Psychology Concepts Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of therapy concerning incongruence?

Highlight the patient's irrational beliefs.

Decrease the incongruence between self-concept and reality. (correct)

Encourage the patient to accept their irrational thoughts.

Increase the incongruence experienced by the patient.

Which therapy method primarily focuses on addressing the lack of logic in a patient's thinking?

Cognitive Restructuring

Unconditional Positive Regard

Active Listening

Socratic Method (correct)

What technique does Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy utilize to support cognitive restructuring?

Mindfulness techniques (correct)

Technological interventions

Behavioral-Rehearsal

Active Listening

Which of the following barriers to therapy is attributed to the stigma surrounding mental health?

Reluctance to seek help due to social beliefs Signup and view all the answers

In Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT), which aspect affects another in a cyclical manner?

Thoughts affect emotions, which affect behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Unconditional Positive Regard in therapy?

To accept the patient as a person of worth regardless of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Applied Behavioral Analysis approach?

Changing negative behaviors to influence thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of antidepressants during the initial treatment period?

Increased vulnerability to suicide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

To reset parts of the brain with an electrical current. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is recognized specifically as a mood stabilizer?

Lithium Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy focuses on gradual exposure to phobic triggers?

Systematic Desensitization Signup and view all the answers

What common effect can result from the use of MAOIs?

Dangerous interactions with certain foods and medications. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Time Delay significant in the context of antipsychotics?

They take time to show effects necessitating patience and adherence. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a trait from a state in personality psychology?

Traits are long-lasting, whereas states are temporary. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Freud's concept of the superego?

The moral compass that adheres to social standards. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Big Five personality trait of neuroticism?

It indicates a tendency toward anxiety and mood swings. Signup and view all the answers

In Jung's Analytic Theory, what is the collective unconscious?

Shared ancestral memories across all humans. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'comorbidity' refer to in psychology?

The concurrent presence of two or more psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Which of Freud's defense mechanisms involves attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to another person?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder?

A persistently depressed mood lasting at least two weeks. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'helplessness theory' describe in the context of depression?

The perception of oneself as incapable of changing their situation. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality assessment is known for its use of ambiguous stimuli?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'latency stage' in Freud's psychosexual development?

A phase of repressing sexual feelings and forming same-sex friendships. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Big Five personality traits is associated with the willingness to try new experiences?

Openness Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a characteristic of a person in a manic episode?

Heightened sense of grandiosity and self-importance. Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud mean by 'regression' as a defense mechanism?

Retreating to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development. Signup and view all the answers

What does the DSM-5 enable professionals to do?

Diagnose psychological disorders based on observed behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Important Terms

State: Temporary states of being.
Trait: Long-lasting, consistent part of personality.
Free Association: Starting with a concept or word, saying everything that comes to mind.
Self-concept: A person's perception of themselves.
Individualism: Trusting in oneself.
Person-Situation Controversy: Discusses whether personality or situations are more impactful in determining a person's behavior.

Narcissism

Pseudo Psychology (not supported): Physiognomy (physical characteristics influencing personality), and Phrenology (bumps/dents in the head).
Four Humors: Personality determined by the balance of four bodily fluids (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm). Too much of any fluid is associated with certain personality traits (e.g., too much blood: happy).

Freud's Ideas

Unconscious: Parts of the mind not consciously accessible. Most personality is driven by the unconscious.
Preconscious: Thoughts not currently in awareness but accessible.
Conscious: Currently available thoughts and active in the mind.
Id: Part of the mind seeking to fulfill desires.
Ego: Part of the mind that interacts with the outside world and is influenced by the Id.
Superego: Concerned with morality and societal expectations.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Oral Stage (0-18 months): Erogenous zone is the mouth. Focuses on eating and sucking.
Anal Stage (18-36 months): Erogenous zone is the anus. Focuses on potty training.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Erogenous zone is the genitals. Recognition of gender differences.
Latency Stage (6-puberty): No erogenous zone. Repression of sexual feelings.
Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Erogenous zone is genitals. Focused on sexual feelings and relationships.

