Psychology & Sociology Past Paper PDF

Passage 1 (Questions 1-4) A group of researchers designed an experiment to determine whether people retain and recall more information when placed in an emotional situation than in a non-emotional situation. The researchers made two videos that were visually identical showing a boy skydiving, each w...

Passage 1 (Questions 1-4) A group of researchers designed an experiment to determine whether people retain and recall more information when placed in an emotional situation than in a non-emotional situation. The researchers made two videos that were visually identical showing a boy skydiving, each with a different audio transcript. The first video told an emotional story of a boy who overcame great tragedy in his life, but ultimately died. The second video's script told a neutral story about the boy's experiences, While the stories described different events, facts about the boy and his life, such as his name and hometown, remained consistent. Additionally. soundtracks that matched the emotional content of the voice-overs were added to each video. Fifty college students (25 male and 25 female) were given questionnaires that included questions measuring their current mood and whether they had experienced a childhood tragedy. They were then split into two groups that had about an equal number of males and females, Group 1 was shown the emotional video, while group 2 watched the non-emotional video. Immediately after the video, the participants were asked to rate their emotional reaction to the video on a scale of 1-5 (1 being no emotion felt and 5 being extreme. emotion felt). Approximately 30 minutes later, the participants completed a short quiz that contained 10 multiple-choice questions on the facts that were held constant between the two videos, Tables 1 and 2. respectively, show the results of the questionnaire and the post-video quiz. Table 1 Questionnaire results Question 1 Based on the results of the study, can the researchers conclude the different story lines had a causal effect on the video ratings? A. Yes, because the participants who watched the emotional video had a stronger emotional reaction than those who watched the non-emotional video. B. Yes, because each group consisted of roughly an equal number of males and females and had the same number of people per group. C. No, because although the emotional video elicited a higher emotional response, the study is unable to rule out the possibility of confounding variables. D. No, because although the groups were of equal size, more people would be needed from different backgrounds to draw a conclusion. Question 2 Which brain region is most likely to show enhanced activation in group 1 participants compared to group 2 while watching the video? A. Limbic system B. Thalamus C. Basal ganglia D. Cerebellum Question 3 Based on the results of the questionnaire, some participants in group 1 might view the boy in the video as belonging to which type of group? A. Reference group B. Majority group C. Out-group D. In-group Question 4 Which of the following statements accurately describes the research design of the study? A. The questionnaire was included to account for confounding variables. B. The study is longitudinal because the participants took the quiz 30 minutes after the video. C. One of the dependent variables is which version of the audio transcript the participants listened to. D. The study is observational because the participants were asked to watch a video. Passage 2 (Questions 5-8) Korte's Law describes the perception of motion when presented with stationary lights which are illuminated in succession. Rather than perceive two separate events, the light seems to move from one point to another, as when lights around the border of a sign appear to move in a circular pattern. Korte's Law states that the spatial and temporal dimensions of such stimuli are "coupled": for motion to be perceived, as the distance between two lights is increased, the time that must elapse between their illumination must increase too. Later experiments, paradoxically, revealed the opposite effect: increased distance required less time, for motion to be perceived. Researchers dubbed this the "trade-off" hypothesis, and explained it by reasoning that a larger distance between lights made it harder to group them as one stimulus, necessitating the shortening of the time between illuminations to strengthen their connection to one another. To reasolve this discrepancy, researchers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown several frames of a stimulus in quick succession (Figure 1). Sa and Sb represent the spatial distance between circle o and circles a and b, respectively. Ta and Tb represent the time for circle o to "move" to a and b respectively. Tb was always twice Ta. The circles always lit up in the order o-a-b. Ta and Tb were independent of Tf, time between frames. Researchers held Sa constant while manipulating both Sb and Tf. Perceived velocity could be calculated given Tf and the distance between circle o and circles a and b. Empty circles are not shown in each frame; they merely represent where circles appear in successive frames. For each participant, researchers recorded Sb at the equilibrium point, such that the participant was equally likely to see motion along line i or j. Results are summarized in Figure 2. Question 5 Suppose a third circle c was incorporated into each trial exactly half the distance between a and b (for all trials). The intensity (or brightness) of c was subliminal. Based on Figure 2, which of the following conclusions would be most supported after making this change? A. Sb will be lesser at equilibrium for all timeframes if o can be subconsciously perceived. B. Sb will be greater at equilibrium for all timeframes if c can be subconsciously perceived C. Sb will be the same at equilibrium for all timeframes because c will not be perceived. D. It would have no effect because c will not be perceived. Question 6 The perception of motion in the stimulus described in the passage is an example of which of the following? A. Apparent movement B. Induced movement C. Real movement D. Movement aftereffect Question 7 Given that Korte's Law is not restricted to visual processing, which of the following would be a further application of the law as described in the passage? A. A participant perceives two simultaneous pin-pricks less than an inch apart on the back of the neck from two sources to have originated from a single source. B. A participant is less likely to perceive a pin-prick on the left index finger followed by one on the right with a lengthy delay as moving if the hands are held close together. C. A participant wearing headphones fails to perceives aural movement if a tone is faded out at the right ear at the same time another is faded in at the left ear D. A participant perceives a tone emitted by a source moving toward him as having a higher pitch than that of a tone emitted by a source moving away from him. Question 8 A student in another lab is working on a project studying inattentional blindness. If the student wishes to utilize the stimulus described in the passage, which of the following adjustments would be most appropriate? A. Having participants observe the stimulus on a loop for thirty seconds while the student monitors their eye movements. B. Including a new frame flashed for 50 ms during the stimulus in which the circles change to either triangles or squares, and asking participants to identify the non- circle shape. C. Asking participants to listen to and memorize a list of ten nonsense words while observing the stimulus. and asking them to repeat the words shortly afterward. D. Including in the stimulus a small white triangle that appears in the lower left comer of the screen, moves slowly to the upper right, then disappears. Questions 9-12 do not refer to a passage and are Independent of each other. Question 9 A high school student has an external locus of control. Which of the following statements is this student LEAST likely to make? A. "I'm getting poor grades in math class because the teacher does not like me." B. "I got an 'A' in biology. That class was much easier than other classes for which I received a 'B'." C. "I got a good score on my term paper, but only because I worked much harder on it than usual." D. "There's no point in studying because I'll just get a bad grade on the exam anyway." Question 10 Which of the following individuals would hold the highest social standing in a pure meritocracy? A. An official elected to his or her position by the general population. B. A scholar with an advanced degree and proven achievement of success. C. A representative appointed by a council of high ranking officials. D. An individual born into a family of high wealth and social standing. Question 11 A female patient in a mental health facility presents with a history of risky sexual behavior and self-cutting. During treatment, she seeks constant attention from staff and becomes irritable when ignored. The most likely diagnosis for this patient is: A. borderline personality disorder B, manic-depressive disorder. C. schizotypal personality disorder D. major depressive disorder. Question 12 A person is relaxed but not yet actually asleep. What would an EEG done on this person be expected to show? A. Alpha waves B. Beta waves C. Theta waves D. Sleep spindles Passage 3 (Questions 13-17) The descriptive norm effect describes an individual's tendency to behave in certain ways when others in their social environment behave similarly. Researchers investigated whether one's group identity would influence the likelihood of conforming to the norms of an out-group. Moreover, they wanted to understand the role of self- categorization theory in conformity. This is a phenomenon where a person's identity is linked to his or her in- group, biasing them to adopt behaviors of those who share aspects of their identity, while actively avoiding conforming to the behaviors of those who do not. In Study 1, participants were recruited and asked to fill out a questionnaire that measured their attitudes about nine different social issues. The results of these. questionnaires were then used to define each participant's in-group and out group by identifying the social issue they felt most strongly about. Participants were then presented with a moral dilemma and asked what they would do. They were told that they witnessed a man rob a bank but that he then donated all the money to a run-down orphanage. Their task was to decide whether to report the robbery to the police or do nothing and leave the robber alone. One third of participants were asked for their decision without researchers' influence. In contrast, one third of the participants were told that the majority of their in- group reported the man while the final third of participants were told that the majority of members from both their in-group and out-group reported