Psychology in Daily Life: Motivation & Emotion

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Questions and Answers

What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion propose about physiological arousal and emotional experience?

They occur sequentially with arousal first.

They happen simultaneously and independently. (correct)

One causes the other.

Arousal is always followed by labeling.

In the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, what are the two components that make up emotion?

Physiological arousal and physiological response.

Cognitive labeling and behavioral response.

Emotional experience and physical reaction.

Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. (correct)

According to the Schachter-Singer theory, when experiencing fear, what does cognitive labeling involve?

Interpreting bodily reactions in context to produce an emotional experience. (correct)

Identifying external stimuli that cause emotion.

Recognizing the emotion of fear without physical reaction.

Knowing the physiological arousal is caused by external factors.

What does the facial-feedback hypothesis suggest about facial expressions?

They are connected to experiencing emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Schachter-Singer theory suggest about the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional labeling?

Labeling is dependent on the context of arousal. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Cannon-Bard theory, which of the following statements is true?

Arousal and emotion occur independently of each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory's view on emotions?

Emotions arise from the interplay of physiological arousal and cognitive evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes that the emotional response can occur without physiological changes?

Cannon-Bard Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion suggest about facial expressions?

They can induce corresponding emotional states. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following limitations is associated with a forced smile?

It uses different facial muscles than a real smile. Signup and view all the answers

How does emotion relate to motivation?

Emotions can possess motivational properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is a method to improve motivation in tedious tasks?

Adding extrinsic motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by research on facial expressions during activities like reading?

Smiling while reading increases enjoyment. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy primarily concerned with?

The belief in one's abilities to achieve success Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes individuals with high achievement motivation?

They set challenging but attainable goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in delaying gratification, according to evolutionary psychology?

The inability to predict future rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines an emotion in psychological terms?

An immediate and specific response to internal thoughts or events Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that emotions are a result of physiological arousal?

James-Lange Theory Signup and view all the answers

How do moods differ from emotions?

Moods can lack an identifiable trigger. Signup and view all the answers

What components are involved in the psychological definition of emotion?

Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cannon-Bard Theory state about the experience of emotion?

Emotion occurs simultaneously with physiological responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motivation in behavior?

To energize, guide, and maintain behavior toward a goal Signup and view all the answers

According to Drive-Reduction Theory, what occurs when a need is satisfied?

Drive is eliminated Signup and view all the answers

What does the Optimum Arousal Theory propose about motivation?

Performance is best at moderate levels of arousal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is described as the desire for internal gratification?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

In Self-Determination Theory, which need is NOT one of the three basic psychological needs?

Achievement Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's Need Hierarchy, what happens when a specific need is not met?

Psychosocial or physical impairments may occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Incentive Theory?

External goals and rewards motivating behavior Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Drive-Reduction Theory, what is a 'drive'?

A state of bodily tension from unmet needs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation influences initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.
It energizes, guides, and maintains behavior toward goals.
Sources of motivation include biological (e.g., hunger) and psychological factors.

Needs and Drives

A need represents a state of deficiency, requiring goal-directed behavior to fulfill.
Drive refers to bodily tension from unmet needs, prompting action to satisfy them.
Drive reduction theory focuses on restoring homeostasis by fulfilling biological needs.

Optimum Arousal Theory

Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, avoiding extremes.
Performance is best under moderate arousal levels, as per the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Incentive Theory

Motivation can be influenced by external incentives, differentiating between extrinsic (external rewards) and intrinsic (internal satisfaction).
Self-Determination Theory emphasizes fulfilling needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

Self-Efficacy and Achievement Motive

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capacity to succeed.
Achievement motive drives individuals to set and pursue challenging goals relative to standards of excellence.

Delay Gratification

Delay gratification involves resisting immediate rewards for more valued long-term rewards, essential for self-regulation.
Evolutionary psychology explains challenges in delaying gratification due to uncertainty about future rewards.

Emotion

Emotions are immediate responses to environmental events and can be classified as positive or negative.
Three components of emotion: physiological processes, behavioral responses, and cognitive appraisals.

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory posits that emotions arise from physiological arousal, like feeling fear due to a racing heart.
Cannon-Bard Theory asserts physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory combines physiological arousal and cognitive labeling for interpreting emotions.

Building Happiness

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis suggests facial expressions influence emotional experiences, with smiling potentially enhancing positive feelings.
Real and genuine smiles differ from forced ones, affecting emotional states.

Relationship Between Motivation and Emotion

Both constructs are linked through the Latin root meaning "to move," activating the need for action.
Emotions can motivate behaviors; for example, happiness can enhance performance.

Improving Motivation

High intrinsic motivation can be fostered; however, adding extrinsic motivation can also help in dull tasks.

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Description

Explore the concepts of motivation and emotion in daily life. This quiz delves into theories that explain why we feel motivated and how our emotions influence our behaviors. It also covers practical ways to improve motivation and build happiness.