictionary/propaganda) Source:https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/a2052497- 0af1-4b77-915b-70f6ffd4d016 Be Aware of Propaganda Propaganda manipulates and diverts you from logical analysis of issues. Propaganda hides the truth. By understanding propaganda, you will be able to protect yourself from deceitful tactics. How to Spot a Propaganda Propaganda… Distorts and oversimplify evidence Shows internal inconsistency after examining facts. Source: https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/11174 18 What’s More Activity 3: Types of Media Direction: Key Type. Write “P” for print media, “B” for broadcast media, “F” for film, and “N” for new media. 1. ____ ABS- CBN TV Patrol aired on channel 2 2. ____ Harry Potter Complete Series Boxed Set Collection 3. ____ Promotional poster uploaded in Facebook 4. ____ Media and Information Literacy textbook 5. ____ Don’t Let Me Down by The Chain smokers in Spotify 6. ____ 24- Oras news program uploaded on YouTube 7. ____ One Punch-man manga uploaded in My Manga website 8. ____ Jason Bourne movie shown in theaters 9. ____ Philippine Daily Inquirer news paper 10. ____ 7 Years by Lukas Graham played on 90.7 Love Radio Activity 4: Picture Analysis Guide Questions: 1. What symbolisms are used in this Picture? 2. What is the message of this Picture? * Please see the Picture Analysis Rubric on the next page Source: Max , Muselmann, https://unsplash.com/ photos/9NXdr0gDKgw 19 Picture Analysis Rubric Category 4 3 2 1 Observations Student makes Student makes Student makes Student a complete a detailed a detailed descriptions and detailed description of description of are not detailed description of most of the some of the or complete. the subject subject matter subject matter matter and/or and/or elements and/or elements elements seen seen the photo. seen the photo. the photo. Understanding Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of the piece the piece the piece the piece demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated Thorough considerable some little understanding understanding understanding understanding of principles, of principles, of principles, of principles, concepts and concepts and concepts and concepts and relationships. relationships. relationships. relationships. Thinking/ Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Inquiry Interpretation Interpretation of Interpretation of images is images is sound. of images is Interpretation strong. satisfactory. of images is weak. Application Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make and express and express and express and express judgements, judgements, judgements, judgements, conclusions and conclusions and conclusions conclusions predictions was predictions was and predictions and predictions insightful and considerably was moderately was limited. effective. effective. effective. What I Have Learned Activity 5: Character Analysis How is this person portrayed in public by different types of media? Adapted from teaching guide by CHED to DepEd, pp.22. (Teaching Guide for SHS) Guide Questions: 1. What do these two personalities have a common? 2. How did they become the “Queen of All Media? 20 What I Can Do 1. Write an essay about your analysis and evaluation of the effects of media to the Filipino youth. 2. Your essay must have a title, an introduction, a body paragraph (1 main argument with 2 examples), and a conclusion. Not less than 12 sentences Needs Very Good Good Poor Improvement 5 4 2 0 INTRODUCTION Well-developed Introductory Introduction Introduction Background/ introductory paragraph does not was not Define the paragraph contains some adequately presented. Problem contains detailed background explain the background information background of information, a and states the problem. clear explanation the problem, The problem or definition of but does not is stated, but the problem. explain using lacks detail. details. BODY Argument is Argument was Argument was Argument PARAGRAPHS well developed presented presented but was not with supporting with some lacks examples. presented. Main Argument examples. supporting examples. CONCLUSION Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion was Conclusion was presented. was presented presented but was not Opinions and with some no suggestions presented. suggestions suggestions for change and/ for change are for change are or opinions are logical and well evident. included. thought out. 21 Lesson Media and Information 3 Sources What’s In Activity 1: Arrange Me In the previous module, we learned about mass media and media effects. Mass media talks about sharing relevant information to a large number of audience through several ways and platforms. Below is a list of Media types. Arrange the scrambled letters to identify the correct media types. Write your answer on the spaces provided. 