PSYC 322 Notes PDF

PSYC 322 NOTES CH.3: The new Genetics: heredity and environment ➔​ Cells: ◆​ Every newborn has 26 billion cells ◆​ Almost every cell carries complete copy of genetic instructions of one-celled zygote ◆​ Zygote: single cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum...

PSYC 322 NOTES CH.3: The new Genetics: heredity and environment ➔​ Cells: ◆​ Every newborn has 26 billion cells ◆​ Almost every cell carries complete copy of genetic instructions of one-celled zygote ◆​ Zygote: single cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum ◆​ Stem cells: cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form (joker card) ​ Once differentiation occurs, no longer stem cells ​ Promising research involving the use of stem cells to treat disease ➔​ Understanding twins and studying ◆​ Regular siblings ​ Share 50% of the same genes ​ Different pregnancy/environment ◆​ Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins ​ Share 50% same genes ​ Share same environment ◆​ Identical (Monozygotic) Twins ​ 100% same genes ​ Same environment ◆​ Compare MZ and DZ twins ◆​ Control for environment while examining genetic contributions ​ Both MZ and DZ twins share same environment ​ Different amounts of shared genetics ◆​ Beyond the genes ​ Epigenetics: Environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression ​ Environment can enhance, halt, shape or alter the expression of games ​ Determines whether genes are expressed or silenced ​ Epigenetic factors affect monozygotic twins within hours of conception ◆​ Genotype VS Phenotype ​ Genotype: Complete set of genes in an individual ​ Phenotype: observed characteristics of an individual ​ Polygenic: A trait that influenced by many genes ​ Multifactorial: A trait that affected bu genetic and environmental factors ○​ Diabetes, cancer, mental illness, personality ➔​ Genetic counseling ​ Counselor to tell people what genetic diseases they might pass on to their children prior to getting pregnant ➔​ Parental testing  ​ After the child has been conceived, they test to see what diseases the baby could have CH.4&5 Prenatal Development and Birth, the First Two Years ➔​ Germinal Period ◆​ First 14 days ◆​ Begins at conception ​ Gametes (sperm and ovum (egg) ) ◆​ Zygote: Fertilized egg ​ Goes through the fallopian tube to the uterus ◆​ Blastocyst: Zygote called this once cells start to separate in uterus ​ Outer group: Plaventa ​ Inner Group: Embryo ◆​ Ends when the developing organism attaches to wall of uterus ➔​ Embryonic Period ◆​ 3-8 weeks ◆​ Implantation until point when all major organs have taken primitive shape (except sex organs) ◆​ By the 8th week, embryo is capable of responding to direct stimulation ➔​ Fetal Period ◆​ 9 weeks until birth ◆​ Begins with first sign of hardening bones ◆​ 12th week: sex organs become visible ​ Most doctors will not determine sex until around 15-20 weeks ◆​ Age of viability (how early a baby can be born and be healthy)- About 22 weeks ◆​ During the last 3 months, ​ Maturation of neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular systems ◆​ Continued weight gain ◆​ 36 weeks—most newborns are able to thrive without medical assistance ◆​ Fetal Actions ​ 8 weeks—generalized movements ​ 15 weeks—fetus capable of all movements seen in newborns ​ 6-8 months—fetal activity decreases ◆​ Fetal Senses ​ Between 5 & 6 months—smell & taste ​ 6 months: respond to sound ​ 7 months—eyes open, respond to light ➔​ Conditions affecting pregnancy ◆​ Stress: associated with premature delivery, low birth weight, and medical problems ◆​ Maternal Nutrition: ​ pregnant mothers need 2000-2800 calories (ilzbda be a fat bitch) ​ Extreme malnutrition associated with miscarriages, stillbirths, and defects ◆​ Teratogens:  ​ Impair parental development and result in birth defects or even death ​ Low birthweight ○​ Ex: pollution, viruses, tobacco, weed, alcohol ​ *The unborn child is most vulnerable during the embryonic period* ➔​ Birth ◆​ Apgar score: assessment of newborns health ​ Low score—concerning ​ High score—good ​ Total score between 0-10 ◆​ Decisions for parents ​ Vaginal delivery vs C-section ​ Home birth vs hospital birth ​ Medication vs natural delivery ◆​ Life with a newborn ​ Postpartum depression ​ Sleep deprivation ​ Parent-infant bond ○​ Kangaroo care ➔​ Biosocial development in the first two years ◆​ As brain develops ​ Increase in size/complexity of dendrites, # of axons, and synapses ​ Myelination speeds up neural messages ​ Experiences affect brain development ​ Infants actively contribute to later stages of own brain development ◆​ Motor development ​ Reflected involuntary, inflexible, stimulus-specific actions. ​ Rooting reflex ​ Palmer grasping reflex ◆​ Voluntary action development in infancy ​ (0-2 months) ○​ Pre-reaching, arm extends toward objects, no grasping ○​ head/neck control ​ (2-4 months) ○​ Roll over ○​ Sit with support in lower back ○​ Lift chest off crib (end of 2nd month) ○​ End of 3-4 months can visually guide reaches, integrating reaching and grasping ​ (4-6 months) ○​ Sits independently ​ (6-10 months) ○​ Pulls self to stand ○​ Hands and knees crawling ○​ Using thumbs in opposition to their fingers  ​ (10-14 months) ○​ Stands independently ○​ Walking ➔​ Visual function ◆​ Visual activity—how well infants can see ◆​ Optimal visual conditions for young infants ​ High contrast ​ Low spatial frequency ◆​ What do newborns prefer? ​ Faces ​ Attractive faces ​ Mothers face ​ Objects with clearly marked edges/outlines ​ Circular patterns ➔​ Auditory development ◆​ Adult female voice is the sound most easily heard by newborns. ◆​ Auditory preferences ​ Speech ​ Mothers speech ​ Native language ​ Infant-directed speech ➔​ Body changes ◆​ The new born is 20 inches and weighs around 7 pounds ◆​ By age 1, body weight has tripled ➔​ Social factors influencing growth with babies ◆​ Nutrition ​ Breast milk is ideal for most babies ○​ WHO recommends breastmilk for the first 6 months ○​ Breast milk and IQ: small differences with IQ, having higher IQs ​ Protein-calorie malnutrition: baby isnt getting enough calories and protein ◆​ Preventative medicine ​ In 1900, 1 in 3 children died before age 5 ​ now , fewer than 1 in 200 die before age 5 ○​ Immunizations ○​ Better postnatal care ◆​ Sleep ​ Average newborn sleep 16 hours a day ​ An average 1-year-old sleeps 13 hours a day ◆​ Love and affection oooooh ohh oh oh ​ Can affect physical and emotional development Chapters 6 and 7: Cognitive and Psychosocial Development in The First Two Years ➔​ Piaget and infant cognitive development ◆​ Knowledge is constructed through actions ➔​ Stages of sensorimotor intelligence: ◆​ Stages 1 and 2 (Primary Circular Reactions) involves the infant's own body ​ Stage 1 (0-1 months) Reflexes: basic sucking, grasping, rooting, looking ​ Stage 2 (1-4 months) First-Acquired Adaptations : initial responses are chance and then repeated by infant (sawoo blghala6 w yazlihom w kamilaw, internally) ◆​ Stages 3 & 4: Secondary circular reactions; involves baby with object or another person ​ Stage 3 (4-8 months) Concrete Operational: Actions lead to effects in environment (sawoo blghala6 w yazlihom w kamilaw, externally) ​ Stage 4 (8-12 months) New adaptation and Anticipation; Goals established from onset; initiating behavior (thinking before doing, ga3d ystaw3iboon) ◆​ Stages 5 & 6: Tertiary Circular reactions; Take independent and varied actions to actively discover properties of people and objects ​ Stage 5 (12-18 months) Means through active experimentation; Actively experiment trial and error ​ Stage 6 (18-24 months) Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations: Mental trial and error, internalized symbols, thinking about consequences of actions, pretending. ➔​ Object permanence: around 8 months ◆​ Object continues to exist even when out of site ◆​ They think that the object fully disappears ◆​ Continues to develop ➔​ Neonatologist Perspective ◆​ Cognitive structures present at birth ​ Born with alot more knowledge than we think ◆​ Innate ideas about math and reasoning ​ General understanding of the world that we werent