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Questions and Answers
A _ effect size in Cohen’s d is represented by a value of -/+ 0.20.
A _ effect size in Cohen’s d is represented by a value of -/+ 0.20.
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Which of these is NOT a type of reliability?
Which of these is NOT a type of reliability?
Observer ratings are also known as informant data, which is the assessment of one's own personality variables through self-reports.
Observer ratings are also known as informant data, which is the assessment of one's own personality variables through self-reports.
False (B)
Match the following types of assessments with their descriptions:
Match the following types of assessments with their descriptions:
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What is the acceptable internal consistency reliability score?
What is the acceptable internal consistency reliability score?
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Cohen’s d can surpass -/+ 1.00.
Cohen’s d can surpass -/+ 1.00.
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What are the three steps involved in meta-analysis?
What are the three steps involved in meta-analysis?
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Which of these is NOT part of the meta-analysis process?
Which of these is NOT part of the meta-analysis process?
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According to the provided content, what is personality?
According to the provided content, what is personality?
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Personality psychology aims to only describe personality and does not make attempts to predict future outcomes.
Personality psychology aims to only describe personality and does not make attempts to predict future outcomes.
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In the scientific method, what is the next step after a hypothesis is formed?
In the scientific method, what is the next step after a hypothesis is formed?
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A(n) ___________ is a conceptual or hypothetical variable that cannot be directly observed, such as anger or happiness.
A(n) ___________ is a conceptual or hypothetical variable that cannot be directly observed, such as anger or happiness.
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Which of the following best explains operationalization?
Which of the following best explains operationalization?
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Correlational research allows to make causal claims about relationships between variables.
Correlational research allows to make causal claims about relationships between variables.
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What is a theory according to this text?
What is a theory according to this text?
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What does a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) of +1.00 indicate?
What does a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) of +1.00 indicate?
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A correlation coefficient (r) of -0.75 indicates a strong positive correlation between two variables.
A correlation coefficient (r) of -0.75 indicates a strong positive correlation between two variables.
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What type of study examines rare occurrences through in-depth analysis of a person or small group of people?
What type of study examines rare occurrences through in-depth analysis of a person or small group of people?
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A correlation coefficient (r) of 0.00 indicates that there is ______ relationship between the variables.
A correlation coefficient (r) of 0.00 indicates that there is ______ relationship between the variables.
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Match the following study types with their primary purpose:
Match the following study types with their primary purpose:
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If one variable increases while another decreases, what type of correlation is present?
If one variable increases while another decreases, what type of correlation is present?
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A meta-analytic study uses Cohen's d or correlation coefficient r to combine results from multiple studies.
A meta-analytic study uses Cohen's d or correlation coefficient r to combine results from multiple studies.
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A correlation coefficient (r) of +/- 0.40 indicates a ______ correlation.
A correlation coefficient (r) of +/- 0.40 indicates a ______ correlation.
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What key features distinguish psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder (PD)?
What key features distinguish psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder (PD)?
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Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are inherently psychopathic.
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are inherently psychopathic.
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What is a major criticism of the categorical representation of personality disorders (PDs)?
What is a major criticism of the categorical representation of personality disorders (PDs)?
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The maladaptive personality trait model suggests that PDs should be viewed as extremes on _____ dimensions.
The maladaptive personality trait model suggests that PDs should be viewed as extremes on _____ dimensions.
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Match the following characteristics with the appropriate personality disorder models:
Match the following characteristics with the appropriate personality disorder models:
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What happens to social vitality and friendliness as individuals age?
What happens to social vitality and friendliness as individuals age?
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Agreeableness tends to decrease as people get older.
Agreeableness tends to decrease as people get older.
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What does the maturity principle refer to?
What does the maturity principle refer to?
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Conscientiousness ____ greatly over time.
Conscientiousness ____ greatly over time.
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At what age does social dominance become stable and high?
At what age does social dominance become stable and high?
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Match the following personality disorders with their clusters:
Match the following personality disorders with their clusters:
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Emotional stability increases with age, showing a slight decline after age 65.
Emotional stability increases with age, showing a slight decline after age 65.
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According to the DSM-V, what are the characteristics of an enduring pattern of personality disorder?
According to the DSM-V, what are the characteristics of an enduring pattern of personality disorder?
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Which facet is associated with psychoticism?
