Psychology Final PDF

Important Terms ​ States vs Traits ○​ State — Temporary states of being ○​ Trait — Long lasting, consistent part of your personality ​ Free Association — When someone starts you off with a concept or word and you say everything that comes to mind follow that ​ Self...

Important Terms ​ States vs Traits ○​ State — Temporary states of being ○​ Trait — Long lasting, consistent part of your personality ​ Free Association — When someone starts you off with a concept or word and you say everything that comes to mind follow that ​ Self-concept — Your perception and understanding of who you are as a person ​ Individualism — Trusting in yourself, believing in yourself ​ Person-Situation Controversy — What is most impactful in determining you as a person ○​ Is it who you are as a person? ​ Who you are matters more across time ○​ Or situation you are in ​ More impactful when in the instance ​ Narcissism — You think you are right in all instances Pseudo Psychology (NOT SUPPORTED) ​ Physiognomy — Your physical characteristics influence the type of personality you have ​ Phrenology — Bump or dents in the head represents a lack or excess of a trait ○​ Bump = excess ○​ Dent = lack ​ Four Humors — Your personality is determined by the balance of four different types of liquids in your body ○​ IE; Too much blood = very happy and enthusiastic ○​ IE; Too much yellow bile = aggressive and bitter ○​ IE; Too much black bile = melancholy, depression and anxiety ○​ IE; Too much flim = Lazy Freud’s Ideas ​ Unconscious — Parts of mind we are not able to access ○​ Most of our personality is driven by this ​ Preconscious — Not currently accessing, but can access through effort ​ Conscious — Currently available and active in our mind ​ Id — Only cares about fulfilling wants and desires ○​ Unconscious mostly ​ Ego — Part of the self that is present and interacting with the world ○​ Influenced by Id through unconscious ​ Superego — Concerned with morality and social acceptance Freud’s Psychosexual — A child’s Id is going to be focusing on different erogenous zones in different ages ​ Oral ○​ Erogenous zone = mouth ○​ 0-18 months ○​ Eat, sucking on pacifiers ​ Anal ○​ Erogenous zone = anus ○​ 18-36 months ○​ Potty training ​ Phallic ○​ Erogenous = eyes ○​ 3-6 years ○​ Can recognize differences between boys and girls ○​ Elektra complex ​ Latency ○​ No erogenous zone ○​ 6-puberty ○​ Represses sexual feelings ○​ Make same-sex friends ​ Genital ○​ Erogenous zone = genitals ○​ Puberty onwards ○​ Focused on sexual feelings and romantic relationships Freud’s Defense Mechanisms — The way the ego protects itself from the harsh reality ​ Regression — Where you would retreat back to an earlier psychosexual stage to avoid problems you are facing ​ Denial — You refuse to acknowledge the reality of the situation ​ Projection — Taking the inappropriate feelings you’re feeling and project it on someone else ​ Displacement — Take inappropriate feelings or event, take the anger and aggression toward one person and move them over to a more socially acceptable person to take out the anger on (sublimation) ​ Reaction Formation — Take inappropriate feelings you are feeling and express the opposite for the feeling ○​ People in postpartum depression ​ Rationalization — Coming up with excuses to rationalize your not acceptable behavior Freud’s Ideas ​ Development — Freud thought if achieve the genital stage you were done (Development is a more life long process) ○​ Infants don't’ have the neural capabilities that he argues happened in the stage ​ Dream — Thought dreams were the gateway to our unconscious (In reality, it is connected to our consciousness) ​ Defense Mechanisms — Freud thought it was protecting the ego from reality and the unconscious (Instead was more on preserving on our biases and self-esteem) ○​ Repression — Freud thought it was conscious and bury deep in unconscious ​ More like suggestibility in reality ​ Falsifiability — Freud’s claim was impossible to test ○​ How the unconscious impacts us ○​ We have to focus on something that is testable ​ Trajectory — Freud focused on explaining something after the fact, rather than understanding something that could potentially happen ​ Sexist — Freud thought women want penises November 19, 2024 PERSONALITY Jung Analytic Theory ​ Unconscious (Jung thought it was influential on our daily lives) ○​ Personal — Personal material or information