Purposive Communication Notes & Reviewer PDF

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **L1→ COMMUNICATION PROCESS** **What is communication?** - Communication is more than exchange of feelings and thoughts & observation among people; in short communication builds human relationship. - There are 2 types of communication: [Verbal & Non-Ve...

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **L1→ COMMUNICATION PROCESS** **What is communication?** - Communication is more than exchange of feelings and thoughts & observation among people; in short communication builds human relationship. - There are 2 types of communication: [Verbal & Non-Verbal] - Communication is to build life-living relationship **6 Development of Communication** - Stimuli (Idea) - Speaker (Sender) - Channel (Verbal & Non-Verbal) - Listener (Receiver) - Feedback (Receiver's response) - Noise (Barriers that affect communication) **7 Element of Communication** - Sender (or the speaker) - Receiver (or the listener) - Message - Feedback - Channel - Situation - Noise - In Noise there are 4 examples: Physical, Semantic, Psychology and Spiritual. **The 3 Communication Models** - Model is a visual representation of the communication process to understand clearly the roles of the each element. 1. LINEAR - One way communication - It acts simple communication **S** 2. INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION - Two-way communication / - more than one (1) participant using two-directional communication known as "Feedback Loop" 3. TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION - Communication as a dynamic , continuously process where both are involved in encoding and decoding, and giving feedback. 3. **Transactional Model** 1. Social - The stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication. - Explicit Rules: clearly defined guidelines/regulations. - Implicit Norms: these are the unspoken or unwritten rules that understood by members of particular group or culture. 2. Relational - It involves the social history and relationship between/among people. 3. Cultural - It incorporate the aspects of human identity. - For example: ethnic group & sexual characteristic **L2→ THE 7 KEYS OF COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES** **Communication Principles** - These principles serve as the fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for effective communication. - Seven key principles [(Duck and McMahan, 2012)] **The 7 Keys** 1. COMMUNICATION INVOLVES SYMBOLS - An arbitrary representation of something else; shapes, letters, objects, signs, place, movement, etc. 2. COMMUNICATION REQUIRES MEANING - Communication requires that symbols convey meaning. What symbol represent is said to be its meaning. - For ex. "Rainbow", *in old times rainbow means a promise of God*, but in the *present time rainbow represent now for LGBTQ.* **Factors that Affect the Meaning** 1. [Social Construct of the Meaning] -- involves the way in which symbols takes on meaning in a social context or society as they are used overtime. 2. [Meaning and Context may vary] -- A single symbol or message can also have multiple meanings when used in different context. 3. [Verbal and Non-Verbal Influence] -- Verbal and non-verbal symbols will also impact meaning. 4. [Meaning and the Medium] -- may different interpretation/misinterpret. The means through which a message is conveyed, will also impact meanings of a message. 3. COMMUNICATION IS CULTURE RELATED - The diversity of cultures establish various assumptions and takes different knowledge for granted. - Culture influences Communication while communication creates and reinforces these cultural influences. 4. COMMUNICATION IS RELATIONAL - All communication contains both content (message) level and relational level. 5. COMMUNICATION INVOLVES FRAMES - Frames are basic forms of knowledge that provide a definition of scenario, either because both people agree on the nature of the situation or because the cultural assumptions built into the interactions and the previous relational context of talk them a clue. - Own POV/World Views - Ex. Of World Views: God time→Ancient time→Modernism→Post-Modernism 6. COMMUNICATION IS BOTH PRESENTATIONAL & REPRESENTATIONAL - Presentational -- is need to show/present the evidence or proof. - Representational -- is need to discuss/describe the evidence or proof. 7. COMMUNICATION IS TRANSACTIONAL - It is the construction of shared meanings or understanding between two or more individuals. - It's like give-and-take the process where each person contribute to the conversation. **L3→ COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING** **Terms to remember** - Multicultural - Cross-cultural - Intercultural 1. MULTICULTURAL - It refers to the society contains several culture or ethnic group. - Multiculturalism means having or relating to several different cultures. - Word that related to Multiculturalism: - Diversity - Interactive/Interaction - Equality 2. CROSS -- CULTURAL - It refers to the comparison, interaction and combination of different cultures. - In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered "the norm" and all other cultures are compared or contrasted to the dominant culture. 3. INTERCULTURAL - Intercultural focuses on the mutual exchange of ideas and cultural norm and development of deep relationship. - Describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all cultures. - Mutual exchange of Ideas and Cultural norms - Development of deep relationship - No one left unchanged **SOCIO -- CULTURAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION** - There are sociocultural factors to consider when we communicate. FACTORS (Dapat, et al, 2016) - Cultural Identity - Gender Role - Age Identity - Social Class - Religious Identity 1. CULTURAL IDENTITY - It refers to the membership and acceptance into a large group with shared system of tradition, norms and values. 2. GENDER ROLE - Not necessarily limited to males and females. In short, your role in the society. 3. AGE IDENTITY - Refers to the people how they think and feel themselves as they age. - Superiority is also part of the age identity. 4. Social Class - The ranked assigned by the society to its members based on their income, titles, possessions, etc. - People's perception of another's social class affects the way they communicate. 5. RELIGIOUS IDENTITY - It refers to the inactive and active membership of people to its certain religious organization. **L4→ VARIETIES OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING** **Varieties of Language** - Spoken - The Written **Language Varieties** - Language - Language Variety - Pidgin - Creole - Regional Dialect - Minority Dialect - Indigenized Variety **Varieties of Language** 1. SPOKEN - Sounds and words - Refers to communication through vocal sounds including words, phrases and sentences. CHARACTERISTICS: - Speech and Sounds -- involves the use of voice and auditory system to convey meaning. - Interaction -- is allowing for immediate feedback. - Non-Verbal Cues -- is often accompanied by tone, pitch, pace, gestures, and facial expression. - Natural Acquisition -- is usually learned naturally in early childhood, without education, it only through immersion and interaction with others. 