Q1 Lecture PDF - Earth Science

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education MIMAROPA REGION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Earth...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education MIMAROPA REGION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Earth - It can host to an estimated 8.7 million different kinds of life forms and is considered as the only living planet in the solar system. - It is the only planet that has a large amount of liquid water. - It has 70% water. - It is rocky, terrestrial planet. - It has solid and active surface. - Earth and Venus are of the right size to hold a sufficient atmosphere. - every organism has its own function in the Earth Factors that make a planet habitable 1. Temperature – life seems to be limited to a temperature range of – 15 degrees C to 115 degrees C. in this range, liquid water can still exist under certain conditions. 2. Atmosphere – Earth’s atmosphere is about 10 miles thick. It keeps the surface warm and protects it from radiation and small to medium sized meteorites. 3. Energy – with a steady input of either light or chemical energy, cells can run the chemical reactions necessary for life. 4. Nutrients – those with a water cycle or volcanic activity can transport the chemicals required by living organisms. Subsystems of Earth 1. Biosphere - composed of all living things: people, other animals, and plants. 2. Hydrosphere – consists of water 3. Lithosphere/geosphere - makes up the solid Earth and forms rocks, soils, and mineral 4. atmosphere - gaseous blanket of air that envelops, shields, and insulates Earth - Variations in atmospheric components and processes create the changing conditions that we know as weather and climate. Minerals - naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition Properties of Minerals 1. cleavage - The property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces. 2. hardness - it is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion. The Mohs scale of Hardness measures the scratch resistance of various minerals from a scale of 1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder material/mineral to scratch a softer one. 3. luster - it is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral 4. streak - A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic processes like weathering. 5. Crystal form - The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystals is displayed /observed as these crystals grow in open spaces. The form reflects the supposedly internal structure J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City 288-9488 [email protected] https://omnhscalapancity.com/ph Oriental Mindoro National High School  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education MIMAROPA REGION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (of atoms and ions) of the crystal (mineral). It is the natural shape of the mineral before the development of any cleavage or fracture. Characteristics of Minerals 1. Inorganic - Minerals have never been alive. 2. Similar chemical composition - Made up of specific chemicals unique to that material. 3. Naturally-occurring - Minerals occur in nature 4. Has crystalline structure - A mineral’s atoms are arranged in a specific pattern. 5. Solid - Neither a liquid nor a gas Rocks - A rock is naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals - Most rocks are a mixture of minerals Types of rocks 1. Igneous Rocks Extrusive igneous rock - type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that result to finer grain and smaller size of crystals - They have fine grains. - They are formed from lava. - They have usually low density Examples: diorite, gabbro, obsidian Intrusive rocks - They are usually dark. - it cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained). 2. Sedimentary Rocks - Provide information about surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s past. - Particles of sand, shells, pebbles and other fragments of materials called sediments, accumulate in layers and over long period of time harden into rocks. Deposition - process by which sediments settle down in a particular area 3. Metamorphic Rocks - Forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks that have been altered by agents of metamorphism. Example: marble EXOGENIC PROCESSES A. Weathering 1. exhibits the breaking down of rocks on the Earth’s surface or cause changes in its composition 2. is the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the Earth surface. 1. Physical weathering PRESSURE – due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain range. After the granite ascends and cools, the overlying rocks and sediments may erode. At the point J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City 288-9488 [email protected] https://omnhscalapancity.com/ph Oriental Mindoro National High School  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education MIMAROPA REGION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL when the pressure diminishes, the rocks expands, cools, and became brittle and fractured. TEMPERATURE – rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high temperature. However, if the temperature drops to 0 degree Celsius, it also expands and causes fracture. FROST WEDGING – generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when water accumulates in the crack and at that point it freezes, the ice expands and breaks the rock apart. ORGANIC ACTIVITY – the roots grow causing penetration into the crack, expand and in the long run, break the rock. HUMAN ACTIVITY – activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests and cultivating land contribute to physical weathering. BURROWING ANIMALS – animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels excavate into the ground to create a space for habitation. ABRASION – the breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction. This primarily occurs during collision of rocks, sand and silt due to current or waves along a stream or seashore causing sharp edges and corners to wear off and become rounded. 2. Chemical weathering DISSOLUTION – it occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in water. HYDROLISIS – rock – forming minerals like amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar react with water and form different kinds of clay minerals. OXIDATION – it is the response of oxygen with minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the mineral in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an example of this chemical reaction. B. Erosion - is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent such as water, wind, or ice. Agents - any substance capable of producing an effect. This can be physical or chemical. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES: INTERNAL HEAT Heat Transfer Conduction - heat transfer occurs mostly on the Earth’s surface - process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules Convection - heat transfer of fluid in the Earth’s interior results to the movement of rocky mantle up to the surface Decompression melting - Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to the high pressure. However, during convection, rock tend to go upward (shallow level), and the pressure is reduced Partial melting - process occurs if there are formation and movement of magma under the Earth’s crust 1. addition of volatiles 2. an increase in temperature 3. decrease in pressure J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City 288-9488 [email protected] https://omnhscalapancity.com/ph Oriental Mindoro National High School  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education MIMAROPA REGION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Metamorphism 1. Slate and Gneiss are examples of foliated rock 2. Contact metamorphism creates non-foliated rocks 3. Magma will bake the surrounding rocks due to different in temperature 4. Heat 5. mantle 6. pressure Convergent plate boundaries - create land formations which later become scenery. Examples: volcanic arc Divergent plate boundaries Transform plate boundary - results to the formation of a new oceanic lithosphere Angular unconformity 1. erosion 2. folding 3. marine regression Law of Superposition Example: relative dating Absolute dating - refers to a year or a range of years comparing the amount of decayed and undecayed radioactive isotopes Relative dating - indicates a chronological order Relative dating - makes use of the position of rocks to determine its age Principle of horizontality - Sediment usually accumulates in horizontal layers Geologic time record – provide the life forms and geologic events in Earth’s history Sequence of division in the geologic time scale - period, epoch, era Paleozoic - called “the age of fish” or “ancient life” Echinoderms - Example: crinoids Scientists arrange the fossils they gathered according to age Mesozoic - era were the rocks with fossils of animals and plants such as dinosaurs, mammals, and trees originate involve interactions of the subsystems of the Earth Natural hazards 1. earthquake (ground shaking) 2. hurricane 3. tsunami Liquefaction - following hazard undermines the foundations and supports of buildings, bridges, pipelines, and roads, causing them to sink into the ground, collapse, or dissolve Camiguin - the highest risk of volcanic eruptions based on the DENR and Manila observatory report Prone to landslides 1. Cebu 2. La Union 3. Mountain Province J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City 288-9488 [email protected] https://omnhscalapancity.com/ph Oriental Mindoro National High School  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education MIMAROPA REGION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAPAN CITY ORIENTAL MINDORO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Ring of Fire - Pacific Ocean Region III - MOST exposed region in the country to tropical cyclones Palawan - LEAST prone to typhoons and floods Northwest - usual movement of a typhoon that is coming from the Pacific Ocean Oceanography - scientific study of chemical, biological and physical properties of ocean water Coastal process 1. storm surge 2. tides 3. waves Sea level rise - caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and Earth Mitigation - refers to the action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-tem risks and hazards in the coastal area J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City 288-9488 [email protected] https://omnhscalapancity.com/ph Oriental Mindoro National High School