you have experience but not in consciousness because of repression or forgotten memory ○​ Collective — Ancestral memories that were passed down ​ Ancestral Memory Archetype — Emotionally charged thought patterns and images that Jung that we could see in some form basically across all people ○​ Anima/Animus — Opposite gender internal perspective ​ Anima for men ​ Animus for women ○​ Shadow — Sex and like instinct ○​ Persona — How we present ourselves to the world Big Five (Modern day theories) 1)​ Openness (to experiences) — Willingness and comfort level to trying new things, and breaking from your routine 2)​ Conscientiousness — How willing you are to following rules 3)​ Extraversion — Comfort level and seeking out of social interaction  4)​ Agreeableness — How much you care able getting along with other people, and care about making others feel comfortable 5)​ Neuroticism — Anxiety, how much you worry about bad things can happen Aspect of Big Five ​ Stability — Can expect variably in these traits across time ○​ Variably decreases as time passes ○​ Varies mostly in childhood and adolescence ​ Maturity Principle — We tend to become more conscientious, agreeable and less neurotic ​ Brain Structure ○​ Those who score highly on extraversion, have lower general brain arousal ​ Theory is that these people seek external stimulation because they don’t have it internally ○​ People with high conscientiousness have larger frontal lobe ​ Birth Order — Only child, oldest children or etc ○​ It was thought that these 5 traits correlated to birth order ○​ Research shows hardly any findings in connection of these 5 traits and birth order ​ Culture — Correlates to every culture ○​ More universal ○​ Although these traits are present in every culture, there is variably in strength of the traits ○​ Typical distribution of the big five in a culture is national profiles ​ Prediction — These traits are useful in predicting behavior ○​ Conscientiousness and Agreeableness — Workplace success ○​ Extraversion — More first person texting styles Other Theories ​ Rogers’ Person Centered ○​ Associated with humanistic perspective (all humans have capacity for good) ○​ There are three things necessary to create an environment that positive personal growth can happen ​ Acceptance — No matter what action the person has engaged in, you still accept them as a person of worth ​ Genuineness — People must be able to respond openly, honestly, and spontaneously ​ Empathy — You have to be able to share and mirror another person’s feelings or thoughts in order to be able to create change  ​ Eysenck’s Dimensional Theory — There are only two spectrums that matter, neuroticism and extraversion ○​ Idea is that you can plot all traits on the graph ○​ Neuroticism — Emotional stability ​ Low = stable ​ High = unstable ​ Allport’s Trait Types — Went through the English dictionary and identified 4,500 words that could be personality traits (1900s) ○​ More recent is around 18,000 personality traits ○​ Allport sorted words into three different types of traits ​ Cardinal — Rules and behaviors on how you approach situations you care about ​ “Guiding Trait” ​ Central — Traits that are found in some degree, in every person ​ Every person will show these traits some time in their life ​ Secondary — Context specific, only present in specific context ​ Biological — Our personality is written in our genes ○​ Evolutionary — We have big five because those are traits that help us survive and thrive ○​ Genes — Where you look for similarities between people who are related ​ More similar genetic profile, more similar you would expect personality profile to be Assessment ​ Projective Tests — Given ambiguous stimuli, and asked to talk about experience with the ambiguous stimuli ○​ Inkblot test ○​ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) — Shown ambiguous photo and asked to come up with a story that explains the photo they are looking at ​ Do this for multiple photos and find trend in the narratives created ​ Research shows this has more validity behind it compared to inkblot ○​ Human Figure Drawings — Asks people to draw a person however they want ​ Administrator looks at the way how they included or excluded specific characteristics ​ Most common seen to be used with children ​ Personality Inventories —- Very long questionnaires that cover a large number of trait and situations ○​ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) ​ Originally developed to identify personality disorder ​ Expanded from 10 scales to 13  ○​ Myers-Briggs (MBTI) ​ Based on Jung’s ideas ​ Not much validity in this ​ After 5 weeks and retesting, 50% of individuals obtained different results ​ Social Media ○​ Youyou, Kosinski, & Stillwell, 2025 ​ Looked at Facebook likes and how they would score on the big five ​ Was more predictive than most friends and families’ prediction (spouses were able to beat this but not by much) Do Personality Tests Work Video ​ Most exams do not reveal truths of personality ​ We question if personality is even measurable at all ​ There are design flaws, some difficult decision questions would result in different answers after answering it so many times ​ Definition of introverts, extroverts, and ambiverts have changed over time ​ Our answers can be not truthful because we go about what we think the other person wants us to choose Psychological Disorders Important Terms ​ Comorbidity — When an individual has two or more psychological disorders at the same time ○​ Depression and anxiety are highly comorbid ​ Lifetime Prevalence Rate — How likely this disorder to appear in the individual’s lifetime ○​ Typical Prevalence Rate — How many people at a given time have the disorder ○​ 50-75% of people have a psychological disorder in their lifetime ​ Etiology — Apparent cause and developmental history of the disorder ○​ Some disorder we have a strong understanding of their etiology ​ Epidemiology — The study of distribution of a disorder in a population ○​ This is how we get prevalence rate ​ Insanity Defense — You did the action, but at the time you did the action, you didn’t understand the effects of your action ○​ Used a lot less commonly than people think ○​ Success rate is low ​ Violence Rates — Correlation between violence rates and mental disorders  ○​ People think people with mental disorders have higher violence rates but in reality it is lower (only around 10%) ○​ People with mental disorders are 10x more likely to be victims Abnormal Behavior (Three criteria we use to determine abnormal behavior) ​ 1) (Used less commonly now) Deviance — Is someone behaving in a way that is different from others ​ 2) Maladaptive — Does the behavior in some way interfere with their day to day lives a)​ IE; Schizophrenia scores high on this ​ 3) Personal Distress — How much personal or individual stress is this behavior causing the individual ​ Value Judgments — Determines how maladaptive and how stressful the situation is to the individual based on individual’s value ​ Symptoms — Same disorders can have different symptoms a)​ Some symptoms require a certain amount of symptoms in order to be diagnosed DMS (Diagnostic and Statistics Manual) ​ Diagnostic and Statistics Manual ○​ Includes every recognized psychological disorder ○​ Includes every recognized symptom of every psychological disorder ○​ We are on DSM-5 currently ​ Current Edition — Transitioned a lot of disorders to a spectral perspective ○​ Meaning you can fall on a spectrum of the disorder ​ How It Works — It correlates how many symptoms need to be present or how long the symptoms need to be present ○​ Includes the present treatment more these disorders ○​ Gaming, hoarding are in DSM-5 now ​ Humans are constantly changing, we need to change/update the abnormal behaviors November 20, 2024 Psychological Disorders Neuro-Developmental Disorders — Disorders that are required to be developed in childhood ​ Intellectual Disabilities — Neuro-developmental disorders ○​ Caused by car crash, traumatic intelligent disorder ○​ Has to be developed as a kid ​ Learning Disorders — Don’t have to manifest in childhood but happens more  ○​ Dyslexia ​ ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) — Have issues with focus and attention, high level of impulsivity, and difficulty following a task ○​ In order to be diagnosed, symptoms have to appear prior to the age of 12 ​ Autism Spectrum Disorder — Issues with sociality (both with peers and authority figures), and a tendency for hyperfixation ○​ Tend to be diagnosed at higher rates for males ○​ Girls may be better dealing with symptoms of these for socializing ​ Can result in underdiagnosis Depressive Disorders — Disorders with depression as a major symptom ​ Major Depressive Disorder — Persistently depressed mood and long-term loss of pleasure or interest in life ○​ At any