2. THE WRITTEN - Is a communication through the use of symbols, such as letters, words and punctuation, on medium like paper and digital screen. CHARACTERISTICS: - Visual Presentation -- is a written language that uses symbols to represent speech or thought. - Delayed Interaction -- written language usually lacks immediate feedback, and responses may be delayed. - Formality and Structure -- it often follows stricter grammatical rules and formal structures. - Preservation -- written language is a permanent form of communication and preserving information for future reference. - Learned Skills -- is to enhance and master the reading and writing skills. **Language Varieties** 1. LANGUAGE - Is a system of communication that involves the use of symbols, words, sounds, or gestures to convey meaning. ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE: - Symbols -- words, sounds, or gestures that represent ideas. - Grammar -- is the set of rules that dictate how symbols are arranged and combined to form meaningful sentences. - Cultural Influences -- language reflects and shapes cultural identity, values, and social norms. - Communication -- allows people to interact, share knowledge, express emotions, and build relationships. - Diversity -- there are thousands language of worldwide, each with its own vocabulary, structure, and rules 2. LANGUAGE VARIETY - Refers to the different forms of language used by people in various places, groups, or situation. - Varieties of language, which started in oral form or spoken language. 1. PIDGIN - Is a simplified language that develop when people who don't speak the same language need to communicate. 2. CREOLE - A language that starts as a pidgin but evolves into a full language overtime, spoken by a community. - For example: Chavacano in Zamboanga 3. REGIONAL DIALECT - A version of language spoken in a particular region, with distinct vocabulary and pronunciation. - For example: Cebuano 4. MINORITY DIALECT - A dialect spoken by the smaller group within a larger community, often less recognition. - For example: The Ivatan dialect spoken in Batanes 5. INDIGENIZED VARIETY - A VERSION OF A Foreign language adapted to fit the local culture and context. - Example: Philippine English is an indigenized variety L5→ Virtual Communication ========================= 1. Key Platforms for Virtual Communication ======================================= - **Email**: A widely used tool for formal communication. - **Instant Messaging (IM)**: Tools like Slack, WhatsApp, or Microsoft Teams for quick, real-time conversations. - **Video Conferencing**: Platforms like Zoom, Google Meet, or Skype allow face-to-face communication over distances. - **Collaborative Software**: Tools like Google Docs, Trello, and Asana allow teams to work together on projects in real-time. 1. Advantages of Virtual Communication =================================== - **Global Reach**: Enables communication across different time zones and geographical locations. - **Cost-Effective**: Reduces the need for travel, saving time and resources. - **Flexibility**: Allows for asynchronous communication, where responses are not required in real-time. - **Enhanced Collaboration**: Facilitates collaboration through shared documents and real- time feedback. 1. Challenges in Virtual Communication =================================== - **Lack of Non-Verbal Cues**: Body language, facial expressions, and tone can be hard to interpret, leading to misunderstandings. - **Technical Issues**: Connectivity problems, poor audio/video quality, and platform glitches can hinder effective communication. - **Time Zone Differences**: Coordinating meetings across different regions may be challenging. - **Engagement**: Maintaining attention and participation in virtual settings can be more difficult compared to face-to-face interactions. 1. Best Practices for Effective Virtual Communication ================================================== - **Clarity in Messaging**: Since non-verbal cues are limited, be clear, concise, and direct in your communications. - **Active Listening**: Make an effort to actively listen and provide feedback to ensure comprehension. - **Proper Use of Technology**: Choose the right platform for the message---video for meetings, chat for quick updates, and email for formal communication. - **Etiquette**: Respect time zones, mute yourself when not speaking in a video call, and avoid multitasking during virtual meetings. 1. Virtual Communication in the Workplace ====================================== - **Remote Teams**: Virtual communication is vital in maintaining productivity and connection in distributed teams. - **Meetings and Conferences**: Virtual meetings are becoming the norm, and mastering tools like Zoom or Microsoft Teams is essential for professionalism and effectiveness. - **Collaboration Tools**: Platforms like Slack and Google Workspace foster virtual teamwork, allowing real-time updates and project tracking. Elements of Speech Delivery =========================== 2. Voice ===== - **Volume**: The loudness or softness of your voice should be adjusted to suit the audience size, venue, and context. Speak loud enough to be heard but not too loud to overwhelm your audience. - **Pitch**: Refers to how high or low your voice sounds. A varied pitch makes your speech more dynamic and engaging, while a monotonous pitch can cause boredom. - **Rate**: The speed at which you speak. A good speech will have a balance between fast and slow pacing to maintain clarity and keep the audience engaged. - **Pauses**: Strategic pauses give your audience time to absorb key points. They also help you emphasize important ideas and create dramatic effects. - **Tone**: The emotional quality in your voice that reflects your attitude toward the subject matter. It can be formal, informal, enthusiastic, serious, or humorous depending on the speech\'s purpose. 1. Articulation and Pronunciation ============================== - **Articulation**: Refers to how clearly and distinctly you pronounce words. Poor articulation can make your message hard to understand. - **Pronunciation**: Correctly saying words based on language conventions. Mispronouncing words can detract from your credibility and distract your audience. 