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Psychology in Daily Life MOTIVATION & EMOTION THITAPORN KAEWBOONCHOO 1/2567 Today’s Topics Theories of Theories of Building Relationship How to improve Motivation Emotion Happiness between the two motivat...

Psychology in Daily Life MOTIVATION & EMOTION THITAPORN KAEWBOONCHOO 1/2567 Today’s Topics Theories of Theories of Building Relationship How to improve Motivation Emotion Happiness between the two motivation WHY ARE YOU HERE TODAY? WHAT INSPIRES YOU TO WAKE UP THIS MORNING? MOTIVATION What is motivation? Motivation, the factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior (Reeve, 1996) Motivation is a process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior toward a goal. (Gazzaniga et al., 2015) Sources of Motivation Biological Factors Psychological Factors NEEDS Drives Motivate the Satisfaction of Needs A need is a state of deficiency, which can be either biological (e.g., water) or social (e.g., to be with other people). Either way, needs lead to goal-directed behaviors. Failure to satisfy a particular need leads to psychosocial or physical impairment. MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY Clark Hull (1943, 1952) believed in biological needs that demands satisfaction such as the need for food, water, and sleep Need: state of deprivation or deficiency (imbalance) Drive: state of bodily tension arising from unmet need feeling that prompt human to take action to fulfill the need Drive reduction: state of satisfaction The theory is based on principles of 'Homeostasis' Homeostasis is an organism's tendency to maintain stability or equilibrium through various behavioral processes. OPTIMUM AROUSAL THEORY Optimum Arousal Theory we are motivated to behave in ways that keep or restore an ideal, or optimal level, of arousal too much or too little is not good for performance we perform best when arousal is moderate (Teigen, 1994) people differ in the level of arousal that is optimal for them (Zuckerman, 1984) The Yerkes-Dodson law INCENTIVES INCENTIVE THEORY Incentives are external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors. push vs. pull two types of incentive motivation Extrinsic: desire for external reward Intrinsic: desire for internal gratification self-satisfaction pleasure derived from accomplishing goal or task SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY people are motivated to satisfy needs for 1) competence, 2) relatedness to others, and 3) autonomy, which is a sense of personal control. ACHIEVE GOALS SELF-EFFICACY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE Self-efficacy is the expectation that your efforts will lead to success The achievement motive is the desire to do well relative to standards of excellence Those high in achievement motivation set challenging but attainable personal goals, while those low in achievement motivation set extremely easy or impossibly high goals. DELAY GRATIFICATION Delaying gratification is "the act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future. The ability to delay gratification is essential to self-regulation, or self-control." Why Is It So Hard to Wait? According to evolutionary psychology, uncertainty about future rewards makes delaying gratification a challenge. In other words, we don't know when these long-term rewards will arrive—if they even arrive at all. EMOTION What’s the different? Emotion Feeling Mood an immediate, the subjective moods are diffuse, specific negative or experience of the long-lasting emotional positive response to emotion, such as states that do not have environmental events feeling scared, but an identifiable object or internal thoughts not the emotion itself or trigger What’s Emotion? For psychologists, emotion (sometimes called affect) has three components: a physiological process (e.g., heart beating fast and sweating) a behavioral response (e.g., eyes and mouth opening wide) a feeling that is based on cognitive appraisal of the situation and interpretation of bodily states (e.g., I’m scared!) Circumplex Map BODY MAPS Facial Expressions Universal or Culturally learned? JAMES-LANGE THEORY James-Lange Theory of Emotion William James Carl Lange  James-Lange Theory of Emotion Emotions occur as a result of physiological arousal. "I am afraid because my physiological reactions: heart racing heart is racing" emotion: fear Arousal: scary bear James-Lange Theory of Emotion CANNON-BARD THEORY Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Walter B. Cannon Philip Bard  Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently Cannon and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and emotion: fear psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not Arousal: cause the other. scary bear physiological reactions: heart racing SCHACHTER-SINGER TWO-FACTOR THEORY Schachter-Singer two-factor Theory of Emotion Stanley Schachter Jerome Singer  Schachter-Singer two-factor Theory of Emotion physiological reactions: heart racing emotion: fear Arousal: cognitive labeling: scary bear "Oh! A scary bear!"  Schachter-Singer two-factor Theory of Emotion Take into account both physiological arousal and the emotional experience Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive lebelling physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience "I am afraid because I have consciously assessed that my heart is racing and this is a response to fear." 1800001 Psychology in Daily life  Schachter-Singer two-factor Theory of Emotion 1800001 Psychology in Daily life BUILDING HAPPINESS  WHAT YOU NEED 1800001 Psychology in Daily life FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion The facial-feedback theory of emotions suggests that facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions. Emotions are directly tied to changes in facial muscles. Mimicking the facial movements associated with an emotion will induce the corresponding emotional state. Research shown People who are forced to smile while reading a cartoon book will have a better time than they would if they had frowned or carried a more neutral facial expression (Marsh et al., 2019) Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion Limitation A “put-on” smile is not equivalent with the real one using different muscle Although induce positive feelings but not accompanied by the enjoyment that lead to genuine smile. 1800001 Psychology in Daily life 1800001 Psychology in Daily life RELATIONSHIP MOTIVATION & EMOTION “emotion” “motivation” The Latin stem, -mot, means “to move.” Both emotional and motivational constructs are greatly linked to the domain of affect and goal direction. The arousal of emotion and motivation activates the need to act (behavior). Emotions are often linked to motives (motivation). It’s common for emotions to possess motivational properties. For example, happiness can motivate you to achieve better performance. IMPROVE MOTIVATION Building motivation summarize High level of intrinsic motivation Adding extrinsic motivation to tedious tasks QUIZ