Psychology Chapter 3-5: Genetics and Development

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Questions and Answers

At what age can infants typically sit independently?

  • 6-10 months
  • 2-4 months
  • 4-6 months (correct)
  • 10-14 months

What is the primary reason why newborns prefer faces?

  • Faces provide the most visual stimulation for infants.
  • Faces are the easiest objects for infants to focus on due to their high contrast and defined features. (correct)
  • Faces are essential for social interaction and communication.
  • Faces are the most colorful objects in their environment.

Which of the following skills typically emerges after the ability to pull oneself to stand?

  • Standing independently (correct)
  • Sitting with support in the lower back
  • Rolling over
  • Hands and knees crawling

Which of Piaget's stages involves the infant's own body and is characterized by the development of basic reflexes?

<p>Stage 1: Reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a newborn's ability to visually guide reaches change between the ages of 2-4 months and 3-4 months?

<p>They are able to coordinate their reaching and grasping movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence does the infant begin to repeat actions that have led to interesting effects in the environment?

<p>Stage 3: Concrete Operational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical weight of a newborn baby?

<p>7 pounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a contributing factor to optimal visual conditions for young infants?

<p>Bright, flashing lights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor that influences a baby's growth?

<p>Social Media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, which stage signifies the infant's ability to think about the consequences of actions before performing them?

<p>Stage 6: Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), for how long is breast milk recommended as the primary source of nutrition for infants?

<p>6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of breastfeeding?

<p>Increased risk of obesity in later life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Stage 5 in Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence?

<p>The infant engages in trial-and-error experimentation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary intersubjectivity?

<p>Face-to-face communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Still Face' study demonstrate about infant development?

<p>Infants need synchrony with caregivers to feel secure and regulated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attention is a command, or a request for action?

<p>Imperative attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of an insecure-avoidant attachment style in infancy?

<p>The infant shows indifference to the caregiver's presence or absence, and avoids seeking comfort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between temperament and personality?

<p>Temperament is a broad term that encompasses emotions, attention, and behavior, while personality focuses on deeper personality traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a typical child begin to experience emotions like pride, shame, and embarrassment?

<p>18 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage is characterized by the infant's use of emotional cues from others to navigate uncertain situations?

<p>Social Referencing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the secure attachment style?

<p>The infant expresses both distress at separation and comfort at reunion with the caregiver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the age range at which infants start using two-word sentences?

<p>21 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development that focuses on infants' pleasure derived from oral activities?

<p>Oral Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies a possible outcome of a lack of trust developed during infancy, according to Erikson's theory?

<p>Difficulty forming close relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, particularly in nouns?

<p>Naming explosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Chomsky's theory of language learning and a theory that emphasizes the importance of teaching language to infants?

<p>Chomsky's theory views language acquisition as a natural process, while the other theory emphasizes the role of instruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a holophrase?

<p>A phrase used to express a single idea. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ability of infants to understand that an object continues to exist even when it's out of sight?

<p>Object permanence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infant development, what does the term "babbling" refer to?

<p>A stage when infants start making repetitive sounds, often syllables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of extreme malnutrition during pregnancy?

<p>Increased birth weight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the fertilized egg that implants in the uterus wall during the germinal period?

<p>Blastocyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of prenatal development do all major organs begin taking shape?

<p>Embryonic period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a trait influenced by many genes?

<p>Polygenic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of prenatal development is the unborn child most vulnerable to teratogens?

<p>Embryonic period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between fraternal (DZ) and identical (MZ) twins?

<p>Fraternal twins share 50% of their genes, while identical twins share 100% of their genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the set of instructions in every cell that determine the characteristics of an individual?

<p>Genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a way to assess a newborn's health immediately after birth?

<p>Apgar score (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which environmental factors can influence gene expression?

<p>Epigenetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which stem cells differentiate into specialized cells?

<p>Differentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of newborns?

<p>Ability to focus their vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process by which the brain forms connections and pathways based on experiences?

<p>Plasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of prenatal development do the sex organs become visible?

<p>Fetal period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a teratogen?

<p>Breastfeeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the emotional bond between a parent and infant?

<p>Attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Emotional Development

The process of recognizing and expressing feelings across different age stages.

Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Social Smile

A smile directed at people, emerging around 6 weeks of age.

Neonatologist Perspective

Babies are born with innate cognitive structures and general knowledge of the world.

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Infant Temperament

Variability in emotional, motor, and attentional responses unique to each infant.

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Cognitive development in infants

Infants show preference for certain stimuli and understand impossible events.

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Self-awareness

Realization of being a distinct individual, separate from others.

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Language Development stages

Stages from crying and babbling to first words and vocabulary explosion.