given point about 7% of Americans meet the criteria for diagnosis ○​ Seasonal Affective Disorder — People have a cyclical recurrence of depression that match different seasonal changes ​ Persistent Depressive Disorder — Long lasting depression that is too mild to reach diagnosis for major depressive disorder ○​ Lasts 6 months to a year at least ​ Age of onset — If someone is going to have a depressive episode in their life, you often see it prior to age 40, however this time is becoming earlier and earlier ​ Recurrence — When someone has depressive episode, most people have 5 or 6 occurrences of this episode across their lifetime ○​ Each episode lasts 6 months to a year ​ Anhedonia — Inability to feel joy ○​ When you’re depressed, you want to engage in behaviors you previously felt joy doing but you don’t feel the same joy when you do it ​ Sleep — People with depression with sleep too much or too little ○​ Are not getting the same quality of sleep even if they sleep a lot ​ Helplessness Theory — When people are experiencing depression, their brain gets trapped in a cycle of attribution that reinforces the depression ○​ Incorrect attributions being made… ​ Internal Attribution — We think if something goes wrong it's our fault ​ Stable — Tend to be stable and think nothing can change what’s happening ​ Global — Everything is expected to turn out negatively ​ Depressive Realism — People who are clinically depressed tend to be more realistic about the world than people who are not depressed ○​ World can be chaotic, people who are not depressed can come up with things to protect themselves from these aspects  ​ People who are depressed struggle to do this ​ Depressed Brains — Are less active ○​ Areas that deal with emotions and emotional regulation tend to not have much activity Bipolar Disorders — Have depressive episodes but also experiences moments of mania ​ Only 2.8% experience this ​ Mania — Recognized with 7 behavioral patterns (Need to be present for a week) ○​ Distractibility — Hard to concentrated ○​ Impulsivity — Have less care for social norms ​ Reckless spending ○​ Gradiosnity — Have grand ideas about the capabilities of themselves and the world ○​ Flight of ideas — Jump around unrelated ideas ○​ Activity increase — Great at starting projects but not finish them ○​ Sleep Deficit — Lack of sleep, don’t sleep ○​ Talkativeness — Talk a lot ​ People feel great in the manic stage ○​ They tend to not seek help during the manic stage, and seek help during depressive stage ​ This results in the wrong diagnosis of major depressive disorders ​ If only treat depression, this sends them to hypermania (an extreme mania phase) ​ IE; Reckless spending, increase drug use ​ Bipolar I — Most severe mania and depression ○​ Cycles last longer (months) ​ Bipolar II — Less severe mania phase, but severe depression stage ○​ Lasts for shorter periods of time compared to bipolar I ​ Cyclothymia — Where they don’t meet the criteria for mania or major depression but still have symptoms of hypomania and minor depression ​ Creativity — Suspected that great historical artists and thinkers have had some form of bipolar disorder ○​ Although there is negative sentimology, there are ties with bipolar disorder and creative thinking ​ Heritability — Strong genetic component to bipolar disorders Anxiety ​ Involves ○​ Strong negative emotions ○​ Physical Apprehension (TRIGGERS FLIGHT OR FIGHT)  ​ If you experience fast heartbeat, dread without the situation being present ​ Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) — General feeling of dread ○​ You feel like something is going to go wrong in the future Phobias — Illogical fears (Type of anxiety disorder) ​ Acrophobia — Fear of heights ​ Claustrophobia — Fear of tight or confined spaces ​ Brontophobia — Fear of storms or lightning and thunder ​ Hydrophobia — Fear of water or drowning (Video) OCD — Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Considered Neuro-biological disorder and a type of anxiety disorder) ​ Often misunderstood ○​ Repetitive actions like excessive hand washing and checking things compulsively ​ People affected have little control over their obsessions and compulsions ○​ Prevents them from going along with their daily routines ​ Individuals with OCD understand the relationships with their obsession and compulsions well, but they cannot control this ○​ Recognizes this irregular action, but cannot control