the man. The results of the study are presented in Figure 1. Figure 1 Relative proportion of decisions of participants. In Study 2, researchers further studied the effect of self-categorization theory with more concrete group identifiers by selecting participants that self-identified as either part of the Democratic political party or Republican political party. The researchers followed a similar study design as in Study 1. The participants were split into two groups, either being told that the majority of their in-group decided to report the man or that the majority of of both their in-group and out-group decided to report the man. Adapted from Pryor, C., Perfors, A., & Howe, P. (2019). "Conformity to the descriptive norms of people with opposing political or social beliefs." PloS One, 14(7), 2019. Question 13 Based on the description in the passage, which component of attitudes does the questionnaire in Study 1 measure? A. Affective B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Environmental Question 14 A researcher proposes that individuals will actively choose not to conform to the behaviors of an out-group. Which results would most likely cast doubt on this hypothesis? A. Participants who knew all other participants' decisions were more likely to be in agreement with those in their own out-group B. When broken down into five different age groups, study participants in four of the five groups conformed to the behaviors of their in-groups. C. Men in a study were 60% more likely to be in agreement with their in-group than were women. D. In a new study, participants were given new information about the decisions made by their in-group, after which 75% of them reversed their own decisions. Question 15 Suppose that participants discussed their decisions in an online forum with others in their in-group after the conclusion of the study. They came to the agreement that it would be appropriate to encourage the robber to commit his crime again. Which psychological process is most likely to have affected the participants' opinions in this scenario? A. Group polarization B. Deindividuation C. Peer pressure D. Social loafing Question 16 Which of the following graphs would best represent the results of Study 2 if the out-group component of self- categorization theory were stronger than the in- group component? Question 17 Based on Figure 1, the best conclusion is that, A. people are more likely to conform to in-group norms than to actively avoid conforming to out-group noms. B. people are more likely to actively avoid conforming to out-group norms than to conform to in-group noms. C. people are equally likely to exhibit both the descriptive norm effect and the self-categorization theory. D. the effects of self-categorization theory are stronger than the descriptive norm effect. Passage 4 (Questions 18-21) Problem gambling is characterized by difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, for others, or for the community. The risk of developing problem gambling behavior is distributed unequally among the population. For example, individuals who report stressful life events, show impairments in mental health, or belong to a socio- economically deprived group are affected more frequently by gambling problems. Modem gambling is much more than an adult sitting behind a slot machine in a casino hoping that the next pull will be the "lucky" one-new forms of gambling using the Internet and mobile phones have attracted younger gamblers. A wide range of risk factors influence whether an adolescent will engage in gambling behavior, including being male (biology), access to gambling venues (social environment), models for deviant behavior (perceived environment), depression and anxiety (personality), and poor coping skills (behavior). Prevention and intervention programs typically involve school-based lectures, small group discussions, and interactive games and exercises. Research also shows that gambling motives, cognitive distortions (irrational beliefs about gambling and luck) and emotional states are factors involved in the development and maintenance of gambling severity. Motivation is a major concern in gambling because it is associated with the commitment and investment in gambling behavior. Studies identified four gambling motives: enhancement (i.e., increasing positive emotions), coping (i.e., reducing or avoiding negative emotions), social (i.e., increasing social affiliation), and financial (i.e., winning money). Self-regulatory guidelines are viewed as a valuable instrument to treat problematic gambling. These include: keeping a dedicated gambling budget, engaging in other leisure activities, avoiding gambling when upset or depressed, not using credit cards for gambling, avoiding gambling to make money, and not thinking that strategies can help you win. Other efforts have focused on the reduction of the stigma of mental illness that is associated with problem gambling. Studies have found that awareness of negative societal attitudes and beliefs toward gambling may lead problem gamblers to self- stigmatize and could prevent problem gamblers from seeking help. Question 18 The pay-out of slot machines in casinos typically follows a schedule of reinforcement known as: A. fixed-interval. B. fixed-ratio. C. variable-interval D. variable-ratio. Question 19 Researchers suggest that similar to drug addiction, problem gambling involves the reward pathway in the brain.Which brain area would be expected to be LEAST