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Holophrase

A single word expressing a complete thought, common in early language use.

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Primary Intersubjectivity

Emotion sharing through direct, two-person communication.

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Two-word sentences

Start to form sentences using two words around 21 months of age.

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Secondary Intersubjectivity

Sharing emotions and attention concerning a third event or object.

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Language learning theories

Debate between learning principles vs. innate capacity for language.

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Attachment

A secure emotional bond that develops between caregiver and child.

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Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust

If needs are met, infants develop trust; if neglected, mistrust develops.

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Patterns of Attachment

Different styles of attachment characterized by infant behaviors with caregivers.

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Infant-Directed Speech

A form of speech characterized by a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and slower tempo that mothers use when communicating with infants.

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Piaget's Sensorimotor Stages

Stages in which infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions, developing cognitive skills from birth to 24 months.

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Primary Circular Reactions

Stages 1 and 2 of sensorimotor development where infants repeat actions that are centered on their own body.

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Stage 1 of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Reflexive actions (0-1 months), including basic responses like sucking or grasping.

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Stage 3 of Sensorimotor Intelligence

Stage where infants (4-8 months) act on external objects or others, leading to effects in the environment.

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Breast Milk Benefits

Recommended by WHO for first 6 months; provides ideal nutrition and potential cognitive benefits.

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Preventative Medicine Impact

Significant reduction in child mortality rates due to immunizations and better postnatal care.

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Average Newborn Sleep

Newborns sleep approximately 16 hours a day, aiding in growth and development.

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Rooting Reflex

An automatic response in infants to turn their head and open their mouth when their cheek is stroked.

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Palmer Grasping Reflex

An involuntary reaction in infants where they close their hand around an object that touches their palm.

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Voluntary Action Development (0-2 months)

Early motor development includes pre-reaching and head/neck control without grasping.

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Optimal Visual Conditions for Infants

Young infants see best with high contrast and low spatial frequency, helping them focus.

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Auditory Development in Newborns

Newborns can hear adult female voices best, indicating a preference for familiar sounds.

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Zygote

A single cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum.

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Stem Cells

Cells that can develop into any specialized type of cell.

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Identical Twins

Twins who share 100% of the same genes.

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Epigenetics

Study of how environmental factors affect gene expression.

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Genotype

The complete set of genes in an individual.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual.

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Germinal Period

The first 14 days of prenatal development, starting at conception.

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Embryonic Period

Weeks 3-8 of prenatal development, major organs begin forming.

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Fetal Period

Begins at week 9 until birth, organs mature and grow.

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Teratogens

Substances that can cause birth defects in a developing fetus.

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Apgar Score

A quick assessment of a newborn's health right after birth.

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Motor Development

The development of movement skills in infants.

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Parental Testing

Testing to determine potential diseases in a fetus after conception.

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Fraternal Twins

Twins that share 50% of their genes but are from separate eggs.

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Kangaroo Care

Skin-to-skin contact between a parent and baby.

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Study Notes

Chapter 3: The New Genetics: Heredity and Environment

  • Every newborn has approximately 26 billion cells.
  • Zygotes contain a complete copy of genetic instructions.
  • Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells.
  • Studying twins helps understand genetic contributions to traits.
  • Fraternal twins share 50% of the same genes.
  • Identical twins share 100% of the same genes.
  • Both types share a similar environment.
  • Epigenetics shows how environmental factors can alter genetic expression.
  • Epigenetic factors can affect identical twins within hours of conception.

Chapter 4 & 5: Prenatal Development and Birth, the First Two Years

  • Prenatal development begins at conception.
  • Germinal period: First 14 days after conception.
  • Embryonic period: Weeks 3-8; major organs begin to develop.
  • Fetal period: Weeks 9-birth; maturation of various body systems.
  • Age of viability around 22 weeks.
  • Environmental factors (teratogens) can affect fetal development.
  • Fetal development includes growth and changes.

Chapter 7: Emotion Sharing, Temperament and Attachment

  • Primary intersubjectivity: Emotion sharing through face-to-face communication.
  • Secondary intersubjectivity: Sharing attention and emotion related to a third event.
  • Still face study demonstrates infants' need for synchrony
  • Social referencing: Learning social cues and responses.
  • Attachment: Emotional bonds between infants and their caregivers.
  • Attachment patterns exist, including secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and disorganized attachment.
  • Many factors can affect attachment, for example: caregiver behaviors, child characteristics, family factors and culture.

Exam Information

  • The exam will consist of 50 multiple choice and 50 short answer questions.
  • The short answer questions focus on information discussed in class.
  • Application and definitions of key concepts will be tested.
  • Students are expected to understand and apply knowledge, instead of rote memorization.

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