Clinical Psychology Notes: Intelligence & Personality PDF

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY NOTES (Intelligence and EVOLUTION OF PERSONALITY Personality) The Evolution of Personality Assessment: A Narrative Jourmey ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE...

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY NOTES (Intelligence and EVOLUTION OF PERSONALITY Personality) The Evolution of Personality Assessment: A Narrative Jourmey ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 1Personality assessment has undergone a fascinating evolution, shaped by the ever-changing landscape of psychology. It all History and Evolution of Intelligence Testing began in 1890, when James McKeen Cattell introduced the term "mental test" to describe assessments focused on basic abilities such As Clinical Psychology emerged, an important question arose as reaction time and perception, However, as the field progressed, the “What is Intelligence?” Comes from the Latin word “intellegere” term expanded to include intelligence tests and eventually, measures which means “to understand” of personality itself. Edward Lee Thorndike Early Developments in Personality Testing Founded of the concept of “connectionism” If the reaction of the stimulus is weak, there is no learning, 1921- Hermann Rorschach's Inkblot Test but if it is strong, there is learning. Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach introduced his Connectionism is the basis for BF Skinner’s Reinforcement Inkblot Test, based on the projective hypothesis the idea that Theory. individuals "project" their unconscious thoughts onto ambiguous Used cats for his studies. stimuli. Believed intelligence was not a single entity but a collection By analyzing how people interpreted inkblots, psychologists believed of independent abilities, where a person might exist in one they could gain insight into their personalities. area but struggle in others. Charles Spearman 1935 - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Created the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, which Developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray is a statistical measure used for ranking and hierarchy, and Unlike the Rorschach, the TAT used ambiguous human scenes rather Spearman’s Rho which measures the strength of the than inkblots. Clients were asked to create stories about the images, association between two monotonic variables. revealing emotions, motivations, and interpersonal themes. Believed in “General Intelligence” or the “factor G” that underpins all the cognitive abilities. Other Projective Tests Someone who performs in one area is likely to excel in most fields. The House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) Test is a projective personality assessment designed to reveal underlying emotions, thoughts, and The first major breakthrough for intelligence testing in 1905, when the personality traits through drawing. Developed by John Buck in 1948, French Government conducted major testing across children to this test is widely used in clinical, educational, and forensic settings to observe which needs special educational support lead by Alfred Binet gain insights into an individual's psychological functioning. and Theodore Simon Rotter's Incomplete Sentence Blank - Evaluates personality through Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon created the “Binet-Simon Scale” sentence completion exercises Measured a child’s ability compared to peers, also called “norming” Rise of Objective Personality Tests Revolutionized two concepts such as “Mental Age” and “Intelligence Quotient” Concerns about projective test reliability and validity led to the Mental Age/Chronological Age * 100 = Intelligence development of objective personality assessments, which were Quotient” structured, standardized, and easier to score. In 1937, Lewis Terman, a student of Alfred Binet, revised the test, naming it Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale to honor his Alma Mater, 1943 - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Stanford University Created by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley. Used true/false A weakness of Stanford-Binet IS is that it didn’t have a test statements for standardized scoring. for adults, as it only measured the intelligence of children Key Features: Provided insights into clinical conditions. David Wechsler developed the Wechsler-Believue Intelligence Included validity scales to detect inconsistent or deceptive Scale which was designed for adult populations, which introduced responses another innovation rather than providing a single IQ score Divided intelligence into different categories including Quickly became a cornerstone of psychological assessment. verbal and performance abilities His approach was so successful it lead to developed into 1989 - MMPI-2 (Updated Version) several different versions Included more representative norms, ensuring diversity in WAIS, (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) developed in the standardization sample. 1955, updated in 2008 (WAIS-IV) Revised outdated or confusing test items. WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) developed in 1949, updated in 2014 (WAIS-V) 1992 - MMPI-A (Adolescent Version) WPPS (Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale) developed in Specifically designed for assessing personality in teenagers. 