this (there is dread) ○​ Serotonin is associated with OCD ​ Medications, electric compulsive therapy, and surgery can be treatments ​ Similar to bipolar, it is a two part disorder ○​ What makes OCD special is the second part, the (behavior) compulsive aspect Anxiety ​ Body Dysmorphic Disorder — When a person has an unrealistic perception of their personal flaws ○​ Anxiety comes in when they worry about how others perceive those flaws ○​ Shouldn’t go through plastic surgery because they are unlikely to be happy with the results either ○​ Might not leave their house ​ PTSD — Traumatic experience required ○​ PTSD is common in soldiers and sexual assault today ○​ Symptoms ​ Increased vigilance — Always looking at what's around them for potential threat ​ Reexperiencing the previous event consciously and unconsciously ​ Excessive reconsolidation  ​ Focuses and the traumatic and forgets the less traumatic events ○​ Children often reenact the trauma when they are playing ○​ Hippocampus is smaller ​ Disordered Cognitions ○​ Misinterpreting harmless situations for something that is potentially harmful ○​ Overfocus on potential threat ​ Focusing on perceive threats ○​ Selective Recall — We are more likely to recall instances that support or anxiety than incidences that doesn’t support our anxiety ​ Origins ○​ Learning — If you learned to be anxious about something ​ Influenced by parents or people around them ○​ Anterior Cingulate Cortex — Part of the brain that monitors your behaviors and check for errors ​ Overly active in people with anxiety ○​ Genetic — You can see anxiety running in family ○​ GABA — Insufficiency in GABA can result in anxiety ​ This results in getting to the logical ends of the brain and GABA can’t inhibit the repetitive thought patterns that cause anxiety ​ 19% of population can be diagnosed with one of these anxiety disorders Schizophrenia ​ “Split-mind” ○​ It means a split from reality ○​ Don’t have an accurate perception of reality ​ 1% of the population have this order at any given time ​ Symptoms ○​ Hallucinations — Sense experiences that occur without external stimuli ​ Most of these are auditory hallucinations ○​ Delusions — Holding false beliefs or exaggerations that are not based on reality and can be contrary to reality ○​ Catatonia — Where individuals will be in a strange and seemingly y position and remain there for hours ​ Types — Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized and undifferentiated ○​ Acute vs Chronic types of Schizophrenia ​ Acute — Previously well adjusted people develop extreme symptomology of Schizophrenia very quickly ​ Fine one day and develop the next ​ Schizophrenia episodes tend to be shorter and easier to treat  ​ Stressful event CAN contribute to kicking off this genetic disposition ​ Chronic — Develops over time ​ Harder to treat and episodes tend to be persistent ​ Genetics — Schizophrenia has a very high genetic rate ○​ Having both parents with Schizophrenia it is about 45% ○​ Identical twins are 47% ○​ Normal people are at 1% ​ Dopamine — Schizophrenia is positively correlated with having too much dopamine Schizophrenia Video ​ Hard to concentrate when there are voices continuously talking to you ○​ Voices are sometimes whispering, aggressive, soft ○​ Often relates to things on what you’re doing, comments negatively ○​ You want to respond back December 3, 2024 Psychological Disorders Personality Disorders ​ Cluster — Disorders that shares similarities within the same category ​ Odd-Eccentric — Individual feels different from other people and have difficulty relating with others ○​ Schizoid — Lack of interest in relationships and very little emotional response ​ Little reaction + interaction with the outside world ​ Dramatic-Emotional/Erratic — Impulsivity and attention seeking behaviors ○​ Borderline — Individuals that have a hard time regulating their emotions and maintaining relationships, with an inconsistent self image ​ More diagnosed in women ○​ Antisocial — Individuals tend to not care about social norms and expectations, run hot with anger, and very reactive ​ Diagnosed more in men ​ Diagnosed more with women prisoners and male ​ Diagnosed more with police officers ​ Anxious-Fearful — High levels of anxiety and artificially restrict their behaviors to cope with this anxiety ○​ Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder ○​ OCPD — Rigid, doesn’t have cognitive obsessions and