1. Body Language ============= - **Gestures**: Movements of your hands, arms, and head to reinforce points. Natural gestures add to the delivery, while overused or exaggerated gestures can be distracting. - **Facial Expressions**: Your facial expressions should align with the content of your speech. Smiling, frowning, or raising eyebrows can help convey emotions and connect with your audience. - **Posture**: Standing straight with a confident stance conveys authority and confidence. Avoid slouching or swaying, which can show discomfort or lack of preparation. - **Eye Contact**: Maintaining eye contact builds a connection with the audience, demonstrates confidence, and keeps the audience engaged. Avoid staring at your notes or a fixed point for too long. 1. Movement ======== - **Purposeful Movement**: Moving naturally and with purpose, such as walking to a different spot to emphasize a point, can add dynamism to your speech. However, excessive or random movement can be distracting. - **Avoiding Fidgeting**: Nervous habits like pacing, tapping, or playing with objects can take away from your speech delivery. Stay composed and grounded in one spot when making key points. 1. Visual Aids =========== - **Use of Slides/Props**: Visual aids like PowerPoint slides, charts, or props can reinforce your message and keep the audience\'s attention. Ensure that they are clear, not too text- heavy, and complement rather than overshadow your spoken words. - **Proper Timing**: Introduce visual aids at appropriate moments and ensure you don\'t rely on them too much. They should support your speech, not replace it. 1. Audience Engagement =================== - **Adjusting to Feedback**: Pay attention to your audience\'s reactions. If they seem confused or disinterested, adjust your delivery. Slow down, repeat key points, or ask questions to re-engage them. - **Interaction**: Involving the audience by asking questions or encouraging participation can keep them engaged and make the speech feel more interactive. 1. Confidence and Enthusiasm ========================= - **Confidence**: How you project yourself plays a significant role in how your message is received. A confident speaker appears knowledgeable and credible. Practice and preparation build this confidence. - **Enthusiasm**: Showing passion for your topic can excite and persuade your audience. If you\'re enthusiastic, your energy will be contagious and your message more impactful. 1. Clarity of Message ================== - Ensure that the structure of your speech is well-organized, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Simplify complex ideas and use language appropriate for your audience to make your message easy to understand. 1. Preparation and Practice ======================== - Preparation ensures that you are familiar with your material and can focus on delivery rather than memorization. Practicing in front of a mirror, recording yourself, or rehearsing with a friend can help identify areas for improvement in delivery. Ethical Considerations in Communication ======================================= 3. Honesty ======= - **Truthfulness**: Always provide accurate and truthful information. Misleading or intentionally distorting facts can harm relationships and undermine trust. - **Avoiding Deception**: Avoid manipulating or withholding critical information to influence others unfairly. This includes refraining from exaggeration, fabrication, or selective presentation of facts. 1. Transparency ============ - **Openness**: Be clear and open about your intentions, especially in business or public communication. Transparency promotes trust, accountability, and better decision-making. - **Disclosing Conflicts of Interest**: If you have personal or professional interests that may affect your communication or decision-making, disclose them openly. 1. Respect ======= - **Respect for Others**: Communicate in a way that values others\' perspectives and rights. Avoid offensive language, name-calling, or attacking individuals based on personal attributes. - **Active Listening**: Ethical communication involves not only expressing your views but also listening carefully and respectfully to others, even when you disagree. 1. Confidentiality =============== - **Privacy**: Respect the privacy of sensitive or personal information. Disclosing private information without consent violates trust and can harm relationships. - **Handling Sensitive Data**: In professional settings, especially in healthcare, education, or legal fields, safeguarding confidential data is essential. 1. Fairness ======== - **Equal Treatment**: Ensure that all parties in communication are treated fairly and given equal opportunity to participate and express their viewpoints. - **Avoiding Bias and Discrimination**: Do not let personal biases, prejudices, or discriminatory beliefs influence your communication. Be fair and objective, especially when dealing with diverse groups. 1. Responsibility ============== - **Accountability for Words and Actions**: Take responsibility for the effects of your communication. If you make a mistake or misrepresent information, correct it promptly. - **Avoiding Harm**: Ethical communicators should avoid spreading rumors, false accusations, or information that could cause harm, fear, or conflict. 1. Cultural Sensitivity ==================== - **Cultural Awareness**: Be mindful of cultural differences in language, gestures, and communication styles. What is acceptable in one culture may be offensive in another. - **Avoiding Stereotyping**: Stereotyping based on gender, race, ethnicity, or nationality is unethical and can perpetuate harmful biases. 1. Non-Coercion ============ - **Voluntary Participation**: Communication should be based on voluntary participation. Do not use manipulation, coercion, or threats to influence or control others. - **Informed Consent**: In situations where decisions are to be made, provide enough information for others to make informed and voluntary choices. 1. Integrity ========= - **Consistency with Values**: Ensure that your communication aligns with your moral and ethical values. Communicating with integrity means your words and actions are consistent with your beliefs. - **Avoiding Plagiarism**: Give proper credit when using someone else's ideas, words, or work. Plagiarism is not only unethical but can have legal consequences. 1. Constructive Feedback ===================== - **Offering Feedback Respectfully**: When providing feedback, do so in a way that is constructive, aimed at improvement rather than tearing someone down. - **Receiving Feedback Gracefully**: Being open to feedback, even if critical, reflects ethical and mature communication. 1. Accuracy ======== - **Fact-Checking**: Ensure that the information shared is based on verified facts. Especially in the digital age, spreading false or unverified information can have serious consequences. - **Avoiding Misrepresentation**: Don't mislead others by twisting facts or taking statements out of context. Application Letter ================== Key Elements of an Application Letter: ====================================== 4. **Header**: Includes your contact information, the date, and the employer\'s contact information. 5. **Salutation**: Address the hiring manager by name if possible. 