Purposive Communication Reviewer PDF

Purposive Communication Reviewer UNIT 1 – COMMUNICATION AND ITS ELEMENTS - Communicating today is both a discipline and liberation - The message will never be what you say-the message is always what they hear. What is Communication - According to Wood (2004), communication is a systemati...

Purposive Communication Reviewer UNIT 1 – COMMUNICATION AND ITS ELEMENTS - Communicating today is both a discipline and liberation - The message will never be what you say-the message is always what they hear. What is Communication - According to Wood (2004), communication is a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. - According to Wood, communication has these Inherent Qualities 1. Communication is a Process a. It is creative b. Changes as the communicator’s environments and needs change. c. Words can become obsolete, altered, and evolve to new words. 2. Communication is Systematic a. Occurs within systems of interrelated and interacting parts. 3. Communication is Symbolic a. Symbols, verbal and nonverbal 4. Communication involves Meaning a. Meanings are assigned, given, or invented, not received. b. Communication is the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages. Nature of Communication Communication Climate - Whenever people communicate two factors are always present, o First, there must be some sort of content o Second, there is always an atmosphere or feeling that accompanies what you say. Channel - A communication is a medium through which information passes from sender to receiver. - Written Communication o Used when communicating complex facts/figures/information. o Communication breakdowns often result when complex material is presented orally.  o Best used for large numbers of people, transmit large amounts of data, or a recording is needed. - Telephone o Communicating simple facts to a few people. o Has more impact/sense of urgency than written, but less than a meeting. o Ask for feedback - Face to Face Communication o More urgency than meetings. o Advantage of speed, quick response, two-way communication. o Best used in personal interactions. Eliminate Static - People have different types of barriers. - The major barrier to communication is our natural tendency to judge, evaluate, approve, or disapprove other people’s statements, and is heightened at situations where feelings/emotions are involved. Tune In - Find out how people process and store information. - Three sensory types: Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic. - People tend to use one sensory process about 70% of the time. Know Your Nonverbals - 93% of a message is nonverbal or symbolic. - Body movement, eye contact, posture, clothing, etc. - Be aware of the image you portray. - “Power is with the person who can communicate well” – Ben Franklin  Process of Communication - The elements in the communication process determine the quality of communication. A problem in any one of these elements can reduce communication effectiveness. (Keyton, 2011) - Information must be encoded into a message that can be understood as the sender intended. Barriers in Communication Physical Barriers - If the source is not visible to the receiver (geographical/physical distance) Psychological Barriers - due to individual differences, attitudes, interest, and motivational levels, situations are perceived differently. - Varied levels of anxiety, inherent prejudices, and previous experiences. Socio-cultural Barriers - Ex: some women may not like to discuss health related issues with men. - Some societies are less vocal which may affect their level of communication. - Linguistic Barriers - Faulty expressions, poor translation, verbosity, ambiguous words, and inappropriate vocabulary. - Words and symbols may mean different things to different persons. Technical Barriers - When audio quality is poor, information overload, etc. - Great care needs to be taken while deciding the amount of information in a communication exchange. Strategies For Effective Communication Clarity of Message - Objective communication must be well defined. - Proper phrasing, punctuation, emphasis, voice modulation. - Level of language must be kept simple. - Short and simple sentences can express an idea completely, coherently, and cogently. - Too many conjunctions make a sentence complex. Reinforcement of Ideas - Difficult or technical words/expressions need to be substituted with simpler words. - To not become repetitive and boring. - Level of audience must be kept in mind. Appropriate Channel - Most of the time, a simple channel may convey a message more effectively as compared to more glamorous ones. Motivation - Helps remove some barriers, especially psychological and socio-cultural barriers. - Appreciation of the receiver’s views increases their self-esteem and builds confidence. Proper Environment - Conducive In overcoming physical barriers. Feedback - Facilitates understanding of the needs and views of the receivers. - An integral component of any communication activity. UNIT 2 – COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS Communication in Intercultural Domains - Culture is the total inherited ideas, values, beliefs, and knowledge that offers shared bases of interaction. - It is also the complex collection of knowledge and awareness that show some links that gives common identity to a certain group of people. (folklore, language, law, occasions, etc) - It is innate since birth, but adapting different cultures is acceptable. Intercultural Communication - “Occurs when a person starts to interact, negotiate, and create meanings