1. AEIMCN - _________________ 2. EDVIO ESGMA - _________________ 3. WNE AIDME - _________________ 4. NTPRT EIDAM - _________________ 5. TBRAOADCS DEIAM - _________________ What’s New Activity 2: Unlocking Difficulties “A LIBRARY IS NOT A LUXURY BUT ONE OF THE NECESSITIES OF LIFE.” ---By Henry Ward Beecher---- Guide Questions: 1. What is the message? __________________________________________________________________ 2. Do you agree with the message? Why or Why not? __________________________________________________________________ 22 What Is It Information can come from virtually anywhere — media, blogs, personal experiences, books, journal and magazine articles, expert opinions, encyclopedias, and web pages — and the type of information you need will change depending on the question you are trying to answer. Look at the following sources of information. Notice the similarities between them. Source: VirginiaTech Library (http://ufh.za.libguides.com/c.php?g=91523&p=590868) Library A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale. (Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/library) Modern Library Interiors - Decoration Ideas in 2016 Source: http://mostpp.org/modern-library-interiors-2/ Indigenous Knowledge Knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. IK contrasts with the international knowledge system generated by universities, research institutions and private firms. (Warren 1991) This would include as follows: local knowledge knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society owned, controlled, and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the languages understood by the community Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge oral tradition of communication store information in memories information exchange is face to face information is contained within the border of the community 23 Types of Information Source: http://iupui.campusguides.com/c.php?g=583319&p=4027829 Books Cover virtually any topic, fact or fiction Useful for the complete background on an issue or an in-depth analysis of a theory or person. Can take years to publish, so may not always include the most current information Source: Daria, Nepriakhina, https://unsplash.com/ photos/xY55bL5mZAM Reference Books Include facts, figures, addresses, statistics, definitions, dates, etc. Useful for finding factual or statistical information or for a brief overview of a particular topic. Examples: dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories Source: James L.W, https://unsplash.com/photos/ o3sl4dhYhZE Newspapers (News Resource) Provides very current information about events, people, or places at the time they are published. Useful for information on current events or to track the development of a story as it unfolds. Examples: The New York Times, manila bulletin, Philippine Star, Daily Inquirer Source: Rishabh , Sharma , https://unsplash.com/ photos/R-js25Pv1LQ 24 Magazines Include articles on diverse topics of popular interest and current events. Articles typically written by journalists or professional writers Geared toward the general public. Examples: Time, Newsweek, National Geographic Source: Charisse ,Kenion , https://unsplash.com/photos/ cJkVMAKDYl0 Academic Journals Include articles written by and for specialists/experts in a particular field.Articles must go through a peer review process before they’re accepted for publication. Articles tend to have a narrower focus and more analysis of the topic than those in other types of publications. Include cited references or footnotes at the end of research articles. Examples: Journal of Communication, The Historian, Journal of the American Medical Association Source: Charisse ,Kenion , https://unsplash.com/photos/ cJkVMAKDYl0 Internet An electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. (Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/Internet) The Internet is by far the most popular source of information and the preferred choice for news ahead of television, newspapers and radio, according to a new poll in the United States. (Source: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media- internet-life/internet-most-popular-information-source- poll-idUSTRE55G4XA20090617) Examples: Google.com. Facebook.com Source: Leon, Seibert , https://unsplash.com/ photos/2m71l9fA6mg 25 Evaluating Information by Eastern Kentucky University Libraries based on the work of Paul and Elder 1 2 3 4 5 26 What’s More Activity 3: Picture Analysis Guide Questions: 1. What is a library? _________________________ 2. Why do you think every school has a library? _________________________ Source: ? Picture Analysis Rubric Category 4 3 2 1 Observations Student makes Student makes Student makes Student a complete a detailed a detailed descriptions and detailed description of description of are not detailed description of most