PSYC1001 2024 Lecture Notes PDF

Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY LECTURER: CAROLINE FIELDEN...

Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY LECTURER: CAROLINE FIELDEN Email: [email protected] Page 01  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary LECTURE SERIES OVERVIEW o Lecture 1: Introduction to personality o Lecture 2: Psychoanalytic & psychodynamic approaches o Lecture 3: Humanistic & existential approaches o Lecture 4: Cognitive & behavioural approaches o Lecture 5: Psychobiological & lexical approaches o Lecture 6: Personality assessment Page 02  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary LEARNING OVERVIEW o What is the study of personality o Why study personality o Defining personality o The scientific definition of personality o Nomothetic vs idiographic approaches o Personality theory Page 02  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHY STUDY PERSONALITY? The field of personality helps us understand unique characteristics and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. o Gain insights into the different traits and characteristics that make individuals who they are. o Understand how personality influences behaviour, decision-making, and relationships. o The desire to understand and overcome problems. o Apply knowledge in various fields, such as organizational psychology, clinical psychology, and educational settings. o The desire to be able to predict behaviour Page 03 Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS PERSONALITY? The problem of definition o Personality psychology concerns properties (e.g. ‘extraverted’, ‘neurotic’). o Properties difficult to define While we recognize properties easily, their constitution is unclear o What is it that we’re talking about, when we talk about personality? While we recognize personality, its’ constitution is unclear Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS PERSONALITY? “[Personality is] that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” - Raymond Cattell 01 02 03 04 05 Historical The “what”, “why”, “how” Individual Differences What people ‘typically’ do Enduring Characteristics Historical approach to the Of human motivation, thought, The scientific study of Differences in personality relate Only characteristics that have psychological scientific study of attitudes, and behaviour personality has its focus on to what people typically do. some degree of stability and understanding human nature individual differences and consistency – characteristics attempts to understand that that can be thought of as lasting person ‘as deeply, completely, dispositions of a person – are and precisely as possible” considered to be aspects of (Shoba & Mischel, 2012) personality. Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Hippocrates (6thC BC) & Galen (2ndC AD) Personality = Humors Gall (18th C) Personality = the size and shape of the brain as revealed in ‘lumps & bumps’ - phrenology Kant (18th C ) Personality = special laws “freedom and independence from the mechanism of the whole of nature, regarded nevertheless as also a capacity of a being subject to special laws—namely pure practical laws given by his own reason.” (CPrR 5:86-87) Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS PERSONALITY? “[Personality is] that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” - Raymond Cattell 01 02 03 04 05 “The Soul” The “what”, “why”, “how” Individual Differences What people ‘typically’ do Enduring Characteristics Historical approach to the Of human motivation, thought, The scientific study of Differences in personality relate Only characteristics that have psychological scientific study of attitudes, and behaviour personality has its focus on to what people typically do. some degree of stability and understanding human nature - individual differences and consistency – characteristics the “psyche” attempts to understand that that can be thought of as lasting person ‘as deeply, completely, dispositions of a person – are and precisely as possible” considered to be aspects of (Shoba & Mischel, 2012) personality. Page 04 Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS PERSONALITY? William James (1842-1910) Material self - Me Social - Me Ego – The Self Properly speaking, a man "the personal self rather …bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that has as many social selves than the thought [or as there are individuals consciousness] our… feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion. … We feel sorry who recognize him & might be treated as the carry an image of him in immediate datum in because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble’ their mind. psychology" (p. 221) Psychoanalytic Biological Behavioral Transcendent Empirical Existentialist Heuristic realism Cognitive behaviorism Page 04 Humanist Complex systems Social cognitivist  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS PERSONALITY? “[Personality is] that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” - Raymond Cattell 01 Psychological in nature 02 Fall outside the intellectual domain 03 Enduring dispositions rather than transient states 04 Form relatively broad or generalised patterns Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY? “[Personality is] that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” - Raymond Cattell 01 02 03 04 05 “The Soul” The “what”, “why”, “how” Individual Differences What people ‘typically’ do Enduring Characteristics Historical approach to the Of human motivation, thought, The scientific study of Differences in personality relate Only characteristics that have psychological scientific study of attitudes, and behaviour personality has its focus on to what people typically do. some degree of stability and understanding human nature - individual differences and consistency – characteristics the “psyche” attempts to understand that that can be thought of as lasting person ‘as deeply, completely, dispositions of a person – are and precisely as possible” considered to be aspects of (Shoba & Mischel, 2012) personality. Page 04 Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary Individual Differences Physical Psychological Intellectual e.g., skills, Non-intellectual abilities Transient