SFG 42 - Forest Governance and Policy PDF

PREPARED BY: GROUP 3 SFG 42 - FOREST GOVERNANCE AND POLICY Public organizations are entities that are established by government units in order to administer programs and provide services which are aimed on serving the interest of the public. Unlike private organizations, public entities are charac...

PREPARED BY: GROUP 3 SFG 42 - FOREST GOVERNANCE AND POLICY Public organizations are entities that are established by government units in order to administer programs and provide services which are aimed on serving the interest of the public. Unlike private organizations, public entities are characterized by their legal constitution, accountability to officials, and adherence to strict standards. They operate under political leadership frameworks which are multi-functional; addressing various societal needs in consequence to navigating of complex stakeholders’ interests (William, 2022). Key characteristics of Public Organization: Created with the public interest in thoughts, education, healthcare, including infrastructure, and environment preservation. Prioritize social welfare before monetary gain when conducting organization. Inspired by the need for economic and social stability as well as a boost of quality of life. Key characteristics of Public Organization: Mainly financed by government subsidies and taxes. Non-profit that often offers citizens free or inexpensive services. Accountable for giving services in an ethical and transparent way to the public as well as to governmental agencies. Key characteristics of Public Organization: Organized with specialized sections and established processes in a hierarchical framework. Seeks to ensure services, uniformity, impartiality, and predictability. Slower change adaptability and limited flexibility are barriers. Key characteristics of Public Organization: Oriented to openness, recording policies, and activities for public inspection. Enhances citizens' trust and credibility. Inspected by regulatory agencies to uphold moral principles, and public confidence. Key characteristics of Public Organization: Using technology developments and digital services to adapt to contemporary expectations. Increasing collaboration to address complicated issues and problems with private agencies, international organizations, and NGO’s. Maintaining the fundamental principle of public services while moving toward more creative methods and adaptability. Key characteristics of Public Organization: Essential to democratic participation, fair resources, and community stability. Meeting both short-term and long- term social needs is frequently crucial to advancing society. Types of Public Organization: - the oldest form of public organization that functions as a part of a department of government. These public enterprises operate under the control of specific department and do not have a separate legal identity. Examples: Railways and postal services. Types of Public Organization: - are entities established by a special act of state legislature that defines their powers and objectives. These corporations have distinct legal identity that are separate to government. They operate with more autonomy compared to the departmental undertakings of which allows greater flexibility in management. Examples: Public broadcasting corporations, transportation authorities. Types of Public Organization: - those that are registered under the Companies Act and have at least 51% of share held by the government. These companies are governed by the same regulation as private companies but have significant ownership by the government. It is managed by board of directors that are appointed by the government, which provides some degree of independence in the control of the government. Examples: Airlines, State Banks, and Oil Corporations. Types of Public Organization: - entities that include governmental services which are aimed at providing essential need of the public without the direct motives of generating profit. The services are funded by tax and are designed to benefit all the members of the society. Including the sectors of education, healthcare, public transportation, and law enforcement. Examples: Hospitals, public schools, police departments, public roads and public transit systems. Types of Public Organization: - are in charge of providing services to residents within a specific geographic region. Examples: Municipal administrations, Country boards, and City councils. Types of Public Organization: - are government agencies work with nonprofits to deliver public goods and services. Examples: Nonprofits and organizations that provide housing and medical assistance to underprivileged group  - According to Osborne (2010), public organizations operate within peculiar socioeconomic, political, and cultural contexts, often experiencing problems not found in more developed regions. Such organizations act as middlemen between governments and citizens in offering programs to improve societal welfare. However, such organizations are influenced by structural barriers and institutional limitations. - The public organizations operating in the developing countries face specific issues such as resource constraints, political instability, and socio-cultural impediments, which make the operations complex. Public administration refer to hierarchical systems and bureaucracies in which the procedures are followed in a standardized manner. In practical life, though, there are many areas of these models that are not fully applicable to the reality, especially in developing countries: resource scarcity, political unrest, and socio-cultural variability (Hughes, 2012). New Public Management (NPM) has been broadly applied as a reform approach to public administration, emphasizing efficiency, accountability, and performance measurement (Pollitt & Bouckaert, 2017). Institutional pressures, encompassing both regulatory and normative influences, shape organizational behavior in developing countries (Scott, 2008). The theory provides a conceptual framework illustrating how local norms, values, and institutional constraints shape public organizations and consequently result in variations in structure and performance between the contexts.  Political Instability and Corruption Governance issues, including political instability and corruption, impact the effectiveness of public organizations. These factors undermine the public's trust and damage the integrity of service delivery systems, making it hard to implement sustainable reforms (Fukuyama, 2013).  Resource Constraints Public organizations operating in developing countries are usually very resource constrained, involving limited funding, personnel, and technological capacity. All these factors constrain their performance in delivering service effectively and, therefore, highlight a need for strategic resource use (Grindle, 2007).  Cultural and Social Factors The behavior in organizations is significantly influenced by cultural values and social norms. For instance, public service motivation might vary with the expectations of society and the local traditions (Perry & Wise, 2010).  Lack of Accountability and Transparency Transparency and accountability are still a big challenge. The need for transparent procedures is vital to the public's increase in confidence in organizations as well as to the organizational efficiency (Bovens, Goodin, & Schillemans, 2014).  Human Resource Development and Training Public organizations need a human resource development strategy that will make them effective. This includes capacity building and focused training to enhance the abilities and competencies of employees that will eventually enhance quality service delivery (Rondinelli, 2007).  Adoption of Technology and Digital Governance The use of ICT is likely to change public administration through increased process streamlining and making service more accessible (Heeks, 2002). Digitization can help narrow down the efficiency gaps that developing countries face.  PPPs Collaborations between the public and private sectors can provide much-needed resources, expertise, and innovation in the provision of public services. The case of PPPs for successful infrastructure projects is the kind that offers a model of upgraded service provision (London, 2002).  Community Involvement and Participation Accountability and responsiveness lie with community involvement. A public organization is more attuned to local needs; hence, the outcomes would be better with citizens participating in the decision-making process of that organization (Fung, 2006). Public organizations are crucial non-profit organizations that prioritize the welfare of the public, function with organized responsibility, and are progressively changing to better meet the demands of contemporary society. They play an essential role in the management and governance of a country. Despite the challenges such as political instability, cultural dynamics, resource constraints, public organizations are vital for the promotion of accountability, transparency, and community involvement. By the emerging modernization and enhancement of governance, public organizations can also improve their operational efficiency for serving the needs of the society better.  PREPARED BY: GROUP 3 SFG 42 - FOREST GOVERNANCE AND POLICY NATURE AND TYPES OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS AND THE DYNAMICS OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Banal, Charles Jake A. Cornelio, Hazel An Guinto, Israel Padilla Nanez, Renz Harvy Oblea, Trixzy Anne A. Potencia, Andrew Ratio, Nelly Marie H. Roxas, Vin Scott D. Quilapio, Cherish SFG 42 - FOREST GOVERNANCE AND POLICY