doesn’t think their thinking patterns are irrational Somatic Disorders — Focuses on bodily awareness and anxiety ​ Illness Anxiety Disorder — Individuals have preoccupation of illness and they are constantly checking for these symptoms ○​ IE; Checking a log of their temperature everyday and if they are off by 1 degree, they freak out ○​ Constant bodily monitoring ​ Factitious Disorder — You artificially create illness symptoms so you can play the role of a patient ○​ They like the attention and social response that comes from being sick ​ Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another — Rather than wanting to play the patient role, you want to play a nurse role ○​ You like the attention that comes when you are playing the caretaker of someone being sick ○​ (Gypsy rose case) ○​ Higher mortality rate, someone you poison them too much, they are closer to death than sick Dissociative Disorders — Are disorders that are associated with extreme issues with identity and memory ​ DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder) — (Multiple personalities) You have many identities in yourself and they come to the forefront at different times ○​ Controversial ​ Dissociative Amnesia — When someone forgets important details of an event ○​ Normally the event is somewhat threatening and traumatic ​ Dissociative Fugue — When someone forgets their identity, often travel to a new place with no memory about who they are and how they got there ○​ Retrograde amnesia has brain trauma but dissociative fugue usually doesn’t Suicide ​ Geographic Differences — Suicide rates differ ○​ Italy, England and Spain have a suicide rate that is halved compared to what we see in America, Canada and Australia ○​ Bellerose (Most prone in Europe) — 16 times higher rate than Georgia ​ Racial Differences ○​ White and Native Americans are twice as likely to die by suicide in comparsion to Black, Hispanic and Asian Americans ​ Gender Differences ○​ Women are more likely to attempt suicide ○​ Men are 4 times more likely to die by suicide  ​ Partially because men are more likely to use guns ​ Age Differences ○​ Highest rate of suicide is 85 or up ○​ Second highest rate is 75-84 and 25-34 ​ Other Group Differences ○​ Rates tend to be higher for people who are… ​ Rich ​ Nonreligious ​ Not married ​ LGBTQ youth without family support ​ Alcohol abuse disorder ​ Temporal Differences ○​ 25% of suicides occur on Wednesdays ○​ Highest in April and May ​ Exposure — Those who have someone in their social circle suicide are more likely to do so too ○​ IE; Research shows men who were exposed to a coworker that had died by suicide was 3.5 times more likely to die by suicide than unexposed men Treatments for Disorders Important Terms/People ​ Dorothea Dix — Activist, in 1850s went undercover to asylums and discovered poor treatment of people there ○​ Ended up publishing this and advocated for asylums and even got the Pope to interfere ​ Anna O & Josef Breuer — Anna was the first person to go through therapy ○​ Diagnosed with hysteria — “Wandering” uterus (Unmanaged fear) ​ Coined the phrase “talking cure” to describe the therapy process ○​ Josef was the first person to conduct therapy ​ Brodmann’s Area 25 — Located in prefrontal cortex and is overactive in depressed patients ○​ If you can overstimulate and reset this area, you tend to see improvement in depression ​ PsyD — Doctorate of psychology ○​ Focuses on counsel training ○​ PsyD vs PhD — PhD requires research ​ PsyD is controversial, if you have not researched these empirical based questions how can you understand it? Important Terms  ​ Incongruence — The difference between your self concept and reality ○​ Generally the more difference there is, the higher personal distress ○​ One of the goals in therapy is to decrease the incongruence ​ Ecological Momentary Assessments — Therapist may use a phone or apple watch to monitor a patients for real time data on their thoughts and behaviors ​ Insight Therapies — You can improve a person’s psychological function better if you can make them understand why they are feeling these things or doing these things ​ Active Listening — Therapist is actively echoing/seeking clarification on what the patient is telling them ○​ Allows the patient to know they are listening ○​ Makes sure that the therapist understand what they are say Cognitive Therapy ​ Socratic Method — Therapist poses questions to the