e.g., moods, Enduring emotions Specific e.g., habits, Broad attitudes, personality beliefs Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY? “[Personality is] that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” - Raymond Cattell 01 02 03 04 05 “The Soul” The “what”, “why”, “how” Individual Differences What people ‘typically’ do Enduring Characteristics Historical approach to the Of human motivation, thought, The scientific study of Differences in personality relate Only characteristics that have psychological scientific study of attitudes, and behaviour personality has its focus on to what people typically do. some degree of stability and understanding human nature - individual differences and consistency – characteristics the “psyche” attempts to understand that that can be thought of as lasting person ‘as deeply, completely, dispositions of a person – are and precisely as possible” considered to be aspects of (Shoba & Mischel, 2012) personality. Page 04 Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary Individual Differences Physical Psychological Intellectual e.g., skills, Non-intellectual abilities Transient e.g., moods, Enduring emotions Specific e.g., habits, Broad attitudes, personality beliefs Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary WHAT IS THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY? “[Personality is] that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” - Raymond Cattell 01 02 03 04 05 “The Soul” The “what”, “why”, “how” Individual Differences What people ‘typically’ do Enduring Characteristics Historical approach to the Of human motivation, thought, The scientific study of Differences in personality relate Only characteristics that have psychological scientific study of attitudes, and behaviour personality has its focus on to what people typically do. some degree of stability and understanding human nature - individual differences and consistency – characteristics the “psyche” attempts to understand that that can be thought of as lasting person ‘as deeply, completely, dispositions of a person – and precisely as possible” aspects of personality. (Shoba & Mischel, 2012) Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY THEORY Scientific approaches to identifying enduring characteristics Biological methodologies Environmental methodologies An approach to the study of personality An approach to the study of personality that emphasizes the contribution of that emphasizes the contribution of environmental forces and biological structures and processes Page 04 Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY THEORY o Is personality biological? Is personality ‘within-person’ o Evidence could include: Neural networks Gut biomes Genes o Do differences in behaviour & experience = differences in biological structures and processes? Page 04 Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY THEORY o Is personality environmental? Is personality ‘between-people’ Forms of evidence might include: ― Family ― Cultural norms/mores ― Nationality o Do differences in behaviour & experience = differences in environmental/social structures and processes? Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY THEORY o Do people’s personalities differ because of RESEARCH QUESTIONS person x situation interactions? Which biological, social and/or processes of Opportunities (nutritional, interaction MIGHT matter? (observation-based theory) educational, etc.) Which biological, social and/or processes of Learning interaction DO matter? Epigenetics (empirical testing of theory) What kinds of rules might personality systems o Personality as process follow? Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY THEORY Scientific approaches to identifying enduring characteristics Nomothetic methodologies Idiographic methodologies. Approaches to the study of personality Approaches to the study of personality that emphasize the development of that emphasize intensive analysis of the generalizations and laws of behaviour. individual’s uniqueness. Page 04  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY RESEARCH Nomothetic = a system that follows lawful relations. o Nomothetic systems include: Hearts Lungs Immune systems o All follow the same rules across all people BUT o Vary in some way: Strength of function Sensitivity of function Page 04 Reyes, Denise L, Dinh, Julie & Salas, Eduardo. (2021). Can gender-disposed personality traits explain who initiates negotiations? Group Decision and Negotiation, 30(5) 1057-1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-021-09747-w  Learning Overview Why? What? Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY RESEARCH Idiographic systems = systems unique to the individual. o Idiographic approaches evaluate individuals on multiple measures: o Idiographic systems are person specific ◦ Interview o Different people follow different rules in different situations ◦ Observations ◦ Focus groups ◦ ALSO, biological & behavioral Lerner, Richard M & Lerner, Jacqueline V. (2019). The development of a person: A relational-developmental Page systems perspective. 04 McAdams, Dan P [Ed], Shiner, Rebecca L [Ed], Tackett, Jennifer L [Ed]. Handbook of Mischel, W. & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and personality development. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press, US; pp. 59-75. pp. xvi 623. invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246–268.  Learning Overview Why? What? Definitions Personality Theory Summary PERSONALITY THEORY Personality IS a science Not implicit personality theories Not (just) common sense Scientia: Astrology Knowledge, expertness, Personality structures experience The most stable (?) and enduring aspects of personality Personality processes Dynamic motivational concepts (conscious or unconscious) e.g. efforts to reduce tension or efforts to achieve growth and self-fulfilment Personality expressions Aggression-hostility, criminality Optimism/pessimism, anxiety Physical appearance Mental health/disorder Personality determinants Environmental determinants : family, education, culture, nature, etc. Biological determinants: brain functions, nervous system, hormones, age, etc. Genetic Page 04 determinants: heritability, genes, evolution, etc.