involved in this reward pathway? A. Nucleus accumbens B. Veritral tegmental area C. Medial forebrain bundle D. Brainstem Question 20 The stigma associated with problem gambling addressed in the passage is best described as: A. a dysfunctional way of coping with stress. B. an internalization of others' perceptions of deviance. C. an internalization of others' discrimination. D. a reaction that involves individual discrimination. Question 21 Based on the passage, which of the following cognitive distortions is most likely associated with gambling? A. Halo effect B. Hawthorne effect C. Confirmation bias D. Just-world hypothesis Passage 5 (Questions 22-26) Depending upon the study cited, between 5% and 15% of U.S. adults are members of a sexual or gender minority, including individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQ+), Discrimination against LGBTQ+ students is common and well documented at both K-12 and post-secondary levels. This includes bullying, general expressions of prejudice, and discriminatory treatment or policies based on LGBTQ+ identity. Perpetrators include other students, parents, instructors, and school officials. One teacher, for instance, might unconsciously offer less help to an LGBTQ+ student who is perceived to be "different," while another might openly mock that student's identity. Many schools regulate clubs such as gay/straight alliances more strictly than other clubs--or simply ban them. The extent of discrimination varies by demographics and geography. Several states have anti-discrimination statutes explicitly protecting LGBTQ+ students; although such laws are not a panacea, they are in marked contrast to laws in other states that prevent teachers from even discussing LGBTQ+ issues. Overall, studies show less anti-LGBTQ+ bias in college than high school, but U.S. private colleges have wide latitude, and over 150 have applied for exemption from Title IX protections against anti-LGBTQ+ discrimination. As well as banning positive LGBTQ+ curricular content, these schools often punish same-sex dating and refuse to recognize some students' gender identities. Studies show that transgender and intersex students often face worse discrimination, and experience more severe consequences, than other LGBTQ+ students. Documented consequences of discrimination against all LGBTQ+ students s include significantly poorer health care and educational outcomes. In addition to anti-bias legislation and policies, proposals aimed at ameliorating the effects of discrimination include provision of school-based support services, incorporation of content related to LGBTQ+ issues into curricula, employment of more LGBTQ+ faculty and staff, and formation of active LGBTQ+ student organizations. However, each of these potential solutions comes with challenges. For example, teachers as well as students are vulnerable to discrimination, which can range from overtly prejudiced employment decisions to poorer ratings from students. Several studies have shown conclusively that student evaluations are biased in favor of straight, gender-normative, male college professors, and since student evaluations contribute to promotion and tenure determinations, one student's unconscious bias against LGBTQ+ instructors could damage careers. Question 22 When researchers introduced a test by saying that it assessed mathematical aptitude, women's scores were significantly lower than if the same test was delivered without introduction. Which phenomenon best explains this finding? A. Endemic prejudice B. Cognitive sexual dimorphism C. Stereotype threat D. Fundamental Attribution Error Question 23 Which of the following is an assumption underlying a proposal discussed in the passage? A. Laws against discrimination cannot eliminate prejudice. B. Student evaluations are subject to bias. C. Deviance in college is defined primarily by the curriculum. D. Students tend to see instructors as a reference group. Question 24 The discrepancy in health care outcomes for transgender and intersex students versus other LGBTQ+ students is most likely rooted in different levels of: A. role ambiguity. B. stigmatization. C. anomie. D. mental illness. Question 25 Based on the passage, which conclusion is most supported? A. Implicit bias against LGBTQ+ students creates more negative consequences than does overt prejudice. B. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ students by other students creates more negative consequences than does discrimination by faculty. C. Implicit bias against LGBTQ+ students creates fewer negative consequences than does overt prejudice. D. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ students is more of a social norm in some geographic areas than in others. Question 26 Which one of the following assertions about student evaluations and their effects (paragraph 4) can be inferred from the passage? A. There is institutional discrimination against LGBTQ+ college instructors. B. Student evaluations of college instructors are subject to confirmation bias. C. Unconscious prejudice largely accounts for poorer student evaluations of LGBTQ+ instructors. D. Student evaluations of college instructors are subject to social desirability bias Questions 27-30 do not refer to a passage and are Independent of each other..Question 27 A research study offered a group of children, consisting entirely of either the youngest of all siblings or only children, the opportunity to play video games with an older partner, a peer