of the some of the or complete. the subject subject matter subject matter matter and/or and/or elements and/or elements elements seen seen the photo. seen the photo. the photo. Understanding Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of the piece the piece the piece the piece demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated Thorough considerable some little understanding understanding understanding understanding of principles, of principles, of principles, of principles, concepts and concepts and concepts and concepts and relationships. relationships. relationships. relationships. Thinking/ Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Analysis and Inquiry Interpretation Interpretation of Interpretation of images is images is sound. of images is Interpretation strong. satisfactory. of images is weak. Application Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make Ability to make and express and express and express and express judgements, judgements, judgements, judgements, conclusions and conclusions and conclusions conclusions predictions was predictions was and predictions and predictions insightful and considerably was moderately was limited. effective. effective. effective. 27 What I Have Learned Activity 4: Answer Me 1. What are the different types of media that can be used as a source of information? 2. How can you evaluate or measure information quality? What I Can Do Instructions: 1. Interview two elders coming from two families. Ask about cultural beliefs or practices in the community valued by the elders. Identify and gather information to at least two cultural beliefs or practices. 2. Encode the information on a short bond paper, identify the source of information. 3. Interview your guardian or one of your direct family and find out if these cultural beliefs or practices are still known and being valued by their generation. (Example 3 out of 10…) Rubric 5 4 3 2 Preparation Before the interview, Before the interview, Before the The student did the student the student prepared interview, the not prepare any prepared several a couple of in-depth student prepared questions before in-depth AND factual questions and several several factual the interview. questions to ask. factual questions to questions to ask. ask. Politeness Student never Student rarely Student rarely Several times, interrupted or interrupted or hurried interrupted or the student *Please hurried the person the person being hurried the person interrupted or keep in being interviewed interviewed and being interviewed, hurried the mind while and thanked them thanked them for but forgot to thank person being interviewing for being willing to being willing to be the person. interviewed AND be interviewed. interviewed. forgot to thank the person. Formatting The student edited The student edited The student edited The student and Editing and organized and organized and organized the did NOT edit the transcript in a the transcript in a transcript but the or organize the way that made the way that made the information was transcript. information clear information clear. not as clear or as and interesting. interesting as it could have been. Knowledge Student can Student can Student can Student cannot Gained accurately answer accurately answer a accurately answer accurately several questions few questions about a few questions answer questions about the person the person who was about the about the who was interviewed interviewed and can person who was person who was and can tell how this tell how this interview interviewed. interviewed. interview relates to relates to the material the material being being studied in studied in class. class. 28 Summary Lesson 1: Evolution of Traditional Media to New Media PREHISTORIC AGE INDUSTRIAL AGE ELECTRONIC AGE NEW AGE (Before 1700s) (1700s-1930s) (1930 - 1980) (present) Traditional Media New Media Media experience is limited. Media experience is more One – directional. interactive. Sense receptors used are very Audiences are more involved Specific (i.e. print media – sense and can send feedback of sight , radio- sense of hearing, simultaneously. TV and Film- sight and hearing. Integrates all the aspects of old media. Media and Government Normative Theories of the Press Authoritarian Soviet Media All forms of communications are under Theory says the state have absolute the control of the governing elite or power to control any media for the authorities or influential bureaucrats. benefits of people. Libetarian Social Responsibility Liberalism means information is Allows free press without any knowledge and knowledge is power. censorship but at the same time Libertarianism is free from any the content of the press should be authority or any control or censorship. discussed in public panel and media The libertarianism is an idea of should accept any obligation