Exam 1 Review - Study Guide (PDF)

lOMoARcPSD|48515136 Exam #1 Review - Study guide for exam #1 Introduction To Psychology (University of Illinois at Chicago) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by surfur ca...

lOMoARcPSD|48515136 Exam #1 Review - Study guide for exam #1 Introduction To Psychology (University of Illinois at Chicago) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 Lecture 1: Theory and Research Methods Theory- an idea based on some observation Scientific Theory- set of principles that can explain a set of observations ○ Most important: Theory can be proven wrong ○ Ex: Law of gravity explains apple’s movement Hypothesis- testable prediction that needs to be proven ○ Testing is used to prove/revise/reject theory ○ Ex: People with high self esteem are less likely to be depressed ○ Process Different Research Methods Case Study- in-depth examination of rare individuals/phenomena/event ○ Historically important(Ex: Hitler/Holocaust) ○ Shed light on rare event ○ Develops ideas that can be applied to larger group Observation Studies Naturalistic Observation- behavior is natural setting(no changes) ○ Ex: Mead’s examination of life on Samoa island ○ Pro: get very real, unaltered data ○ Con: Won’t always get data wanted/long waiting Artificial Observation- behavior observed in controlled setting(lab) ○ Ex: Observed infants in a room with caregiver and stranger ○ Try to replicate real life situations ○ Can control factors Correlation Use surveys to collect data ○ Pro: Has good control ○ Con: people answer in favor of themselves, sampling bias Correlation- when one trait or behavior is seen together Correlation coefficient- relationship between two variables ○ Sign indicates positive/negative relationship ○ Number has 0-1 range and indicates strength of relationship Spurious correlation- third variable effect ○ Ice cream and drowning have positive correlation-> weather Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 ○ Fire damage and number of firefighters have positive relationship- >population density Experiments Manipulate one source of influence Designed to find casual relationship Elements: ○ Testable hypothesis ○ Independent variable- being manipulated ○ Dependent variable- being influenced ○ Control group- nothing is changed ○ Random assignment- assign participants into groups with no preference Make sure for variables to be kept constant and have same standards Ex: “daily exercise keeps you fit” ○ IV: Exercise ○ DV: Fitness ○ Control group- no exercise Lecture 2: Social Psychology Crowds- large gatherings of people that don’t all know each other Groups-small gatherings between people Diffusion of responsibility- the larger the group, people will assume that others will help, so they feel less responsibility ○ Ex: Murder of Kitty Genvese-> was by large crowd but no one helped because waited for others to help Bystander intervention- helping others in a situation-> less likely to help in a larger group of people ○ Ex: Smoke in room-> participant were placed in room alone or with confederates When alone, ¾ reported smoke When with others, only 10% reported smoke They were worried but they didn’t say anything Categories of Social Influence: 1. Conformity- changing behavior to match others through observation a. No explicit pressure because people have tendency to copy other’s behavior b. Ex: Asch’s Research on Group Influence i. Line test- match a line to option of 3 lines ii. When alone, 95% ppl picked correctly iii. In group, 75% went against correct answer iv. Conclusion: People against group consensus don’t want to disagree even if they are wrong c. Informational vs Normative i. Informational- people believe group is right and question their own judgement ii. Normative- don’t want to be the odd one out Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 d. Conditions of Conformity(risk factors): i. Feel incompetent/insecure ii. Group has at least 3 ppl iii. Group is unanimous iv. Admire group v. No commitment to response vi. If group observes behavior vii. One’s culture encourages respect for social standard e. Protective factors i. Group identification- person doesn;t identify with group 1. Ex: immigrants don’t feel more depressed around holiday time because not their culture ii. Confidence/high self-esteem- person will believe that the cna stand up to the group 2. Compliance- changing behavior upon direct request a. Ex: If you buy girl scout cookies but you don’t like sweets b. Compliance tactics(sales): i. Reciprocity- feels like they have to repay the favor 1. Ex: Reagan’s coca-cola study-> confederate agave participant coca-cola, then asked if they would buy tickets for them and partner 2. Fundraisers give free gifts so people donate ii. Commitment/Consistency- people act similar to their past behavior 1. Door-to-door sales-> made people fill out their own sales form so the wouldn’t cancel bc they feel responsible 2. Billboard study a. control-asked if they could put billboard about safe driving on lawn b. Experimental- asked if they could wear a small button about safe driving and then asked about billboard(76%) iii. Authority(hypothetical)-refers to expertise, power & influence 1. More likely to listen to someone of authority 2. Ex: Celebrities are used to promote products, so fans will buy iv. Social Validation- need to validate behavior by looking at others 1. More ppl perform behavior= more convincing 2. Do things that others do-> clothing trends 3. Ex: laughing tracks on sitcoms 4. Ex: create long lineups at clubs to make it more inviting v. Scarcity- things seem more valuable in short supply vi. Liking-people are more likely to say