partner or by themselves. Which of the following can be inferred from the graph? A. Children are most likely to choose an option that creates play dynamics different from those at home, B. Children are most likely to choose an option that creates play dynamics similar to those at home. C. Only children are more likely to choose an option that creates play dynamics different from those at home. D. Youngest siblings are more likely to choose an option that creates play dynamics different from those at home. Question 28 Habitual amphetamine usage resulting in damage to dopamine reuptake mechanisms is most likely to produce effects similar to: A. Alzheimer's disease. B. Korsakolf's syridrome. C. schizophrenia D. dissociative disorder. Question 29 Ornithologists discover a new species of bird with a low degree of sexual dimorphism. Which of the following behaviors would the researchers most expect to find exhibited by members of this species? A. The development of brightly-colored feathers in females B. Females replicating the songs of male birds C. Louder, more complicated vocal calls than other, similar species D. "Helping at the nest" by juvenile relatives of birds with new offspring Question 30 While taking a walk, a person's attention is suddenly drawn to a the movement of a scurrying animal across his path. This process is mediated by the: A. parvocellular cells. B. cones. C. magnocellular cells. D. horizontal cells. Passage 6 (Questions 31-34) There is a lot of debate over what constitutes appropriate and effective discipline. This leads to several unanswered questions. For example, is a well-behaved student this way due to adapting to the expectations of a teacher, or due to modeling behavior after parents? Similarly, disobedience may be attributed to defiance or a simple misunderstanding of what constitutes acceptable behavior. Despite these variables, prominent disciplining theories share several values: consistency, fairness, and timeliness. A study team set up a number of tests, intended to be consistent, fair, and timely. The study participants were 6 grade 11 year-olds, all of whom scored within the 40 to 60 percentile range on standardized math tests. Their performance on the tasks was categorized as completed, attempted, or, if a student spent less than a third of the time allotted, not attempted. Each task was administered twice to the same group. Studies 1 and 2 gave students a 10-question test of 1 grade math. The students in Study 1 were promised a small candy reward for completion. The students in Study 2 were told that those who did not complete the test within 5 minutes of silent time would not be allowed any play-time that day, while those who completed the test would be immediately free to play. Studies 3 and 4 gave the students a 25-question test of high-level 6th grade math. The students in Study 3 were promised $20 for completion of the test. The students in Study 4 were told that those who did not complete the test within a half-hour of silent time would not be allowed any play-time that day, while those who completed the test would be immediately free to play. The results are shown in Table 1. Question 31 Based on the data, which of the following rules is likely to generate the highest rate of compliance in a group of 11-year olds? A. A rule that all students must place their backpacks on their desks in order to leave for lunch, or be the last to leave. B. A rule that all students who score perfectly on in-class tests will be given candy when the tests are handed back C. A rule that all students who are caught chewing gun will be held after class and forced to clean up the classroom. D. A rule that any student on the honor roll all year will be taken on a school day to an amusement park Question 32 Which of the following is NOT present in some form in at least one of the four studies? A. Positive reinforcement B. Avoidance reinforcement C. Negative punishment D. Escape reinforcement Question 33 In an effort to complete the test given in Studies 3 and 4, a student struggling with both content and time may utilize A. appraisal. B. heuristics. C. retrieval cues. D. spreading activation. Question 34 In comparing the data across all four studies, which of the following could be inferred within the confines of the experiment? A. A less difficult task will invariably have a greater percent attempting its completion than a task of significantly higher difficulty. B. A significant reward is more powerful in encouraging action through subsequent uses than through its initial use. C. A punishment may have varying degrees of effectiveness based on the difficulty of the task. D. A minor reward will distort one's perception of ability to be comparatively optimistic. Passage 7 (Questions 35-38) Low birth rates coupled with longer life expectancy pose unique challenges for developed and middle-income countries around the world, specifically in combination with a negative growth rate. Notably Japan, Italy, Greece, and Portugal have a large percentage of people who are 65 years of age or older varying from 22.5 percent (Greece) to nearly 30 percent (Japan). Demographers also use the median age as an indicator of an aging population. The median age in Japan is 48.6 years, 46.5 years in Italy, 45.3 years in Greece, and 44,6 years in Portugal. Although the median age in the United States is lower, at 38.5 years, demographers and sociologists alike have already expressed concerns about the long-term financial