Freud's Defense Mechanisms

Regression: Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage to avoid problems.
Denial: Refusal to acknowledge reality.
Projection: Attributing one's own feelings to another person.
Displacement: Taking feelings out on a less threatening target.
Reaction Formation: Expressing the opposite of what one feels.
Rationalization: Creating excuses to justify behavior.

Freud's Ideas (Continued)

Development: Infants develop certain capabilities at different stages.
Dreams: Dreams are gateways to the unconscious.
Defense Mechanisms: The ego's methods to protect itself from the unconscious and reality.
Repression: Burying uncomfortable thoughts in the unconscious.

Big Five (Modern Theories)

Openness: Willingness to try new things.
Conscientiousness: Following rules and being organized.
Extraversion: Comfort level with social interactions.
Agreeableness: How easily one gets along with others.
Neuroticism: Level of worry and anxiety.

Other Theories

Rogers' Person-Centered Theory: Humans have the capacity for good. Acceptance and empathy are essential for positive growth.

Eysenck's Dimensional Theory

Neuroticism: Emotional stability (low) or instability (high).
Extraversion: Introversion (low) or extraversion (high).

Assessment

Projective Tests: Given ambiguous stimuli, asked to explain it.
Inkblot tests / Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Interpreting ambiguous images.
Personality Inventories: Long questionnaires to measure traits and conditions.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): A widely used personality inventory to identify personality disorders.

Psychological Disorders

Comorbidity: Two or more disorders occurring at the same time.
Lifetime Prevalence Rate: Probability of a disorder occurring at any point in one's life.
Etiology: Cause of a disorder.

Abnormal Behavior

Deviance: Unusual behavior compared to norms.
Maladaptiveness: Behavior disrupting daily life.
Personal Distress: Level of emotional strain.

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)

Diagnostic Criteria: Manual listing symptoms for each disorder, and diagnostic standards.
Evolution of Diagnostic Methods: The DSM goes through revisions as understanding of disorders improves.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Examples: Intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, and learning disorders.
Causation: Multiple factors (genetic, environmental) can contribute to these disorders.

Depressive Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder: Persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in activities.
Seasonal Affective Disorder: Related to changes in seasons.
Persistent Depressive Disorder: Chronic, low-grade depression.

Anxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Persistent and excessive worry.
Phobias: Intense fears of specific objects or situations.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Obsessions and compulsions.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Response to trauma.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Unrealistic perception of flaws.

Schizophrenia

Symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thoughts and behavior.
Types: Paranoid, disorganized, and undifferentiated, catatonic.

Bipolar Disorders

Mania: Period with elevated mood, high energy, and impulsiveness.
Depressive Episodes: Periods with depressed mood and loss of interest.
Bipolar I: Marked by severe manic and depressive episodes.
Bipolar II: Marked by hypomania and depressive episodes.
Causes: Genetic and environmental factors.

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Multiple personality disorder.
Dissociative Amnesia: Memory loss (often after a traumatic event).
Dissociative Fugue: Memory loss and identity change with a period of travel.
Causes: Trauma is a primary factor.

Suicide

Geographic Differences: Differences in suicide rates across locations.
Racial Differences: Differences in suicide rates across different racial groups. Gender Differences Men and women face different risks

Treatments for Disorders

Importance of Rationale: Understanding why people have a disorder is key for effective treatment.
Barriers to Therapy: Cost concerns, time constraints, and personal beliefs.
Medication: Medications play a role in some conditions
ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy): Treatment used for severe cases of depression.

Specific therapies (techniques)

Systematic Desensitization: Gradual exposure to fears.
Social Skills Training: Training for improving social skills.
Therapeutic Analysis: providing objective insight into a patient's behaviours.

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Description

Explore essential psychological terms and theories in this quiz, focusing on concepts such as state, trait, and Freud's ideas. Understand the foundations of personality, including highlights of narcissism and individualism. Test your knowledge of key psychological principles and their implications.