PSYA02 Lec Notes PDF - Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology

PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Main Email: [email protected] Overview Office hours (must be scheduled) ​ Start with Chapter 11 https://calendly.com/kdanielson ​ Infinite child adolescent...

PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Main Email: [email protected] Overview Office hours (must be scheduled) ​ Start with Chapter 11 https://calendly.com/kdanielson ​ Infinite child adolescent and adult ​ Covers Chapters 7, and 10-16 only development ​ Textbook: Mind Tap ​ Intelligence and language ​ SONA: 4hr conducted research ​ Personality ​ Square Cap ​ Social psychology ​ Studiosity (peer scholar) ​ Psychological disorders and treatment ​ Midterm: Chapters 7, 10, 11, and 12 ​ Health psychology ​ Final: Chapters 13-16 Textbook pdf https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/a7jjh6fwxf06y8f1o99ea/AN05mleRKQth639c0PLyuvk?dl=0&e=1 &preview=PSYA02+-+Top+Hat.pdf&rlkey=s8xyxk4v94fcaolh1pidko97m&st=sa1nf21v LEC 2: Friday, 10 January Chapter 11: Human Development ​ The study of human development is the examination of continuity and change across the lifespan ​ We will explore this continuity and change on a variety of topics: ○​ Sensation and perception ○​ Cognition and language ○​ Emotion ○​ Social and moral behaviour ​ 4 main periods of human development: ○​ Prenatal period and infancy occupation ○​ Cognition and language ○​ Emotion Early experience in infancy: crucial to normal development ​ The earliest experiences of the human organism are  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology ○​ In utero experience prior to being born ○​ 5 senses ​ The human experience begins w conception: ○​ prenatal development: the period of time prior to birth Prenatal Development ​ Much experience and learning occur during the fetal period (Chapter 4) ○​ Neurogenesis ○​ Myelination ○​ Synaptogenesis ○​ Synaptic pruning Developmental processes in brain development ​ Fetuses experience stimuli in utero ○​ Tastes and smells ○​ Sounds tactile sensation ​ Fetal experience and sensation ○​ Heartbeat changes in reaction to external voices being played ○​ Fetal heartbeat is different in reaction to music than to human speech ○​ Newborns recognize a mothers language and voice ​ Fetal audition (hearing) ○​ The presence of teratogens are one of the most widespread causes of fetal abnormalities. Teratogens: external agents that cause damage or death during prenatal development ​ Most affect fetuses during a series of critical and sensitive periods  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Newborns ane beyond Neonatal period: period after birth (newborn) ​ S\the avg neonate (newborn) pends the majority of the day sleeping (around 5 hours, ⅔ of the day) ○​ Why?: physical growth, lots of connections forming in the brain, lots of use of energy ○​ Neonatal sleep: ○​ Adults sleep 8hr avg ○​ Older adults need less sleep ○​ Learn how to read the chart ​ Active awake: when the child is awake, moving around ​ Alert awake: eyes are alert and observing ​ Quiet sleep: non-rem sleep, Active sleep: rem sleep  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Perceptual Development: begins in utero ​ Perceptual experiences beginning after birth are much richer ​ Sensation = sensory organs’ detection of physical signals in the environment ​ Perception: organization and interpretation of the sensory information into coherent understanding of objects, individuals, events Preferential looking: powerful method to understand infant perception ​ Infants choose to spend more of their time looking at objects and events that are interesting/stimulating ​ Visual acuity: stripes are more interested in the stripes to the right bc they r more visually stimulating. ​ Called discriminating ​ In their first month of life, infants’ visual acuity increases from approx. 20/400 to approx 20/120 ○​ This acuity is equivalent to being able to decipher only the top line of a visual acuity test plate ​ Adult-like acuity by 6 months ​ Colour perception and depth perception develop in the first 6 months, too Motor development in infancy ​ Newborns motor skills consist predominantly of reflexes ○​ Grasping, rooting (moving head), sucking, swallowing, tonic neck reflex ○​ Some last for the entire lifespan: coughing, sneezing, blinking, withdrawal of pain QnA: The end of the geminal phase of prenatal development and the beginning of the embryonic phase is implantation in the uterine wall -​ A 10mo baby rem sleep is approx 4hr  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology LEC 3: Wednesday, 15 January Human Development 2 ​ Major Patterns in motor development ​ Piaget theory of cognitive development and its 1st two stages ​ Examples of false belief tasks Motor development in infancy ​ After reflexes, the development of sophisticated motor behaviours follows 2 rules ○​ Cephalocadual rule: ‘top-to-bottom’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet ○​ Proximodistal rule: ‘inside-to-outside’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery Motor Development (IN NA) ​ Different cultures enable differences in a baby’s development of motor skills: some are more guided and protective, while other let babies develop these skills on their own ​ Chart specifically refers to North American samples ​ Visual development ​ Cognitive Development: the meregnece of the ability to think and understand ○​ Jean piaget: swiss psychologist who pioneered the understanding of children’s cognitive development by dividing it up into stages ​ Sensormoritor stage ( 0-2 years) ​ Pre-operational stage ​ ​. ○​ Piaget believed that children move from one stage to the next as they gain knowledge ab the world 1.​ Children acquire knowledge 2.​ They organize this knowledge into a schema 3.​ They acquire new knowledge 4.​ They add this new knowledge to their existing schema (assimilation) 5.​ Children acquire new knowledge that doesn’t fit within their existing schema  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology 6.​ Children modify their schema to fit this new knowledge (accommodation) LEC 4: Friday, 17 January ​ 2 of Piaget’s stages occur during infancy and early childhood ○​ Sensorimotor stage: (0-2 years) infants rely predominantly on their movement and senses to learn about the world ○​ Preoperational stage: (2-6 years). children move from egocentrism to sociocentrism ​ Children develop a theory of mind- the understanding that human behaviour is guided by mental representations and that these mental representations differ across individuals. How do we measure theory of mind?: theory of mind tasks ​ One way is via false belief tasks ​ “Change of location task: ○​ Akan”sallly-anne task” ○​ Failed by most 3 year olds ​ Unexpected contents task: ○​ Failed by most 3 and 4 year olds  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology Social Development ​ Piaget describes the transition from egocentrism to sociocentrism…. And infants are more egocentric than older children ​ But the sociocentrism of humans is one of our most defining features, even from birth ​ Human children form bonds w their caregivers like other animals ○​ This emotional bond is called attachment ○​ Its an essential part of healthy human development ○​ Animas shown to not thrive socially without attachment Individual differences in attachment ​ All infants require an attachment figure for normal development ​ But there are major individual differences in how infants are attached to their caregivers ​ How are these differences measured? ○​ The extent to which an infant uses their caregiver as a secure base ○​ How the infant reacts to reunions with their caregiver after short separations ​ Mary Ainsworth developed the strange situation procedure to operationalize and measure these variables ○​ She proposed that infants can be securely or insecurely attached to their caregivers ○​ An infant attachment style predicts many outcomes in adulthood ​ Academic achievement ​ emotional health ​ Relationship quality ​ Self-esteem Identity in early childhood ​ Young children describe themselves ○​ Almost always positively ○​ Physical terms Decline of positivity: ​ Postitvty bias declines quickly at school age  PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology ​ Why? Social comparison beings, cognitive skills increase, perspective taking increases, schools begin objective evaluations Self-esteem consistency: meal level change ​ Young children have high self-esteem ​ Adolescents have relatively lower self-esteem: especially true for women ​ Gender gap may be related to societal expectations ​ However, compared to other ppl, an individuals self-esteem is relatively consistent across the lifespan ​ Rank-order stability ○​ Children with lower self-esteem tend to have lower as adults as well ​ Much variability in self esteem is due to heredity ○​ Identical twins self-esteem correlates to a greater degree to non-twin siblings ○​ Physical appearance ○​ Physical abilities PSYA02: Introduction to Clinical, Developmental, Social, and Personality Psychology LEC 5: Wednesday, 22 January LEC 6: Friday, 24 January LEC 7:Wednesday, 29 January LEC 8: Friday, LEC 9: Wednesday,