feasibility of federal programs that support older and retired people, including Social Security and Medicare. These and other forecasted issues, such as a shortage of nursing homes and assisted living facilities, as well as a projected shortage of people working in the healthcare industry-including nurse's aids and physicians-will pose challenges for the United States in the very near future. While some demographers view boosting the birth rate as a potential solution, others consider immigration as the answer to increase the percentage of younger people. Japan, as a forerunner of global aging, has for several decades been attempting to respond to low fertility rates, population aging, and the growing old age burden. Fertility and migration policies have both been proposed as solutions to Japan's aging population. For example, there were policies that focused on increasing the national childcare capacity, the expansion of parental leave, and the fast-track residency scheme for highly skilled immigrant workers. Despite these and recent efforts such as offering bonuses for childbirth and subsidized child care, Japan's population continues to age, and presently has little diversity because only two percent of the population consists of immigrants, primarily from China and South Korea. Only migration at levels similar to European countries could help Japan to avoid rapid aging, which would result in a radical diversification of the population Question 35. Which of the following population pyramids best reflects the country that is described in the passage as a forerunner of global aging?. Question 36 Based on the information in the passage, Japan is in which stage of the demographic transition model? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 Question 37 The thirty percent of Japan's population that is older will most likely experience which of the following regarding their memory? A. They will experience significant memory loss. B. Their most vivid memories are of events that occurred in their teens and 20s. C. They will experience much degeneration in skill-based memory. D. Event-based prospective memory will decline significantly. Question 38 Based on the information in the passage, the incidence and prevalence of which disease would be predicted to increase in countries such as Italy, Greece, and Portugal? A. Korsakoff's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C Meningitis D. Schizophrenia Passage 8 (Questions 39-43) Dissociative disorders are a group of complex disorders that share a common pattern of symptoms. Of this group of disorders, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously known as "multiple personality disorder," is the most controversial. DID is a severe dissociative disorder in which a patient has two or more distinct personalities that alternately take control of the patient's behavior. Many in the field of psychiatry believe that it is a genuine illness caused by sustained childhood trauma; this is referred to as the trauma-related perspective. Others believe that DID is a result of individuals being fantasy-prone or suggestible; this is known as the latrogenic Model of DID. The presence of dissociative amnesia, wherein each identity cannot remember autobiographical information about other identities, is a core diagnostic criterion for DID. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines dissociative amnesia as the "inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness, which implies an impairment of explicit memory between identities. In other words, dissociative amnesia in DID suggests that there is no inter-identity memory system. However, researchers have found that some DID patients, though they may not realize it, have demonstrated explicit memory transfer across their identities. This finding may pave the way in informing treatment for DiD patients by providing a new understanding of memory retrieval within DID, and eventually help patients integrate memories across identities. The ultimate goal in treating DID patients is to combine their multiple personalities into a single one using psychotherapy, although sometimes drug- assisted hypnosis may be indicated. Historically, psychiatrists used drugs such as sodium pentothal, a barbiturate, to induce hypnosis and facilitate a relaxed recall of traumatic or painful memories in order to desensitize patients to them. However, the use of sodium pentothal and other barbiturates has steeply declined since the 1960s. This is in part due to the fact that people can be highly suggestible under the influence of these drugs, putting people at risk of creating or reconstructing memories of events that never occurred. In fact, one of the most famous cases of DID involved a woman who claimed to have 16 separate identities and who, under the influence of sodium pentothal, reconstructed a memory of a traumatic tonsillectomy procedure into one of severe parental abuse. In fact, patient records later showed not only that a tonsillectomy occurred, but also that, after years of therapy, the patient admitted to fabricating her multiple personalities. The validity of DID as a diagnosis has been a topic of controversy in the medical community ever since. Question 39 In response to the patient's admission to fabricating her multiple personalities, the psychiatrist immediately dismissed the admission as an attempt to leave therapy as it became more challenging. This can be considered an example of: A. self-serving