6. **Introduction**: State the job you are applying for and how you found out about the opening. 7. **Body**: Highlight your qualifications, experiences, and how they align with the job requirements. 8. **Closing**: Politely express your desire for an interview and include a call to action. Thank them for their time. 9. **Signature**: End with \"Sincerely\" or \"Best regards\" and your name. F. Resume/Curriculum Vitae (CV) =============================== Key Sections of a Resume/CV: ============================ 1. **Personal Information**: Name, contact details, and a professional email address. 2. **Objective or Summary**: A brief statement about your career goals or professional summary. 3. **Work Experience**: List relevant job roles, with duties and achievements, in reverse chronological order. 4. **Education**: Include your educational background, certifications, and any honors or awards. 5. **Skills**: A list of relevant technical and soft skills. 6. **Additional Sections**: You may include sections for languages, volunteer work, or publications (especially for academic CVs). G. Interview ============ Key Types of Interviews: ======================== 1. **Structured Interview**: A standardized set of questions is asked. 2. **Unstructured Interview**: More conversational, with open-ended questions. 3. **Behavioral Interview**: Focuses on past experiences and how the candidate handled specific situations. 4. **Panel Interview**: Involves multiple interviewers asking questions. Interview Preparation: ====================== - Research the company and the job role. - Prepare answers to common interview questions (e.g., strengths, weaknesses, why you want the job). - Practice articulating your experience and qualifications. - Dress appropriately and arrive on time. H. Business Letters =================== Types of Business Letters: ========================== 1. **Inquiry Letter**: Requesting information or clarification about products, services, or policies. 2. **Sales Letter**: Promoting products or services to potential customers. 3. **Complaint Letter**: Addressing a problem or dissatisfaction with a product or service. 4. **Resignation Letter**: Officially informing your employer of your decision to leave a job. 5. **Order Letter**: Placing an order for goods or services. 6. **Acknowledgment Letter**: Confirming receipt of a previous communication or order. Key Parts of a Business Letter: =============================== 1. **Sender's Address**: Your address, usually at the top. 2. **Date**: The date the letter is written. 3. **Recipient's Address**: The company or individual you are writing to. 4. **Salutation**: "Dear \[Name\]," or "To whom it may concern," 5. **Body**: The main content of the letter, written in formal language. 6. **Closing**: "Sincerely," followed by your name and signature. I. Types of Online Communication ================================ Common Types of Online Communication: ===================================== 1. **Email**: A formal means of communication often used in professional settings. 2. **Instant Messaging (IM)**: Platforms like Slack, WhatsApp, or Facebook Messenger allow real-time communication through text, voice, and video. 3. **Video Conferencing**: Tools like Zoom, Skype, and Google Meet allow face-to-face interaction over long distances. 4. **Social Media**: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn used for sharing content, networking, and communication. 5. **Forums and Discussion Boards**: Online spaces like Reddit or Quora where users post and reply to topics. 6. **Blogs**: Personal or professional websites where individuals or companies share updates, thoughts, and opinions. 7. **Collaborative Platforms**: Tools like Google Docs or Microsoft Teams, where individuals can work together on projects in real-time. 8. **Webinars**: Online seminars or presentations, often interactive, used for training or educational purposes. **L6→PUBLIC SPEAKING** **Definition:**\ Public speaking is the process of communicating information to an audience. It typically involves one person (the speaker) delivering a speech to a group of listeners for a specific purpose, whether to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire. **Key Elements of Public Speaking:** - **Speaker:** The individual delivering the message. - **Message:** The content of the speech. - **Audience:** The group of people who are listening to the speaker. - **Purpose:** The reason for delivering the speech (e.g., to inform, motivate, or persuade). - **Feedback:** The response or reactions from the audience, which helps the speaker adjust their delivery. **Value the Presence and Importance of the Audience** **Why the Audience Matters:** - The audience is the reason for delivering the speech. Without them, public speaking wouldn\'t have a purpose. - Understanding the audience\'s needs, expectations, and background helps in shaping the speech to resonate better with them. **Ways to Value Your Audience:** - **Engagement:** Use eye contact, ask questions, and involve them in the speech. - **Respect:** Always consider their time, opinions, and emotions. Speak in a way that is appropriate for your audience. - **Adaptability:** Be ready to adjust your content, tone, or style based on their reactions and feedback. - **Clarity:** Speak clearly and concisely to ensure your message is understood. **Deliver Impromptu Speeches Properly** **What is an Impromptu Speech?** - An impromptu speech is delivered without prior preparation. The speaker must quickly organize their thoughts and deliver a coherent message on the spot. **Steps to Deliver an Effective Impromptu Speech:** - **Stay Calm:** Take a deep breath and remain composed. - **Structure Your Thoughts:** Use a simple format like: 1. **Introduction:** Briefly state your main point or topic. 2. **Body:** Provide 2-3 key ideas or examples to support your main point. 3. **Conclusion:** Summarize your message and end with a strong closing. - **Be Clear and Concise:** Avoid rambling. Keep your message focused. - **Use Personal Experiences:** Drawing from your own life helps make the speech relatable and easier to deliver. - **Practice Thinking on Your Feet:** The more you practice, the more comfortable you will be with delivering impromptu speeches. **Recognize the Mechanics and Guidelines in Presenting an Extemporaneous Speech** **What is an Extemporaneous Speech?