patients and those questions are meant to highlight the lack of logical in what the patient is thinking ○​ Particularly helpful to combating depressogenic thinking ​ Depressogenic Thinking — Thought pattern that keeps people trapped in a depressive mindset ​ Cognitive Restructuring — Where the patient is going through the process of taking their irrational beliefs and replacing them with rational beliefs ​ Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) — A person’s cognition (thought) affects their behavior which affect their emotions which affects their thoughts ○​ If you change one for the positive than it will change the others for the positive too ​ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy — A therapist using this therapy will be very explicit with their disagreement of the patient’s thought processes ○​ Tends to be a more combative type of therapy ○​ Depends on the individual whether this is effective or not ​ Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy — Combines CBT with mindfulness technique ○​ Main Goal — Allows cognitive restructuring to occur through mindfulness techniques and creates change from a non judgmental place Other Therapy ​ Applied Behavioral Analysis — Focuses on changing negative behaviors with the idea that if you can change the negative behaviors you can change the negative thoughts ○​ Starts by making a list of negative behaviors you're doing, then creating a plan to change these behaviors ​ Flooding — (Specifically relevant to phobias) You take someone and put them in a space with a phobic trigger and don’t let them leave until they stop having a phobic reaction  ○​ Not as successful compared to Systematic Desensitization ​ Systematic Desensitization — Build up to an interaction with their phobic trigger ○​ Person builds a phobia hierarchy, they talk about why they are scared of the phobia, you work up and face the trigger ​ Social Skills Training — (Used with people who have Autism or severe social anxiety) ○​ Four Steps ​ 1) Modeling — You see someone with good social skills/interactions and you learn from watching their interactions ​ 2) Behavioral-Rehearsal — They practice the techniques/skills they saw in the modeling in a safe environment ​ IE; Rehearsing in therapist office ​ 3) Shaping — Practicing the technique starting small and moving onto more complex into the real world ​ 4) Engagement — You now feel comfortable in your social interactions ​ Unconditional Positive Regard — The idea that you as a therapist, accept your patient as a person of worth, regardless of the behavior they engaged in ○​ You don’t have to approve those behaviors, but that the behaviors do not make them what they ​ Stress Inoculation Training — Teaching people how to restructure their thinking during stressful times ○​ Simple techniques like talking back to the stressful internal monologue ○​ Complex techniques like reappraisal of the situation ​ Technological ○​ Virtual Reality — Helpful with individuals with phobias, allows them to interact with their phobia trigger in virtual reality before the real world ​ Safe space to practice this exposure before actual physical exposure ​ Also, creating an avatar for the patient to vent to ○​ Apps — Zoom and facetime are helpful for engaging with therapists ​ IE; Due to rural locations, you may not have many therapist options ​ Group — Facilitator that could be a therapist or group member and are largely there to facilitates the conversation and keep them on track ○​ Just as effective as individual therapy ○​ Don’t want facilitators to talk over others ○​ The biggest thing is that it can combat the idea that you are not alone in experiencing your disorder, that there is hope out there to change Common Denominators ​ Therapeutic Analysis — Therapist provides external objective insights into the patient’s thought and/or behavior  ○​ Important to unravel the messy thoughts that trap you in the thinking state of the disorder ​ Providing Emotional Support/Empathy — Therapist provides emotional support during this negative mindset ○​ Many disorders puts you in the mindset that you are alone and wrong and when you share this experience you will be isolated ​ Hope and Positive Expectation — Therapist provides a plan or guide where you as a patient wants to end up at the end of therapy ○​ Knowing an end goal can help you stay motivated and provides hope for this process ​ Rationale — Therapists