Psychology Chapter 10: Motivation & Emotion PDF

**Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion** **Maslow's hierarchy of needs** - Self-actualization - Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts - Esteem - Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by...

**Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion** **Maslow's hierarchy of needs** - Self-actualization - Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts - Esteem - Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others - Love/belonging - Friendship, family, sexual intimacy - Safety - Security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property - Physiological - Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion **Two theoretical approaches to motivation** - Evolutionary perspective - Humanistic perspective **The evolutionary approach to motivation** - What is your goal of life? - To reproduce - To enhance the survival of the species - What motivates you to set this goal? - Biological/psychological needs (those who have these needs will reproduce) - How do you accomplish this goal? - To maximize the number of offspring - To maximize the chance of survival of the offspring **Evolutionary bases of behaviour** - Four observations that drive the theory of evolution: - Organisms vary in endless ways: size, speed, strength, visual/hearing abilities, digestive processes, wisdom, etc - Some of these characteristics are heritable -- can be passed down from one generation to the next - Availability of resources can never catch up with the rate of reproduction -- competition for resources occur within and across species - A heritable trait will become prevalent if this trait enhances the survival of an organism and its offspring - Giraffes with long necks have advantages over giraffes with short necks **Natural selection** - Posits that heritable characteristics (ex. The long neck of a giraffe) that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics (ex. short neck) to be passed on to subsequent generations - "Long neck" is selected whereas "short neck" is eliminated over time - The gene pool of a population changes gradually as a result of natural selection (there are more and more long-neck giraffes in the giraffe population) - It takes thousands to millions of generations for one trait to be selected over another **Fitness and adaption** - Fitness - Refers to the reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population - Adaptation - An inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged - Inherited characteristics: biological traits, behaviours, motivation, cognition **Directional selection** - FOR: one extreme trait, AGAINST: the other extreme **Stabilizing selection** - FOR: moderate traits, AGAINST: both extremes **Disruptive selection** - FOR: both extremes, AGAINST: moderate traits **Batemans principle** - Variance among females in mating success is low; variance among males in mating success is high (ex. Variance in sex partners enhances reproductive success) - In females, one mating is enough to fertilize all their eggs; in males, reproductive success is based on the number of times they have mated - Nearly all females in a population mate and have offspring, relatively few males mate successfully - Those males that do mate tend to mate with many females - A few males have very high reproductive output - Many males have little or no reproductive output - Females are choosier when picking a mate than males - Males show greater elaboration of behaviours and structures used in attracting mates than do females - Ex. Bird's mating dance - Females may prefer certain males for a variety of reasons: - Physically strong/with more elaborate ornamentation - Possession of resources - With long-term commitment - Females that carefully select their mates are at a lower risk of losing their reproductive investment - Natural selection favours females that choose males that enhance the likelihood of her offspring's success -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Biological reality Evolutionary significance Behavioural outcomes --------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Males Reproduction involves minimal investment of time, energy, and risk\ Maximize reproductive\ More interest in\ Offspring \# has no\ success by seeking more sexual partners with high reproductive potential uncommitted sex;\ upper limits\ greater number of sex partners over lifetime; look for youth and\ Unsure of whether\ attractiveness in\ offspring is one's own partners. Females Reproduction involves substantial investment of time, energy, and risk\ Maximize reproductive success by seeking partners willing to invest\ Less interest in\ Offspring \# has upper limits\ material resources in\ uncommitted sex;\ 100% sure of whether offspring is one's own one's offspring smaller number of sex partners over lifetime; look for income, status, and ambition in partners.\ Better late than\ pregnant! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Harem** - In a human society, a "harem" refers to the place in which an elite man (ex. King, royal, and upper-class family head) houses his wives, pre-pubescent male children, unmarried daughters, female domestic servants, enslaved women, and other unmarried female relatives - In the animal kingdom, a "harem" is an animal group consisting of a dominant male drives off other males and maintains the unity of the group. As juvenile males grow, they leave the group. The dominant male mates with the females as they become sexually active and drives off competitors, until he is displaced by another male **Ideas reflected in the structure and order of a harem** - Males maximize reproductive success by seeking a large number of sexual partners - Females maximize reproductive success by seeking a partner with high status and resource - Males expect security from a partner **Summary of the evolutionary approach to motivation** - Evolutionary psychology studies traits that have been shown to be universal in humans - Research focuses on commonalities between people of different cultures (ex. To identify cultural universals) - A trait could have ended as an adaptation or a by-product of a behaviour - The goal of life is to reproduce (ex. Reproductive success is the central idea of evolutionary psychology) - An adaptive trait is one that enhances reproduction