while showing their unique cultural backgrounds” – (Tin-Toooney, 1999) - Communication among people from different nationalities. (Gydykunst, 2003) - Communication that has a touch of influence by various ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientations from particular communities – (Sipacio-Balgos, 2016) Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators - Flexibility, Mindfulness, Open-mindedness, Sensitive, Adaptive, Ability to engage in divergent thinking. (World Bank, 2010) - Culture is not separable to gender, age, religion, and social status. o Avoid being stereotypes about a certain group of people. o Challenge gender norms, you may use plural nouns to address a group, avoid using pronouns. o Do not talk down on young or elderly people. o Have a sensitive mindset towards traditions and religious practices o Be polite, avoid belittling people (social status, etc) - Ex: OFWs undergo Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar (PDOS) by the CFO, in order to easily adjust to cultural diversity in the world. Ex: Communication in China - Language barrier is one of the major problems. - Chinese are known to take business seriously. - When speaking to elders/superiors, phrase your words carefully. Speaking w/o permission might give a bad impression. - They prefer to not say negative things, and emphasize on positive things. - Chinese businessmen praise each other with compliments. - Giving gifts is natural in any social and business occasion. Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Setting Local Communication - Being able to communicate with members of your local area. - Can either be in your local language (mother tongue) or common language. - Highly grounded on cultural context. - Cultural context reflects the culture of the people. Global Communication - A message is sent from one person to anywhere in the world. - Used to describe ways to connect, share, and relate across geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural divides. (interdependent) - Redefines soft/hard power, information power, and diplomacy, outside traditional international relations. - Ex: email, webpage Impacts of Global Communication - Increased business opportunities - Fewer cultural barriers - Creation of a global village Differences of: Multicultural o A society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups o People live alongside each other, but each cultural group does not necessarily interact with each other. Intercultural o Communities in which there are a deep understanding and respect for all cultures. Cross-Cultural o Comparison of different cultures. o Differences are understood and acknowledged and can bring about individual change, but not collective transformations. Sources of Misunderstanding in Intercultural Communication Kaur (2016) cites the ff: 1. Ambiguity – lack of explicitness of the speaker. 2. Performance-related misunderstanding – slips of the tongue/mishearing 3. Language-related misunderstanding – grammatical lapses 4. Gaps in world knowledge – gaps in content rather than language 5. Local context – orientation of the participants. LOW-HIGH CONTEXT COMMUNICATION THEORY - Edward T. Hall (1976) - Two contrasting styles of communication referring to how much context is explicitly provided in a message. Low Context Characteristics - The topic is handled straightforwardly. - Information is explicitly transferred. - Communication: direct, focus on the task. - Less skilled at decoding: unspoken messages, body language. - US, Dutch, German, English, Hungarian, etc. High Context Characteristics - Information lies in the context, and not verbalized. - Info is implicitly transferred - Communication: less direct, emphasis on personal relations - More sensitive to: non-verbals, feelings of others - South European, Latin American, African, Arab, East Asian Six Dimensions Of Cultural Variability - Proposed by Geert Hofstede (1980, 1991, 2001) - Shows the effects of a society’s culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. High Power Distance → Low Power Distance Individualism → Collectivism Masculinity → Femininity High uncertainty avoidance → Low uncertainty avoidance Long-term orientation → Short-term orientation Indulgence → Restraint Five Themes In Intercultural Communication - Proposed by William B. Gudykunst (2005) - Has 5 themes: Effective outcome, Accommodation and adaptation, Identity negotiation, communication network, Acculturation, and Adjustment. World English & History - Since 1600 years ago, English evolved by crossing boundaries and through invasions, picking up bits and pieces of other languages along the way. And changing the spread of language across the globe.  Old English o 450-1000 o Three Germanic Tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. o The Three Tribes crossed the North Sea (Denmark and Northern Germany) o The Celtic speaking Britain of that time were pushed west and north, into modern day Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. o “England” came from the Old English word Engla-Land which means “The Land of the Angles”, where they spoke English. Middle English o The Vikings (Nordic Tribe) invaded through the North and NorthWestern Europe in 1000-1200. Old English got mixed with Old Norse. o 2000 words were given to English due to this (egg, knife, husband, run, etc) o The Norman Invasion then established French as the language of power/royals. o Old English was left to the peasants, but continued to develop by incorporating Latin and French words. (Beer, city, fruit, people, months of the year) o Concepts like Liberty