1967, updated in 2012 (WPPS-IV) wechsler preschool & primary scale of intellegence FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT SCORES IN IQ TESTING Difference in educational system Language Barrier Cultural Aspects, mainly because of resources SHIFT TOWARD NON-CLINICAL PERSONALITY Psychodynamic Therapy MEASURES Psychoanalysis is a more intensive form of therapy, while psychodynamic therapy is a broader, more flexible approach. Both are NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) based on the work of Sigmund Freud and are talk therapies that Developed by Costa and McCrae to measure the Five-Factor Model explore the unconscious mind. of Personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Behaviorism/Behavioristic Approach (Edward Lee Thorndike, Ivan Neuroticism. Pavlov, BF Skinner, & Albert Bandura) Established in the 1950s-1960s Unlike the MMPI, the NEO-PI was not focused on diagnosis but on Behavioral Therapy understanding general personality traits across all individuals. Emphasized on the empirical & observable changes in behavior Specialized Personality Measures This movement was a response to the lack of perceived Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) - Assesses levels of scientific rigor of Psychodynamic Approach depression. Exposure therapy Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) - Measures anxiety Ivan Pavlov’s therapeutic method was called systematic symptoms. desensitization, where you are conditioned to a stimulus repeatedly but was criticize as it can exacerbate, and worsen MODERN APPLICATIONS AND ETHICAL trauma CONSIDERATIONS Social Learning (Bandura) – based on observational learning, and imitating a model Personality assessments are now used in: Lead the way to cognitive approach as Bandura’s approach Clinical psychology-Diagnosing mental health conditions had the concept of intrinsic motivation which differed from Job screenings-Evaluating candidates for employment the ideas of behaviorism. Forensic settings-Used in child custody evaluations and Reciprocal determinism – a person acts upon the world as criminal assessments. the world acts upon them Ethical concerns Humanistic Approach (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow) Questions about accuracy, fairness, and cultural bias remain Based on personal growth, self-actualization & therapeutic central to the discussion on personality assessment. relationship The field continues to evolve, balancing scientific rigor with In the 1960s, Carl Rogers, client-centered (therapy) and practical applications. person-centered (approach) Followed by existential theory, which was the result of By tracing the journey of personality assessment-from projective Holocaust survivors such as Viktor Frankl, whom created methods to objective testing-we see a dynamic evolution shaped by the logotherapy quest for greater reliability, validity, and ethical integrity in Although existential therapy was criticized for it was based psychological evaluation on philosophy rather than the scientific approach PSYCHOTHERAPY IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & ITS Multi-culturalism/Multi-culturalist Approach HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The current latest therapeutic approach Transpersonal In the early 20th century was the beginning of Clinical Psychology. Family systems Psychologists did not practice Psychology but merely studied it. o role of family dysfunction and relationships Psychotherapy had a minimal role o different from Adler’s individual psychology Before 1940s, clinical psychologists worked in academia o Viewed mental illness as dysfunctional family Psychological testing was the primary function and not dynamics treatment. Feminist therapy (Carol Gilligan) Physicians were mostly responsible for treatment strategies, o Can be applied to men as well and not psychologists. Multi-cultural (role of culture in terms of psychopathology In these stages, psychology was used as a means to and problems in daily life) determine who was “insane” Narrative therapy is the most popular form of multi- World War II became the catalyst for the growth of psychotherapy, due cultural therapy to the amount of military men experiencing shellshock, returning veterans & victims of war. MODERN DAY THERAPEUTIC APPROACH The psychological effects of war on soldiers created a demand for mental health treatment, this demand help Cognitive Therapy establish psychotherapy a central role in clinical Focused on logical thinking & restructuring cognitive psychology. distortions This was the time the disorder “Post-traumatic Stress It has evolved into CBT rather than Cognitive function alone Disorder” or PTSD was conceptualized Eclectic & Integrative Therapy A combination of various therapy approaches Mid-20th Century and the rise of Therapeutic Approaches Dialectical employs a method called devil’s advocate which challenges the ideas of a client FORCES Psychodynamic Approach (Neo-Freudians, such as Alfred Adler, Erik Eriksson, & Carl Jung) Was a dominant approach in the early years Rooted in Sigmund Freud’s theories focused on the role of the unconscious.