PSYC 305 Midterm 1 PDF

Study Page Midterm 1 Lecture 1 1. Define personality A dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that creates a persons’ thoughts, behaviours, and feelings. Also believed to be intertwined with biolog...

Study Page Midterm 1 Lecture 1 1. Define personality A dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that creates a persons’ thoughts, behaviours, and feelings. Also believed to be intertwined with biology according to FFM, Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and the Cybernetic Big Five Theory 2. Identify the goals of personality psychology Describe personality Explain how individuals get their personality Predict future outcomes in different settings (occupational, educational, military, etc.) 3. Discuss the interactive relationship between theory and research in the scientific method Researchers use the scientific method, a systemic and objective process Theory → hypothesis → operationalization (of constructs) → research → observations A theory consists of an interpretation or explanation of relationship among constructs 4. Distinguish between a theory and construct A theory is an interpretation or explanation of relations among constructs A construct is a conceptual or hypothetical variable that cannot be directly observed; such as anger, happiness, intelligence, etc. 5. Define operationalization the process of turning constructs in a way that allows them to measured or observed. 6. Generate examples of operationalizations For example, to measure anxiety, using a questionnaire, raise in blood pressure, etc. Study Page Midterm 1 1  7. Distinguish between experimental, correlational, and case studies An experimental research method examines causal relationships between variables. Groups are randomly assigned, both receiving a different level of the IV. Then they measure the effect or DV; a posttest. Correlational research methods find the extent to which 2 naturally-occurring variables covary, but are not able to make causal claims. Quantified by r Case Studies generate theories, illustrate or examine rare occurrences through an in- depth analysis of a person or small group of people. 8. Interpret the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) +1.00 = positively correlated, both increase or decrease together 0.00 = no relationship -1.00 = negatively correlated, one variable increases while the other decreases. Strength: +/-0.20 = small correlation +/-0.40 = moderate correlation +/-0.60 = strong correlation Lecture 2 1. Distinguish between experimental, correlational, case, and meta-analytic studies Experimental Correlational Case Meta-analytic Generates or Combines the illustrate theories; or results of multiple Seeing how two examines rare studies using makes causal relationships naturally-occurring phenomena by in- cohens d or variables co vary depth analysis of correlation person or small coefficient r group of people Study Page Midterm 1 2  cannot make 1. contains all random assignment causal published studies of relationships interest different levels of IV, and measure uses correlation 2. finds effect size DV coefficient r in each study 3. averages effect size across all studies. 2. Apply research methods to distinct hypotheses 3. Interpret Cohen’s d (d) cohen’s d can surpass -/+ 1.00 -/+ 0.20 = small effect size -/+ 0.50 = moderate effect size -/+ 0.80 = large effect size 4. Discuss observer ratings, implicit assessments, and self-reports Observer ratings is the assessment of other peoples on an individual, or interviews and informant data. Measures personality variables. Implicit assessments are intended to reveal a subconscious desire, thoughts or feelings through tests like Rorschach ink blot test, picture story telling, etc. Self-reports are questionnaires that individuals evaluate about themselves. 5. Distinguish between internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability Internal consistency reflects the degree to which the items in a measure produce similar responses. Uses inter-item correlation and cronbach’s alpha. Acceptable at ≥.75 Inter-rater reliability is based on observer ratings. The more consistent the ratings are, the higher correlated they are. Test-retest reflects the degree to which the score or result at test 1 is the same at test 2. 6. Distinguish between face, predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity Study Page Midterm 1 3  Face validity is how much the measure appears to tap the construct. Predictive validity refers to the degree in which the measure correlates behaviours that are theoretically related to construct of interest. Convergent validity is the degree in which a measure of a construct correlates with measures of conceptually related constructs. Discriminant validity is the degree in which the measure does not correlate with measures of conceptually unrelated constructs. Lecture 3 1. Describe Eysenck’s and Wiggin’s taxonomies Eysenck’s Taxonomy is based on pre-existing theories; one being the body humours theory which states that personality is determined by the relative amount