helps you understand the origin and causes of your disorder ○​ Knowing the cause helps you make change ​ Opportunity for Expression — Some people never have the opportunity to express themselves outside of the therapy offices (due to many circumstances), without this expression it builds up to stress Barriers to Therapy ​ Lack of Insurance — Insurance may not cover health problems, therapy expenses are too high for lower income individuals to access ​ Cost Concerns — Lost of income from taking off work, traveling and childcare to go for therapy ​ Time Concerns — Therapist wants you to go fairly often for around a hour at a time for 1 or 2 times a week ○​ Living further or taking off work would cost time resources ​ Stigma — A lot of people don’t feel comfortable going to therapy or admitting they have a mental health problem ○​ This prevents them from seeking help ○​ Men/Elderly/Religious are less likely to seek therapy Medication ​ Psychiatry — MD who can prescribe medication unlike psychologists ○​ A problem is that people seek out doctors that are specialized in another field for psychiatry medicine ​ Length of Time — Some disorders need medications for a shorter period time while others take medication for the rest of their lives ​ Joint Treatment — Combining medication with therapy ○​ Some people cannot go to therapy before they relieve some of their depressed state, the medications help with this December 5, 2024 Treatment For Disorders Antidepressants ​ SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) — Serotonin agonist ○​ Makes serotonin more effective in the brain ○​ Most prescribed and newest ​ Tricyclic — Make serotonin and norepinephrine more effective ○​ Side effects; irritability, dry mouth ​ MAOI — Affects serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine ○​ Least prescribed ○​ Affecting more neurotransmitters = more side effects ○​ Side effects; dangerous interactions with grapefruit and allergy medication ○​ Serotonin Storm — When the brain has too much serotonin, you stay in a flight or fight response ​ Treatment Time — You need approximately 4 weeks for each antidepressant in order to see a therapeutic change ○​ Therapeutic change — A noticeable decrease in depressive symptoms ​ Shared Side Effect — Taking antidepressants makes you have a short term risk for being more vulnerable to suicide ○​ You get more energy to do things but not an uplift in mood Other Medications ​ Antipsychotics — Primarily diagnosed for schizophrenia ○​ Also sometimes diagnosed for Bipolar disorder shares similarity ○​ Positive Symptoms — (Change in thoughts and behavior) Hallucination, delusions ○​ Negative Symptoms — (Drawn away from the world) Catatonia ○​ Adherence — Trying to get them to keep taking the medications during the treatment time ○​ Time Delay — Takes about a week for pill types of antipsychotics to show effect ​ Liquid antipsychotics can work quicker, but have more side effects ○​ Tardive Dyskinesia — Uncontrollable muscle movement due to overcorrection of dopamine (Too much weakening of dopamine) ​ Stimulants — Primarily used for ADHD ○​ Calms an individual with ADHD but stimulates a non ADHD individual ​ Lithium — Only medication recognized as a mood stabilizer ○​ Used for treatment of Bipolar ○​ Fatal Side Effect; Build up in Kidney and causes Kidney failure ECT — Resets part of your brain with an electrical current sent to your brain to trigger a brief seizure ​ Some depressions don’t seem to improve with any medication ECT Video (Electroconvulsive Therapy) ​ Consent is needed with support from a close one ​ Given twice a week with 6 to 8 treatments ​ Cannot eat or drink anything 6 hours before the treatment ​ Anesthesia is needed ○​ 1 general anesthetic ○​ Suxamethonium — Muscle relaxant ​ Side effects; dizziness, headaches, and nausea ​ Apply two electrodes to the patients scalp ○​ Around 45 seconds of seizure ​ Only should be used as a short term treatment to treat severe depressive illness, severe manic episodes and catatonia ​ Treatment stops after the patient shows improvement ​ Highlights — ○​ ECT is not effective on the first round ​ Tend to need 6 to 8 session to be effective ​ With outpatient (not in the office overnight) ○​ Major side effect is memory loss ​ Uncommon but you can see both anterograde and retrograde amnesia ​ Usually fades away as you continue your treatment, but sometimes it can become permanent