and Justice were introduced. Early Modern English - 1500-1800 - Hundred Year War with France ended French rule, and English again became the language of power and influence. - William Shakespeare developed English literature and culture. o He invented at least 1700 words, “Alligator”, “fashionable” o Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet  - Great Vowel Shift – end of middle English, vowels were pronounced shorter. - 16th century – British colonization of other nations, along with the Renaissance of Classical learning formed many new words and phrases o Invention of printing o More people learned to read o Spelling & grammar became fixed o 1604 – first English dictionary. Late Modern English - 1800 – present - Different vocabulary-wise to early modern English - More words due to Industrial Revolution and British Empire spread (forming of World Englishes) Three Concentric Circles Of English - Proposed by Braj Kachru Inner Circle o English is the Native Language (ENL) o Norm-Providing/developing o Total number of 380 million speakers, 120 are outside the US. o UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Outer Circle o English as a Second Language (ESL) due to historical reasons (colonization, global influence, etc) o English is not the Native tongue, but serves as a Lingua Franca between Ethnic and language groups o Often plays a role in education, government, business, and other languages. o Norm-Developing, norms are established and evolved within a particular context. o 150 million – 300 million speakers. o India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Non-Anglophone, South Africa Expanding Circle o Norm-Dependent, relies on standards set by Inner Circle speakers. o China, Nepal, Russia, Netherlands, Nordic countries, South Korea, Indonesia, Egypt. Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity - Developed by Milton Bennett in 1986 UNIT 3 – COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY Today’s manner of communication (Digital Age) is characterized by constancy of connectivity, convergence, and interactivity (Suzarez, 2018) 1. Connectivity o The use of smartphones, tablets, computers etc. o Achieving more by doing less effort, through text messages or emails. o Enables real time communication, (online classes, remote work, social interactions) 2. Convergence o Distance is no longer an issue for real time communication. o Video calls, face-to-face systems, Live news, etc. 3. Interactivity o If the person could instantly interact with demands in a communication. o Online classes, quizzes, games, etc. o Improves learning experience (for learners) First Media Age Second Media Age - Broadcast - Interactivity - One-Way - Two-Way - Reproduction of - Democratizing, universal citizenship social stratification and inequality - Participants as fragmented mass - participants retain their individuality - Influences consciousness - influences individual experience of Multimodal Texts - Use of two or more modes of communication to create meaning. - The two modes can be in different mediums and utilizes technology, but can also be paper-based, or live. Basic Language of Multimodel Texts Mode o Method being used in communication o Linguistic, Spatial, Visual, Auditory, o Spatial ▪ How elements in a space are organized. o Auditory ▪ Music, sound effects, ambient noise, accent, etc. o Linguistic ▪ Most common, composed of any written text. o Visual ▪ Involves color, layout, style, size, and perspective. o Gestural ▪ About how we interpret movements and communicate using them. Media or Medium o Ways in the communication reaches the audience o Images, websites, etc. o Might impose multiple modes. Affordance o A characteristic that is unique in a medium o Aspect in the media that can be altered to highlight a message. o Ex: in Music, tone affects the experience, and in Images, color, saturation, and the like affects the whole mood or feeling of an image. Genre and Genre Conventions o Further categorization of media according to expectations of viewer. o Every genre has its own conventions such as: themes, topics, situations, tropes, characters, etc. o Ex: Informational, Narrative, Explanatory, Argumentative. Rhetorical Situation o Set of circumstances out of which a text arises o Elements: genre, author, audience, context, purpose, settings. o Ex: Spatial rhetorical situation is a pop-up book. Author and (Implied Author) o Is not restricted to a single person, may be a company, organization, etc. Types of Multimodal Texts Print-Based o Combination of Linguistic and Visual Mode Digital o Can either be internet-based or offline, a combination of different modes Live o Combines Auditory, Spatial, Gestural, and Linguistic, and is done live. Transmedia o Multimodal text within a multimodal text o Gives a message & story through different media platforms that enhances the user experience. Examples of Multimodal Texts Infographics - Comprises images and data visualizations (charts, graphs, etc) - Minimal text that is straightforward. - Visually appealing graphics are used to deliver information. - Helpful in terms of making complex info easy to understand. - Only one coherent idea/message should be discussed at a time. Advertisements - Can communicate multifaceted messages to a target audience through the use of words and images. - Can convey its message on both literal and subliminal levels. Editorial Cartoon - Visual representation of thoughts and opinions - Usually aligned from the publication’s perspective. - Based on current events, created within tight time constraints/ deadlines. - Not Neutral.