**\ An extemporaneous speech is one that is carefully prepared and practiced but delivered without the use of a script. The speaker has an outline or notes to refer to but does not memorize the speech word for word. **Key Guidelines for Extemporaneous Speaking:** - **Prepare an Outline:** Organize your ideas logically with clear points and subpoints, but avoid writing out the entire speech. - **Know Your Topic Well:** Conduct thorough research and understand your subject deeply to speak confidently and respond to questions. - **Practice:** Rehearse your speech several times to get comfortable with your material and delivery without relying on notes too much. - **Use Note Cards Sparingly:** Have brief notes to keep you on track, but avoid reading them. Focus on speaking naturally to your audience. - **Stay Flexible:** Be ready to adjust your speech based on audience reactions or time constraints. - **Maintain Eye Contact:** Engage with your audience by looking at them instead of reading from your notes. - **Time Management:** Practice staying within your time limit while still covering all the important points. **Compose Speeches Observing Organized Content** **Structure of an Extemporaneous Speech:** - **Introduction:** - Capture attention with a hook (e.g., a question, quote, or fact). - State your main idea or thesis clearly. - Provide a brief overview of your key points. - **Body:** - Present 2-3 main points that support your thesis. - Use logical transitions between each point. - Support your points with evidence, examples, or stories. - Follow a clear progression of ideas (chronological, problem-solution, or cause-effect structures work well). - **Conclusion:** - Summarize your key points. - Restate your thesis or main message. - End with a memorable closing remark, such as a call to action or thought-provoking statement. **Tips for Content Organization:** - **Clarity:** Ensure your speech has a clear beginning, middle, and end. - **Coherence:** Ideas should flow smoothly and logically from one point to the next. - **Relevance:** Stick to points that directly support your thesis and avoid unnecessary details. - **Engagement:** Use examples or anecdotes that resonate with your audience. **Deliver Extemporaneous Speeches Properly** **How to Deliver an Extemporaneous Speech Effectively:** - **Confidence and Poise:** Stand or sit with good posture and speak confidently. - **Natural Delivery:** Speak conversationally rather than in a rehearsed tone. This makes the speech more engaging and relatable. - **Use Gestures:** Emphasize key points with natural hand gestures, but avoid overdoing it. - **Vary Your Voice:** Use intonation and pitch to maintain interest. Avoid monotone delivery. - **Pace Yourself:** Speak at a moderate pace to ensure clarity. Pause briefly between ideas to let them sink in for the audience. - **Engage with the Audience:** Make eye contact and respond to audience feedback, such as nods or expressions of understanding. - **Adapt:** Be prepared to adjust your speech based on audience reactions or unexpected changes during the presentation. **Identify the Functions of Argumentative and Persuasive Speeches** **Argumentative Speech:** - **Primary Function:** To convince the audience of a particular stance using logic, evidence, and reasoning. - **Focus:** Presenting facts, statistics, and logical arguments to support a claim or position. - **Purpose:** To persuade the audience to accept a particular viewpoint or to refute opposing perspectives. **Persuasive Speech:** - **Primary Function:** To influence the audience's beliefs, attitudes, or actions by appealing to their emotions, values, and ethics. - **Focus:** Persuading the audience through emotional appeals (pathos), credibility (ethos), and some logical reasoning (logos). - **Purpose:** To motivate the audience to change their behavior or opinions, or to take specific action. **Apply the Strategies in Presenting Argumentative and Persuasive Speeches** **Strategies for Argumentative Speeches:** - **Clear Thesis:** Begin with a strong thesis that outlines your stance clearly and concisely. - **Evidence and Data:** Use credible sources such as research studies, expert testimony, or statistical data to support your arguments. - **Logical Organization:** Structure your argument logically, presenting your strongest points first. - **Refuting Counterarguments:** Acknowledge opposing views and refute them with solid evidence and reasoning. - **Use of Rhetorical Questions:** Pose questions to engage the audience and guide them toward your conclusion. **Strategies for Persuasive Speeches:** - **Appeal to Emotions:** Use stories, vivid language, and relatable examples to evoke strong emotions in the audience. - **Build Credibility:** Establish trust by demonstrating your knowledge and sincerity, and by addressing ethical considerations. - **Call to Action:** Conclude your speech with a clear and powerful call to action, urging the audience to act or change their beliefs. - **Use of Repetition:** Repeat key phrases or points to reinforce your message and make it memorable. - **Audience Awareness:** Understand the values, concerns, and motivations of your audience and tailor your speech accordingly. **Present an Organized Speech Delivery** **Steps for Organized Speech Delivery:** 1. **Introduction:** - **Attention-Grabber:** Start with a hook such as a question, shocking fact, or quote to capture the audience's interest. - **Thesis Statement:** Clearly state your argument or persuasive message. - **Preview of Main Points:** Briefly outline the key points you will cover. 2. **Body:** - **Main Point 1:** Present your first argument or appeal, supported by evidence or examples. - **Main Point 2:** Follow with your second point, reinforcing your message with additional support. - **Main Point 3:** Continue with a third, strong argument or emotional appeal. - **Transitions:** Use smooth transitions between points to maintain flow and coherence. 3. **Conclusion:** - **Restate Thesis:** Summarize your main message or argument. - **Recap Key Points:** Briefly remind the audience of the supporting points. - **Call to Action (for Persuasive Speeches):** End with a strong call for the audience to adopt your viewpoint or take specific action. - **Memorable Closing:** Finish with a thought-provoking statement, quote, or rhetorical question that leaves a lasting impact. **L7→ COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES** **1.** WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION - is the process of exchanging information and ideas, both verbally and non-verbally between one person or group and another person or group within an organization. It includes e-mails, videoconferencing. text messages, notes, calls, etc. - **Email -** messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network. - **Video** conferencing is a technology that allows locations to users in different hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location together. - **Text messages -** an electronic communication sent and received by mobile phone. - **Notes -** a short informal letter or written message. - **Calls** - an instance of speaking to someone on the phone or attempting to contact someone by phone. **THINGS TO CONSIDER IN COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACE**: **1. PURPOSE** a\) Am I writing to create a record, to request/provide information, or to persuade? b\) What am I trying to say? THINGS TO CONSIDER IN COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACE: **2. AUDIENCE** a\) Who will read what I have written? b\) What are their job titles and/or areas of responsibility? c\) What do they already know about the specific situation? d\) Why do they need this information? e\) What do I want them to do as a result of receiving it? f\) What factors might influence their response? **BROAD CATEGORIES OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION** **A) UPWARD COMMUNICATION** from your position to an audience above you in the job hierarchy Example: a response to a letter from your manager. **B) LATERAL COMMUNICATION** between you and an audience within your level of hierarchy EXAMPLE: a phone call to/from a co-worker you are collaborating with. **C) DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION** \- from your position to an audience below you in the job hierarchy EXAMPLE: an oral reminder to a trainee **D) OUTWARD COMMUNICATION** -between you and a company that you do business with or an audience outside your workplace EXAMPLE: a letter of inquiry addressed to a supplier regarding a delivery to your office **3. TONE** \- it will set how your target audience will accept what you are trying to say. \- you do not have to sound tough, demanding, or condescending in your discourse especially in sensitive subjects or issues Workplace communication will fail the ethics test if it is corrupted by any of the following tactics (Searles, 2014): 1\. Suppression of information. 2\. Falsification or fabrication. 3\. Overstatement of understatement. 4\. Selective misquoting. 5\. Subjective wording. 6\. Conflict of interest. 7\. Withholding information. 8\. Plagiarism **2. Business Letters** - \"Business writing refers to memorandums, proposals, e-mails, and other forms of writin in organizations to communicate with internal and external audiences. Business writing is a type of professional communication. Also known as business communication and professional writing (Nordquist 2017)\" - Writing business correspondence like letters and memos is a skill or potential that must be developed and possess by a person regardless by his work, profession, or specialization (Mosura, et al., 199). **PARTS OF A BUSINESS LETTER** **1. HEADING** - includes the return address and the date on the last line EXAMPLE: Lisa Johnson 1882 Shelby St. Seattle, WA, 98112 June 16, 2004 **2. INSIDE ADDRESS/RECIPIENT\'S ADDRESS** - contains the name to which the letter is written and addressed EXAMPLE: Ms. Margaret Edwards Barnelli Ltd 48 Stanstead Road London SE27 1HF **3. SALUTATION** - is the greeting part that is written in a polite and courteous manner followed by a comma (,) or a colon (:) EXAMPLE: Mr. (name), Madame (name) , Sir (name). Dear Madame (name),Dear Sir (name). Dear Dr. (name) My dear (name), Dear Rev. (name) ,Mrs. (name),Miss (name) **4. BODY OF THE LETTER** - contains the main purpose of the letter, the very reason for writing. It is very important that the body of the letter be written in a straightforward, simple, and coherent manner. **Three Parts:** Introduction Middle Section Conclusion **5. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING** \- is the polite yet business-like ending of the letter. This ends with a comma (.). EXAMPLE: Sincerely yours, Truly yours, Respectfully yours, **6. SIGNATURE BLOCK** \- the name of the sender is written on the first line, then his/her position on the next line. It is expected that the sender will put his/her signature above his/her name. **FORMATS OF A BUSINESS LETTER** **1. BLOCK** - Positions all the parts of the letter to the left. single space and justified. **2. MODIFIED BLOCK** - All parts of the letter are tabbed on the left. sigle space and justified except the heading and the closing which are tabbed on the center. **3.SEMI-BLOCK** - The paragraph are indented instead of placing them all on the left. Heading is on the center, and the date cam be placed in the right side three spaces fter the heading. The recipient\'s address is on the left, and the closing on the right. **Frequently Written Business Letter** **1. Letter of Request 26** -a letter which is written when you information, need certain permission, favour, service or any other matter which requires polite and humble request a or any other matter which requires polite and humble request a polite and humble request. **2. Letter of Order 28** -a document that confirms the details of a purchase of goods or services from one party to another. **3. Letter of Acknowledgement** -Its objective is to let the reader know that items requested in a prior communication, usually an inquiry or an order letter, have been received. **4. Letter of Complaint** -It is normally written to deal with a problem situation when other attempts (i.e. phone contacts, e-mails, etc.) have failed to rectify the situation. **5. Letter of Adjustment** -a response to a written complaint. The objective is to inform the reader that their complaint has been received. **3. MEMOS** A memo (or memorandum, meaning \"reminder\") is normally used for communicating policies, procedures, o related official business within organization. **Format of Memos** A memo has a header that clearly indicates who sent it and who the intended recipients are. Pay particular attention to the title of the individual(s) in this section. Date and subject lines are also present, followed by a message that contains a declarat:\-- discussion, and a summary. **Five Tips for Effective Business Memos** **1. Audience Orientation** An acronym or abbreviation that is known to management may not be known by all the employees of the organization. The goal is clear and concise communication at all levels with no ambiguity. **2. Professional, Formal Tone** Memos are often announcements, and the person sending the memo speaks for a part or all of the organization. While it may contain a request for feedback, the announcement itself is linear, from the organization to the employees. **3.Subject Emphasis** The subject is normally declared in the subject line and Should be clear and concise. **4. Direct Format** Some written business communication allows for a choice between direct and indirect formats, but memorandums are always direct. The purpose is clearly announced. **5. Objectivity** Memos are a place for just the facts, and should have an objective tone without personal bias, preference, or interest on display. Avoid subjectivity. **Importance of Good Communication at the Workplace** Communication is critical to establishing and maintaining quality working relationships in organizations. (Adu-Oppong & Agyin-Birikorang.2014) **Five important reasons include:** **1. Innovation** When employees have the opportunity to express their ideas openly, they are more likely to present their ideas without fear of ridicule retaliation. **2.Growth** Communication can be seen internally and externally. By associating yourself internally and by establishing strong communication lines, you ensure the consistency of the externally delivered message. **3. Effective Communication** Effective communication not only talks to people, but give them the opportunity to talk to each other. Strong communication channels are essential. **4. Team Building** Creating effective teams requires communication mutual cooperation. This and will increase morale and employee satisfaction. **5. Giving A Voice to All** employee satisfaction can be very much dependent on their having a voice and being listened to, whether it is in regards to an idea they have had or about a complaint they need to make. Consolidated communication lines should enable everyone to communicate freely with their colleagues, peers and superiors at any level. **How can you improve the communication of your workplace?