bias. B, belief perseverance. C. labeling theory. D. impression management. Question 40 According to the passage, the latrogenic model of DID dictates that individuals with DID may just be fantasy prone, or highly open to new experiences. This trait is described by which theory of personality? A. The "Big Five" Model B. The Somatotype Personality Theory C. The Three Dichotomies of Personality D. The PEN model Question 41 Suppose researchers found that patients who are both genetically predisposed to being easily hypnotized and were abused as children are more likely to develop DID. This reflects the idea that the determinants of DID can be described as consistent with the: A. life course perspective, B, social cognitive perspective. C. biomedical approach. D. biopsychosocial approach Question 42 Which statement best represents a cognitive-behavioral explanation of the association between dissociative symptoms and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Individuals with PTSD: A. experience extreme conflict between preconscious and unconscious thoughts. B. have reduced or altered activation within the hippocampus. C. typically have personalities associated with a high negative affect. D. display negative cognitive symptoms to avoid triggering stimuli. Question 43 A researcher creates a survey study to test the types of memories preserved in DID patients. According to the passage, which information should all the identities of a DID patient be able to recall from the patient's core Identity? A. Major life events B. Important historical facts C. How to ride a bike D. Cooking for the first time Questions 44-47 do not refer to a passage and are Independent of each other. Question 44 Suppose a researcher were to discover that individuals who belong to one racial/ethnic group have a genome that is significantly different than the genome of people in another racial/ethnic group. This finding would most contradict which of the following theories? A. Natural selection is/was a driving factor in racial and ethnic differentiation. B. Race and ethnicity are socially constructed. C. Individuals from various ethnic and racial groups often have similar health statuses. D. Cultural assimilation can decrease differences between racial and ethnic groups. Question 45. An age dependency ratio over 1 would be associated with a: A. decreasing infant mortality rate. B. shorter life span, C. higher youth ratio. D. higher economic burden on the working population. Question 46 A med student recently began snowboarding on the weekends. Today, she attempts more challenging terrain that requires more skill. Her first successful attempt floods her brain with dopamine, which in turn increases her desire to snowboard on more difficult terrain. This phenomenon likely suggests a relationship between dopamine levels and which type of learning? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Habituation D. Sensitization Question 47 In some countries it is common for role models and parents to tell children that they can do anything they put their minds to. Which of the following concepts is this encouragement intended to have the most direct impact on? A. Actual self B. Ought self C. Self-efficacy D. Self-esteem Passage 9 (Questions 48-51) The serial position effect is a concept posited by Hermann Ebbinghaus that accuracy of recall varies with the position of an item within a presented list. As part of an assignment for an introductory level psychology class, a group of students recruited their friends to participate in an experiment to demonstrate this effect. The students showed their friends a set of words and asked them to remember as many as possible. As an incentive to participate, the students also explained that the participant with the highest score at the end of the experiment would receive a a gift certificate to a local restaurant. The words were shown in sequence on a computer screen for 2 seconds each. The participants were then given a response sheet and asked to write down the words in order, next to the boxes labeled 1 through 15. Figure 1 shows the percentage recall of each word obtained from the response sheets. Figure 1 The results of the first experiment showing percentage recall of each word in the sequence In the next stage of the experiment, the participants were shown 40 words. They were asked to complete a similar response sheet, testing their recall of the displayed words. Finally, the participants were shown another 40-word list and were asked to complete response sheets following a 30-second delay. Figure 2 shows the results from both 40-word experiments. Figure 2 The results of the experiments with 40-word sets, with and without a 30- second delay Question 48 Based on the passage, what would be the expected error rate by participants shown a set of 100 words? A. 30% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90% Question 49 The gift certificate bonus in the experiment is best described as a(n): A. extrinsic motivator. B. intrinsic motivator, C. achievement motivator. D. secondary motivator. Question 50 Suppose the experiment described in the passage had been conducted using patients suffering from mild short- term memory deficits. Which of the following elements of the serial position effect would most likely have been observed? A. The primacy effect only B. The recency effect only C. Both the primacy and recency effect D. Neither the primacy or recency effect Question 51 An independent variable in the