Which facet is associated with psychoticism?
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Disinhibition is linked to conscientiousness.
Disinhibition is linked to conscientiousness.
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Name one example of a facet associated with detachment.
Name one example of a facet associated with detachment.
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Negative affectivity is characterized by high levels of ______.
Negative affectivity is characterized by high levels of ______.
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What was the effect size of the changes through therapeutic interventions for personality disorders?
What was the effect size of the changes through therapeutic interventions for personality disorders?
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Antagonism is associated with low ______.
Antagonism is associated with low ______.
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List two examples of facets related to negative affectivity.
List two examples of facets related to negative affectivity.
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Match the following maladaptive traits with their corresponding facets:
Match the following maladaptive traits with their corresponding facets:
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Study Notes
Lecture 1
- Personality is a dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that creates a person's thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.
- Personality is intertwined with biology (FFM), Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, and the Cybernetic Big Five Theory.
- Goals of personality psychology include describing personality, explaining how individuals develop their personalities, and predicting future outcomes in various settings (occupational, educational, military, etc.).
- Researchers use the scientific method, a systematic and objective process that involves theory, hypothesis, operationalization (of constructs), research, and observation.
- A theory interprets and explains how constructs relate.
- A construct is a conceptual or hypothetical variable that cannot be directly observed (e.g., anger, happiness, intelligence).
- Operationalization turns constructs into measurable variables.
- Examples of operationalizations include questionnaires, measuring blood pressure to assess anxiety.
Lecture 2
- Distinguish between experimental (causal relationships), correlational (relationship, not causality, quantified by r), case studies (in-depth analysis of individuals/small groups), and meta-analytic (combines results of multiple studies)
- The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) quantifies the relationship between two variables.
- A positive r indicates that both variables increase or decrease together, 0 indicates no relationship, and a negative r indicates an inverse relationship. Strength of correlation varies according to the coefficient ranging from 0.00 to 1.00 or -1.00.
Lecture 3
- Eysenck's Taxonomy and Wiggin's taxonomies are based on existing theories, such as body humors.
- Eysenck created three trait dimensions: Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism (PEN); and later added more characteristics such as the four types (phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine, choleric.) in describing personality.
- Wiggins developed a trait dimension called love and dominance.
- Face validity is how well the measure appears to tap the construct.
- Predictive validity is how well one construct predicts another.
- Convergent validity is how well the measure correlates with other measures of similar constructs.
- Discriminant validity is how successfully the measure avoids correlating with those of dissimilar constructs.
Lecture 4
- Mean-level changes in the five-factor taxonomy are assessed over time, with extraversion decreasing, social vitality and friendliness reducing, social dominance increasing, and openness increasing until around age 20-60 where it starts decreasing.
- Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability tend to increase with age.
- The five-factor model (FFM) describes personality using five broad dimensions (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).
- FFM is a way of describing personality, not explaining the causes of personality.
Lecture 5
- The Diagnostic Criteria for personality disorders (PDs) typically involve enduring patterns of inner experiences and behaviors.
- PDs require several criteria to be met to meet the PD diagnoses and must be present since adolescence.
- Cluster A: odd/eccentric traits (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal).
- Cluster B: dramatic/erratic traits (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic).
- Cluster C: anxious/fearful traits (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive).
- Symptoms of each PD vary widely.
Lecture 6
- Criticisms of the categorical representation of PDs include subjectivity, comorbidity, and inadequate capture of the spectrum of personality.
- The maladaptive personality trait model views PDs as extremes on personality dimensions, rather than distinct categories.
- Personality dimensions can overlap with the five-factor model (e.g., psychoticism and openness).
- The maladaptive personality trait model may provide a more nuanced view of PDs, by focusing on traits that are dimensions instead of categories.
Lecture 7
- Disinhibition, Detachment, Antagonism, Negative Affectivity, and Psychoticism are facets in a maladaptive personality trait model.
- Meta-analytic findings suggest that therapeutic interventions can be effective in modifying PD traits.
- Effect size of d = 0.53 shows the impact of therapeutic interventions, which is considerable in comparison to other interventions.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of personality psychology as discussed in Lecture 1. It explores the dynamic interplay between biological factors and personality traits, along with the goals and methodologies used in psychological research. Test your understanding of key theories and constructs that shape human personality.