** **Include everyone** make sure that the communication lines are always open. Search and actively promote progress reports and project updates. This is especially important when it comes to remote personnel. **Listen and show empathy** Communication depends on the ability not only to send but also to receive messages. So the ability to listen effectively greatly enhances the communication process (Lunenburg, 2010). **Define Objectives and Expectations** Managers should provide clear and accessible goals for teams and individy define exactly what is required for a particular project and that all of aware of the objectives of the project, the department and the workplace whole. **Send your message clearly** Make sure your message is clear and accessible to the intended audience. To do this, it is important that you speak clearly and politely to convey your message clearly without confusion or offence. **Choose your medium carefully** Once you\' ve created your message, you need to make sure it\'s in the best passible format. While face-to-face communication is the best way to build trust with employees, it is not always an option. Take time to decide if the information provided on a printed copy works better than an email or whether a general note is sufficient. **L8→ GLOBALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION** GLOBALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION - Global communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas across national borders, utilizing various channels and platforms. It\'s a vital aspect of our interconnected world, enabling people from different cultures and backgrounds to connect, share knowledge, and collaborate. - In today\'s globalized era, effective global communication is essential for businesses, organizations, and individuals alike. It promotes understanding, cooperation, and cultural exchange, fostering a more interconnected and peaceful world. **Effects of Globalization** - Connecting with people on the other side of the world isnow much easier than it was a few years ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and the internet make it effortless to share information with those in different time zones and locations. Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of the world. - **Positive** **Increased connectivity:** Globalization has made it easier for people from different parts of the world to connect with each other, fostering cultural exchange and understanding. **Enhanced efficiency**: The adoption of new technologies has streamlined communication processes, making it more efficient and effective. **Expanded market access**: Businesses can now reach a wider customer base, thanks to the global marketplace created by globalization. **Knowledge sharing**: Globalization has facilitated the sharing of knowledge and information on a global scale, leading to innovation and progress. - **Negative** **Language barriers:** The diversity of languages can sometimes create communication challenges, especially in international business and diplomacy. **Cultural misunderstandings**: Differences in cultural norms and values can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications. **Digital divide**: Not everyone has access to the technology and infrastructure necessary to participate in global communication, creating a digital divide. **Loss of cultural identity**: Globalization can sometimes lead to the erosion of cultural identity, as people adopt Western values and practices. **Impact of Globalization on Communication Skills Development** - Virtual Interaction - Cultural Awareness in Speech - Cultural Awareness in Body Language - Time Differences **Virtual Interactions** - Globalization has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a major part of workplace dynamics. Modern entrepreneurs need to understand the strengths and limitations of different communications media, and how to use each medium to maximum effect. - For example, communicating via email to distant team members requires a certain etiquette and nuance not necessarily required in face-to-face interactions. Holding virtual meetings requires a similar change in approach, and people who are unaccustomed to communicating in groups in virtual settings can find themselves lost, confused or unable to share their input. When choosing a communication skills training program, look for courses that address the challenges of virtual interactions. **Cultural awareness in Speech** - The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required skillset of effective communicators, resulting in the evolution of communication skills development programs. Modern entrepreneurs and employees need the ability to catch subtle nuances of people\'s manner of speech when communicating across cultures. Even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural differences can affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone and taboo topics. - In Japanese business culture, for example, it can be considered rude to ask personal questions in an initial business meeting. In the U.S., on the other hand, asking personal questions and sharing personal information can display warmth and openness **Cultural awareness in Body language** - Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as important as the nuances of speech. Modern training programs teach students to understand acceptable speaking distances, conflict styles, eye contact and posture in different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of their own culture are not universally accepted. Look for training programs that address these differences to prepare you for face-to-face meetings with foreign suppliers, customers or team members. **Time differences** - The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills \-- the need to communicate and share information with people across several time zones. When people collaborate with others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work. - Today\'s communication skills development programs should address the nuances of overcoming this challenge by teaching people to understand the information needs of their colleagues, according to the communication styles of different countries or cultures. Being able to effectively share information between shifts can make or break the productivity of a geographically dispersed team, making this an important issue for many companies. **Importance of Global Communications in the World today.