from individualism and limited government public interference or professional self- which is not harmful to another. regulations or both. Functions of Communication and Media Channel for advocation Opinion Monitoring: Information and watchdog of journalism 29 Lesson 2: Types of Media Types of Media Media and Media Effects Print Media Third – party Theory Broadcast Media Reciprocal Effect Film/Cinema Boomerang Effect Video Games (Digital Games Cultivation Theory New Media (George Gerbner) Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmann/ McCombs and Shaw) Fakes News and Propaganda Source: https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/11174 30 Lesson 3: Types of Information Sources Source: http://iupui.campusguides.com/c.php?g=583319&p=4027829 Evaluating Information by Eastern Kentucky University Libraries based on the work of Paul and Elder 1 2 3 4 5 31 Assessment: (Post-Test) Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among the given choices. 1. What year were online social networking websites were introduce in the internet? A. 2000 B. 1995 C. 2004 D. 2020 2. In the evolution of Electronic Age, what year is being started and introduce? A. 1930–1980 B. 1995-2000 C. 2001- 2005 D. All of the above 3. Before 1700s or during the Prehistoric age, what was there way of communication as they’re painting in the wall as they will represent dancing and hunting people? A. Cave painting B. Email C. Mobile phone D. All of the above 4. In the aspect of media and government under the normative theories of the press, what theory that describe that all forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite. A. Social responsibility B. Authoritarian C. Libertarian D. All of the above 5. What type of media is Philippine Daily Inquirer newspaper? A. Print media B. Broadcast media C. Film D. New media 6. GMA 24 Oras aired on channel 7? A. Broadcast media B. Print media C. New media D. All of the above 7. A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials can be found that are kept for use. A. Internet B. Library C. Indigenous knowledge D. None of the above 8. Types of information, provide very current information about event, people, or places as the time they are published. A. Newspaper B. Magazines C. Books D. All of the above 9. An electronic communications network that connect computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. A. Book B. Magazines C. Internet D. None of the above 10. Ways to consider in evaluating information EXCEPT. A. Accuracy B. Fairness C. Relevance D. Copying 32 33 Pre-Test Lesson 1 Activity 1: Circle Venn diagram 1. A 1. What is Media Literacy 2. A The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce 3. A communication in a variety of media forms. 4. B 2. Information Literacy 5. A 6. A The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information 7. B in its various formats. 8. A 3. Technology (Digital) Literacy 9. C 10. D The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create information. 4. What are the similarities and differences of media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy? Media Literacy and information Literacy are the ability to comprehend and to find the reliable sources by any means looking to it such Books, Magazines, Articles and Internet. Lesson 1 Activity 2: Throwback Processed Questions 1. If the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean, how did the news reach the people in England and New York at that time? Old Radio communication 2. If the Titanic sank today, in what format will people receive or read the news? Mobile Phones, Facebook, Twitter Key to Answers 34 Lesson 1 What’s More Ages What devices did What devices did What devices did people people use to people use to store use to share or broadcast communicate with information? information? each other Prehistoric Smoke, Fire, Traditional Paper and Traditional Paper and Age Traditional Paper Writing Materials Writing Materials and Writing Cave Writings Cave Writings Materials Industrial Paper and Pen Printing press or books Printing press or books Age Type Writer Electronic Telegraph Printing press or books Age Printing press or books Telegram Computers Computers Telephone Radio Computers New Personal Printing press or books Printing press or books (Digital) computers Digital books Television Age Mobile phones Personal computers Radio Smart phones Mobile phones Digital books Wearable technology Smart phones Websites Social Media Wearable technology Personal computers Social Media Mobile phones Smart phones Wearable technology Social Media Lesson 1 Activity 4: Picture Analysis 1. What is the picture all about? Expression of freedom for peacefully assemble against the government 2. Why do you think these people participated in this event? Against the new law being implemented 3. If given the chance, will you join