of fluid in the body. He creates 3 trait dimensions (PEN): Psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism Psychoticism was proposed later on to reflect relatively maladaptive characteristics His old model only involved neuroticism and extraversion, which was used to define the 4 personality types: phlegmatic: peaceful, thoughtful, careful and reserved melancholic: unsociable, moody, quiet, and pessimistic sanguine: social, talkative, lively and outgoing choleric: impulsive, aggressive, and optimistic Peaceful Mole Socializing Crazily Wiggin’s taxonomy is also based on pre-existing theories; which is that interpersonal traits describe personality better as traits reflect how we relate to others 2 trait dimensions: Love and Dominance — the interpersonal circle Assured-Dominant = high in dominance, neutral love Study Page Midterm 1 4  Gregarious(companion oriented)-Extraverted = somewhat high dominance, somewhat high love Warm-Agreeable = neutral dominance, high love Unassuming-Ingenuous = somewhat low dominance, somewhat high love Unassured-Submissive = very low dominance, neutral love Aloof-Introverted = somewhat low dominance, somewhat low love Cold-Hearted = neutral dominance, very low love Arrogant-Calculating = somewhat high dominance, somewhat low love 2. Define the lexical hypothesis 3. Discuss the goals of factor analysis Factor analysis finds the overarching groups from highly intercorrelated variables In personality research, it draws upon common trait descriptors that are all connected to “superordinate dimensions” of personality. 4. Describe the five-factor taxonomy The FFM is based on the lexical hypothesis; through an analysis of language, 18,000 trait adjectives can be reduced down to 5. We did this through factor analysis. The 5 include: Openness — one’s willingness for new experiences and creativeness Conscientiousness — one’s will to achieve and self-regulation Extraversion — Sociability and positive emotion Agreeableness — group welfare, interpersonal harmony and empathy Neuroticism — unstable and negative emotions 5. Generate examples of facets and nuances associated with the five-factor taxonomy Dimensions: Facets: Nuances: broad, overarching narrower but cohesive traits of refer to the small, often subtle characteristics that describe a the broader dimensions, variations in how traits are person’s general tendencies expressed —adds complexity Study Page Midterm 1 5  capturing variation in personality. resentful in one occasion, but dimensions encompass facets facets encompass nuances happy on another Facets of each: Openness to Experience: I VAAFF — ideas, values, actions, aesthetics, fantasy, feelings Conscientiousness: CODDAS — Competence, order, dutifulness, deliberation, achievement striving, self-discipline Extraversion: WA GASP — warmth, assertiveness, gregariousness, activity, seek excitement, positive emotions Agreeableness: M STACT — modesty, straight-forwardness, tender-mind, altruism, compliance, trust Neuroticism: VAADIS — vulnerability, angry hostility, anxiety, depression, impulsive, self-consciousness 6. Consider correlates of the five-factor taxonomy O correlates to positive life events C correlates to greater physical health, less maladaptive health behaviours In reading: had a protective effect on mortality, longer marriage and avoided divorce E correlates to longevity, optimism, and positive life events A correlates to lower depression, longer marriage N correlates to higher rates of divorce, premature mortality, poorer health 7. Discuss criticisms of the five-factor taxonomy Some argue that the FFM excludes important personality dimensions spirituality honesty-humility Interpersonal relatedness Study Page Midterm 1 6  positive and negative evaluation Too many dimensions than needed; can just be condensed into two Beta and alpha personal growth and socialization FFM does a great job at describing personality, however it does not explain it. Lecture 4 1. Discuss mean-level changes in the five-factor taxonomy as a function of age Mean-level change is a samples mean score changing overtime Found by the difference of mean scores In extraversion: Individuals’ social vitality and friendliness decrease overtime Individuals’ social dominance increases with age, and becomes stable high at around 45 Agreeableness: increases overtime Openness: Dramatic increase from 10-20, then a somewhat stable rate and decrease starting from age 60 Conscientiousness: increases greatly overtime Emotional stability: increases overtime, with slight decline at age 65 2. Define maturity principle This essentially means that as people age, they become more dominant, conscientious, emotional stable, and agreeable. 