** - Global communication has become increasingly vital in our interconnected world. **Importance**- Cultural Exchange \- Economic Growth \- Information Sharing \- Problem-Solving \- Personal Connection **Cultural Exchange** - Global communication fosters understanding and appreciation of different cultures, breaking down stereotypes and promoting tolerance. **Economic growth** - Effective communication enables businesses to expand into new markets, collaborate with international partners, and drive economic growth. **Information sharing** - Global communication facilitates the rapid exchange of information, knowledge, and ideas, promoting innovation and progress. **Problem-solving** Global cooperation through communication is essential for addressing global challenges like climate change, poverty, and disease. **Personal connections** - Global communication allows individuals to connect with people from all over the world, expanding their horizons and enriching their lives. **Local and Global Communication** - **Local communication** - refers to the exchange of information and ideas within a specific geographic area or community. It encompasses various forms of communication, including face- to-face interactions, local media, community events, and local Government announcements. Local communication plays a crucial role in building strong communities, fostering social connections, and addressing local issues. - **Global Communication** - simply refers to exchanging messages or information from one person or group to another anywhere in the world. One of the most common forms of global communication is social media. - Although global communication has provided a lot of ways to interact with people around the globe, differences in language and culture should always be thought of to avoid conflicts. - Cultural differences in words are one thing. For example, most Americans associate the word, "Cheers" with drinking, while someone from the UK may informally use that as a way of saying, "Thank you, or Goodbye.\" - **Language Barriers in Global Communication** - Every time you are communicating with someone in their language, you always have to make sure that the words you use are correct. Translation if taken for granted can create a large impact on whatever you doing. - **Cultural Barriers** - Cultural Diversity makes the exchange of information difficult as the mindset of people from different countries are different. The language, signs, and symbols are also different thus making communication between cultures difficult. **Causes of Cultural Barriers** \- Language \- Semantic \- Stereotypes and Prejudices \- Behavior and Beliefs- Ethnocentrism \- Religion **Language** barriers can hinder effective communication, as misunderstandings can arise due to differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. **Semantics** refers to the meaning of words and phrases. Cultural differences in semantics can lead to misinterpretations, as words may have different connotations or associations in different cultures. **Stereotypes and Prejudices** - Preconceived notions about different cultures can lead to stereotypes and prejudices, which can hinder effective communication and create barriers to understanding. **Behavior and Beliefs** - Cultural differences in behavior and beliefs can also create barriers to communication. For instance, differences in social norms, values, and customs can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. **Ethnocentrism** is the belief that one \'s own culture is superior to others. This can lead to prejudice and hinder effective communication, as individuals may be unwilling to consider the perspectives of others from different cultural backgrounds. **Religion** - Religious differences can sometimes create barriers communication, as religious beliefs and practices can influence cultural norms and values. **THE NINE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION** **Kinds of Interference:** - Psychological Barriers - Physical Barriers - Linguistic & Cultural Barriers - Mechanical Barriers **Clarity** - Fuzzy, jargons, cliche expressions euphemism double speak language. - Simple is better **Concreteness** - Messages supported by facts such as research data, statistics, figures. - Abstract words must be avoided. **Courtesy** - Promotes goodwill - Being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing individual. **Correctness** - Glaring mistakes in grammar obscure the meaning of a sentence. **Creativity** - Crafts interesting message in terms of sentence structure and word choice **Consideration** - Recipient's profession level of education race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests, passions, advocacies, and age. **Conciseness** - Simple & Direct vs. Lengthy expressions and words **Cultural Sensitivity** - Empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles, and races **Captivating** - Strive to interesting messages command more attention and better responses. **Ethical Consideration to Communication** - Ethics -- branch of philosophy that focuses on issue of right and wrong in human affairs. - Respect audience - Consider the result of communication - Value the truth - Use information correctly - Do not falsify information **Mindfulness Communication** - Mindfulness communication involves ethical communication with awareness of one\'s actions and choices. Mindful communicators are aware of their words, surroundings, and how they and others are affected (Anderson & Tompkins, 2015). Mindfulness encourages openness to new information, perspectives, and involvement in the present moment (Langer & Maldoveanu, as cited in Anderson & Tompkins, 2015). - Mindfulness benefits individuals and society, including reducing stress. In Buddhism, mindfulness aims to eliminate suffering, both internal and external (Sivaraksa, as cited in Seneviratne, 2018). **Five Ways to Be a Mindful Communicator:** 1. Mindful Presence: Focus on \"we, \"not \"me.\" Listen actively and avoid manipulating conversations. 2. Mindful Listening: Step into others \'shoes, empathize, and understand their perspectives without biases. 3. Mindful Speech: Think before speaking. Speak gently, truthfully, and without exaggeration or nervousness. 4. Unconditional Friendliness: Accept others and the ups and downs of relationships. 5. Mindful Responsiveness: Be present, playful, and respond authentically without rules or expectations. Displaying Screenshot 2024-10-05 170534.png