first 40-word stage of the experiment is: A. the number of words in the set. B. the position of words in the set. C. the number of words recalled. D. the sequence of the words recalled. Passage 10 (Questions 52-56) Family plays a crucial role in shaping a person's value system and beliefs. This process, referred to as family socialization, has been shown to vary across cultures. The dominant culture where the family lives is believed to influence and reinforce parenting goals, values, practices, and parent-child interactions. Thus, for families whose original culture identity is different from the mainstream culture, family socialization will be multi-faceted. In the United States, non-Western immigrant families are often cultural minorities. Therefore, these families face majority cultural demands to assimilate into the community that may conflict with their original culture's values. The family socialization process for immigrant families may therefore involve a compromise between the beliefs of the family's original culture and that of the new dominant culture. One barrier that has been identified to understanding the family socialization process within immigrant families is the lack of assessment material. In order to gain a better understanding of how immigrant families may be influenced by the dominant culture, researchers must first have reliable measures to assess the family socialization process in the immigrant family's original culture. A group of researchers examined four newly developed measures for Korean family socialization to determine which question items best represented traditional Korean family values. The measures were developed based on an earlier focus group where Korean families were questioned about their parenting practices and societal beliefs. The questionnaires developed were then given to parents and children in over two hundred Korean families living in the United States. Alter analyzing the reliability, content and construct validity of the measures. the researchers recommended three of the four measures for future use. Question 52 Based on the results of the study, which of the following can be concluded? A. Immigrant families" values vary in distinct and significant ways from non- immigrant American families. B. Existing measures are sufficient to study family socialization processes in immigrant families. C. Questionnaires can reliably be developed to assess family values in Korean immigrant families. D. Dominant cultural values systems will overshadow family values for Korean immigrant families. Question 53 According to the passage, which of the following examples best represents the family socialization process for immigrant families in the United States? A. A boy from Korea is adopted by an American family and grows up bilingual, speaking both Korean and English B. A girl from Russia moves to the United States to attend college and decides to stay in America after graduating C. A father raised in Venezuela reluctantly abandons his traditional family beliefs so he can raise his son according to American values D. A mother who moved from China to America selectively emphasizes traditional Chinese values to her daughter that coincide with American values Question 54 Which of the following, if true, would weaken the study's conclusion? A. A majority of the participants reported living in a community with a high number of Korean residents B. A majority of the participants reported that their families have lived in the United States for three or four generations C. The focus group financially compensated participants for their time and asked open-ended questions D. The children in the study were more likely than the adults to report values in line with traditional American values Question 55. Prior research has shown that whether an individual belongs to an individualist or collectivist society affects how they explain their own and other people's behaviors. Which theory best accounts for these findings? A. Attribution Theory B. Egocentrism C. Ethnocentrism D. Self-concept and Identity Question 56 According to the passage, which one of the following is an example of an individual facing demands from the cultural majority? A. A juvenile who is pressured by his elders not to get a tattoo B. A crossdresser who is pressured to dress in gender "appropriate" attire C. A new mother who is pressured by her co-workers to breastfeed D. A new resident who is pressured by her neighbors not to paint her house green Questions 57-59 do not refer to a passage and are Independent of each other. Question 57 The 4th priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is higher when: A. the actual self is closer to the ought self. B. there is overconfidence for a task. C. the id is closer to our super-ego. D. self-efficacy is lower. Question 58 Which of the following parts of the central nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement? A. The brain B. Cerebellum C. Medulla D. Pons Question 59 How can the two concepts of altruism and inclusive fitness work together to explain an individual's actions? A. The two concepts are wholly distinct, with widely disparate conclusions and therefore cannot be combined. B. Inclusive fitness theory can partially be explained through the concept of altruism. C. Altruism provides a biological explanation within which inclusive theory can operate. D. Altruism describes the type of people that would be most likely to engage in inclusive fitness behaviors.