aware of until recently ​ Recent studies have shown babies looking at shit, looking longer at things that they like ​ Show them a possible and impossible event, looking longer at the impossible ○​ Ex: video of drawbridge going down on an object hitting it and coming back up, other video showing drawbridge going through object and coming back up (not possible) ➔​ Language Development ◆​ Infants communicate before they form language ​ Crying, screaming, pointing ◆​ Babbling (repetition of syllable) ◆​ First words at about a year  ◆​ Naming explosion: sudden increase in infants vocabulary, especially nouns ➔​ Early Grammar ◆​ All methods that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves ◆​ Holophrase: single word to express complete, meaningful thought ◆​ 21 months, two-word sentences ◆​ 24 months: 3 or more words ➔​ Theories of Language Learning ◆​ Language development is explained entirely by principles of learning ​ Infants need to be taught ◆​ Language capacity is inborn (Chomsky) ​ Infants teach themselves ◆​ Social impulses foster infant language ➔​ Theories ◆​ Freud: Oral stage ​ sexual pleasure by putting things in their mouth; will wean from being breastfed or bottle-fed ​ Oral Fixation ​ Binge eating, smoking, alcoholism ◆​ Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust ​ If an infant is in an environment where their needs are being met, they are going to develop trust in the world. If they are neglected, they might have mistrust in the world. ​ Being soothed, fed etc. ➔​ Emotional Development ◆​ Birth; Distress or contentment ◆​ 6 Weeks; Social Smile ◆​ 3-4 Months; Laughter & curiosity ◆​ 4-6 Months; Full responsive smiles, anger ​ Fear; ○​ Stranger wariness ○​ Separation anxiety ○​ Behavioral inabilitation: biological differences and fear ➔​ Infant temperament ◆​ Individual differences in emotional, motor and attention reactivity and self-regulation ◆​ Is temperament same as personality? ​ Personality going to be influenced by temperament but also how you were raised, your environment, etc. ➔​ Emotional development—self and others ◆​ 18 months—Pride, shame, embarrassment ​ Social awareness ◆​ Temper Tantrums ➔​ Self-awareness  ◆​ Realization tht one is distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from others CH 7: Emotion sharing, temperament and attachment ➔​ Primary intersubjectivity ◆​ Emotion sharing via face-to-face communication (dyadic) ​ Caregiver is more playful; sees baby as intentional ​ Coordinates turn-taking ( synchrony) ➔​ Secondary Intersubjectivity ◆​ Sharing attention and emotion in relation to third event (triadic) ​ Joint attention ​ Directional attention (imperative, declarative) ○​ Declarative: statement, not a command ○​ Imperative: command, to take action ➔​ Still Face study ◆​ Demonstrates an infants need for synchrony ​ Synchrony: coordinates, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and babies ➔​ Social Referencing ◆​ Using emotional information from others to guide your responses to an ambiguous situation ◆​ Start of learning through teaching ➔​ Attachment ◆​ A secure bond between a child and caregiver ◆​ Attachment forms at 6-9 months ➔​ Different Patterns of Attachment ◆​ Insecure Avoidant (A): Infant avoids connection with caregiver ◆​ Secure (B): Infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of a caregiver ◆​ Insecure Resistant (C): Upset at separation from caregiver but both resists and seeks comfort on reunion ◆​ Disorganized (D): infant lacks organized manner for dealing with stress ➔​ What causes differences in attachment? ◆​ Caregiver behaviors ◆​ Child characteristics ◆​ Family Factors ◆​ Cultural Influences ➔​ What about Dad? ◆​ More playful ◆​ In the US, men are more involved with their children than their own fathers were, regardless of their race or ethnicity EXAM: -​ Ch. 2, Stages of cognitive development -​ 100 points -​ 50 multiple choice, 1 point each -​ 50 Points worth of short answer -​ Wont ask frq on the book, only what was discussed in class -​ Application , definition -​ UNDERSTAND AND APPLY -​