this rally? Why or why not? No, because the government has really doing their best for all the Filipino people and their constituents. Key to Answers 35 Lesson 1 Activity 5: Function of Media and Government What I Have Learned Normative Media Control Functions of Media theories of the press Authoritarian Authorities Instrument to enhance the ruler’s power in or influential the country rather than any threats. bureaucrats. Soviet Media Government Provide positive thoughts to create a strong or Leader of socialized society as well as providing the Nation. information, education, entertainment, motivation and mobilization. Libertarian Fully free Reveal the real thing happening in the without any society without any censorship or any intervention authority blockades. of any authority or government. Social Free The total news is complete facts and Responsibility truthful but the commission of the freedom press stated that “No longer giving facts truthfully rather than give a necessary analyzed or interpretative report on facts with clear explanations”. Lesson 2 Activity 1: Analyzing Infographics What’s In 1. What information is show in the infographics? About the number of media practitioners who were killed in the Philippines. 2. What is the implication of media killings in the Philippines? Media killings slowly kills democracy 3. Do you agree that media killings is a danger to Philippine democracy? Why? Why not? Yes, because it takes out the freedom of the people to speak and express their thoughts and feelings about societal issues. Key to Answers 36 Lesson 2 Activity 2: Photo Analysis What’s New 1. Media: any means of communication 2. Broadcast media Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Activity 3: Types of Media Activity 4: Picture Analysis What’s More 1. The blind fold symbolize not being able to see 1. B the truth. 2. P 2. The burnt newspaper symbolizes unreliable 3. N information. 4. P 5. N 6. N Lesson 2 7. N Activity 5: Character Analysis 8. F What I have learned 9. P 10. B 1. They are both called “Queen of All Media” 2. They are both featured in print, broadcast and new media. Lesson 3 Lesson 3 Activity 1: Arrange Me Activity 2: Unlock the Meaning What’s In What I have learned 1. Cinema 1. Knowledge is vital because in a world that full of information we should keep ourselves 2. Video Games updated that is why learning is not just a 3. New Media luxury but a necessity. 4. Print Media 2. Yes, because knowledge create opportunities 5. Broadcast Media and bridges information gap. Key to Answers 37 Lesson 3 Lesson 3 Post-Test Activity 3: Picture Analysis Activity 4: Answer Me 1. A 1. A Library is a place 1. Books, Magazine, where books and other Newspaper and 2. A sources of information other printed 3. A are found. materials. 4. B 2. Because students need 2. Assessing and 5. A books to learn more. evaluating 6. A the source of 7. B information if it is reliable and valid. 8. A 9. C 10. D Glossary NEW MEDIA – forms of communication in the digital world. BROADCAST MEDIA - describes the traditional forms of media that include television and radio. MEDIA CONVERGENCE – Merging of previous distinct media technologies and media forms due to digitization and computer networking. MASS MEDIA – Refers to the various ways, especially television, radio, Newspapers, and magazines. MEDIA EFFECTS – Are the intended or unintended consequence of what the mass media does. Key to Answers References Media and Information Literacy Curriculum Guide by DepEd Communicationtheory.Org,”Communication Theory.”Accessed January 13,2020, https://www.communicationtheory.org/list-of-theories/ Tan, Lara.”Duterte blames corrupt journalism for media killings”.Accessed January 14,2020, https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/06/01/Media-killings-journalists- Duterte-Philippines.html Khan. R. (2006). “The Evolution of Traditional to New Media (Lec). Accessed January 14,2020. http://teachtogether.chedk12.com/teaching_guides/view/229 Syping, Ralph. “The Evolution of Traditional to New Media”. Accessed January 14, 2020. https://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/869769/The-Evolution-of-Traditional- to-New-Media/ Khan Academy. “ Cunieform”. Accessed at January 17, 2020, https://www.khanacademy. org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the-ancient-near-east- an-introduction/a/cuneiform Oldest.Org.” Oldest Cave Paintings in the World”. Accessed at January 17, 2020, http:// www.oldest.org/artliterature/cave-paintings/ Jimmy Stamp. “How the Telegraph Went From Semaphore to Communication Game Changer”. Accessed at January 17, 2020, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/ arts-culture/how-the-telegraph-went-from-semaphore-to-communication-game- changer-1403433/ Sutori. “The Evolution of Traditional to New

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