3. Review diagnostic criteria for PDs According to the DSM-V: 1. Pervasive and enduring pattern of inner maladaptive thoughts or behaviours that deviate markedly from one’s culture Study Page Midterm 1 7  a. Must manifest in at least 2: cognitive, affect, interpersonal functioning, impulse control 2. Enduring pattern must be inflexible and permeates through personal and social situations 3. Enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning. 4. Enduring pattern is long and stable, must be traceable to young adolescence — misconduct by age of 15 4. Distinguish between clusters of PDs Cluster A — eccentric: marked by social awkwardness and odd or eccentric behaviour Schizotypal PD Cluster B — Erratic: lack of emotional control Antisocial PD a disregard for others and violating their rights. Individuals cannot be diagnosed until their 18, but it can be recognized by 15 based on history of conduct disorder Borderline PD pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect and impulsivity Narcissistic PD pervasive pattern of grandiosity and need for admiration Cluster C — Anxious: anxiety-avoiding/anxiety-reducing behaviour Avoidant PD pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitive to evaluations Obsessive-Compulsive PD pervasive pattern of perfection and control at the expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency Study Page Midterm 1 8  5. Review symptoms of different PDs Individuals with schizotypal PD will have 5 or more of the following: Incorrect interpretations of events, thinking they are directed to them Odd beliefs or magical thinking Odd speech — may even have their own language Unusual perceptual experiences Paranoia Social anxiety tied to paranoia Lack of close friends inappropriate or restricted affect Individuals with antisocial PD will have 3+: Do not conform to social norms and laws Lying Impulsivity Aggressiveness reckless Consistent responsibility (failing to sustain work) Indifferent or rationalizing the mistreatment of others Individuals with Borderline PD will have 5+: Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment Patterns of unstable or intense interpersonal relationships Suicidal behaviour or self-harm Unstable affect intense anger emptiness Impulsivity in 2 or more self-damaging behaviours Study Page Midterm 1 9  Paranoia Individuals with Narcissistic PD will have 5+: Grandiose self importance Believes they are important Fantasies of fame, power or success Exploitive and manipulative Believes they are special Requires excessive admiration lack of empathy envious arrogant Individuals with Avoidant PD will have 4+: Avoids occupational activities unwilling to get involved with people unless certain they are liked restraint within intimate relationships preoccupied with criticism or rejection Inhibited in new interpersonal situations Views self as inadequate Rarely partakes in personal risks due to fear of embarrassment Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive PD will have 4+ Preoccupied with details and perfectionism excessively devoted to work unwilling to discard items reluctance to delegate tasks hoards money, not spending rigidity and stubbornness Study Page Midterm 1 10  6. Distinguish between antisocial PD and psychopathy psychopathic individuals are inherently antisocial, however individuals with antisocial PD are not inherently psychopathic. Antisocial PD is manifests mainly through behavioural features such as poor behavioural control and impulsivity. however psychopathy manifests in affective/interpersonal features + antisocial PD symptoms. they are often charming, need for stimulation, lack of empathy or guilt, pathological liars, and grandiose sense of self-worth. Lecture 6 1. discuss criticisms of the categorical representation of PDs Theorists argue that they are subjective, and are the occurrence of comorbid diagnoses. There is also a high rate of PD NOs where they don’t fit the classifications of PDs in the DSM Meaning, the 10 PDs do not adequately capture most people who exhibit broad symptoms of PD There is also a poor retest in reliability (5.6) however nuances may help explain this according to McCrae 2. describe the maladaptive personality trait model Theorists argue that PDs are better represented as extremes on personality dimensions, rather than categories — similar to the FFM In the reading, they state that these are clear pathological counterparts of the FFM, with psychoticism showing overlap in facets of Openness. Dimension Facets Psychoticism eccentricity, unusual beliefs and experiences, perceptual dysregulation ex high openness to experience Study Page Midterm 1 11  Disinhibition irresponsibility, impulsiveness, carelessness, distractibility, risk taking ex low conscientiousness Detachment anhedonia, depressivity, intimacy ex low extraversion avoidance, suspiciousness, withdrawal Antagonism ex low agreeableness attention seeking, deceitfulness, Negative Affectivity grandiosity, callousness, ex high neuroticism manipulativeness anxiousness, emotional instability, hostility, submissive, restricted affectivity, perseveration 3. generate examples of facets associated with the maladaptive personality trait model 4. consider the efficacy of therapeutic interventions for PDs meta-analytic findings suggest that PDs may be modified through therapeutic interventions, contrary to current beliefs. In the readings, PD showed the most change through empirical data with an effect size of d = 0.53 Study Page Midterm 1 12