yes to people that they like 1. Compliments 2. Tupperware parties: showcase tupperware to friends Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 and family, so they are convinced to buy 3. Obedience- changing behavior in response to order from authority a. Ex: Soldier listening to commanding officer b. Miligram’s Shocking Experiment i. Started as study to understand why people did what they did during Holocaust ii. Middle-aged men in partners with confederates iii. “Studying effect of punishment on student memory”-> have to deliver shocks to student for mistakes iv. “Students” pretended to get shocked, mentioned about heart condition v. Experimenter was authority figure that ordered them to continue when they stopped vi. Results: 66% of participants stayed obedient vii. Conclusion: shows power of social situations Close Relationships 1. Mere exposure effect-people likes things that they see more often a. Ex: RAs were more attractive after they visited the class b. Ex: Priest & Sawyer studied student in a dorm who became best friends with roommates c. Ex: Segal found proximity of seating matters 2. Physical attractiveness a. Walter computer dance- said they would match by profiles but put together randomly b. Physical attractiveness is important for people meeting for a short time 3. Similarity a. Newcomb assessed college freshmen by matching with roommates who are more like them so chance of becoming friends increases b. Bryne people likes those who sounded similar to them Triangle Love Theory ○ Passion- physiological arousing, longing to be with them ○ Intimacy- close bond, sharing, supporting ○ Commitment- willing to define love and spend long time with partner Aggression Behavior that is intended to injure others Types: Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 ○ Indirect- attempt to hurt without face-to-face conflict Ex: Spread rumor about ex ○ Direct- intended to hurt to face Ex: Bar fighting ○ Emotional- hurtful behavior from angry feelings Ex: Child kicks sibling after they break toy ○ Instrumental- hurting someone to accomplish something else Ex: Robber assaulting victim to escape Lecture 3: Personality Psychology Psychodynamic Theory(Freud) Levels of Consciousness ○ Conscious- mind containing contents of what you are aware of at the moment ○ Preconscious- mind containing ideas that you can bring to awareness(what you already know, but aren’t thinking about) ○ Unconscious- mind containing ideas that you don’t know about(suppressed animalistic instincts) Three main structures ○ Id- motivates people to satisfy basic needs(sexual + aggressive) Natural, not needed to be learned ○ Ego- balance Id with opportunities and rules of world Must be taught Will face consequences when you do bad thing ○ Superego- morals and ethics Stops people from doing wrong things Ego might let someone steal of there are no consequences Iceberg Theory/Metaphor Pyschosexual Stages ○ Oral( 0- 18m): Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 seek pleasure through mouth- always chewing ○ Anal(18-36m): begin to realease feces- potty training ○ Phallic(36m-6): associate gender with genitals- gender norms Boys develop sense of competition with father ○ Latency(6y-puberty): sexual desire repressed- focus on education ○ Genital: reawakening of sexual desire ○ A crisis can prolong a pleasure into further stages of life Mental energies ○ Life energies(sex)- motivate preservation of life and push people to prusue desires ○ Death energies(aggression)- possess awareness of morality and motivates to resting place ○ Anxiety- energy flow is blocked ○ Defense mechanisms- to prevent anxiety Denial- can’t accept existence of info Repression- can’t remember Rationalization- use logical reason to hide motives Projection- conclude that other people have the bad qualities that we have Reaction formation- express thoughts opposite to true motive Ex: Friendly to someone you don’t like Sublimation- expression bad motives in an acceptable way Ex: Angry person takes martial arts class Displacement- redirecting mental energy to others Ex: get angry at boss, but can’t yell, so release anger onto family Methods ○ Free Association- encourage peo;e to let thoughts flow freely and say whatever Word association- say a word and say what you think of (ZNMD) ○ Projective test- project unconscious mind onto behavior Rorschach Inkblot Test- tells story through an image that they see, but can be incorrect Humanistic Theory(Rogers) Focuses on thoughts and feelings which shape relationships Self concept- set of self perceptions of personal qualities(they way people see themselves) Actual self- people’s perception of current qualities Ideal self- people’s perception of wanted qualities Self-actualization- motivation to realize inner potential Condition of worth- condition of being valued Humanistic therapy- to help improve condition of worth ○ Method: Therapist plays the role of approving a parental figure Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48515136 ○ Motivated by needs to try and reach potential ○ Needs become more individualized at the top Trait Theory Trait- person’s typical style of behavior and emotion Lexical approach- traits that will be shown through individual differences will be represented by words Factor analysis- statistical approach to identify patterns in sets of correlation-> found 5 cluster Big 5 ○ Openness-need for motivation, variety and cognition Imaginative, variety and difference Inquiring, intellectual ○ Conscientiousness- responsible Organized, careful, disciplined Best predictor of job performance ○ Extraversion- sociable Fun-loving, affectionate Positive affect- pleasurable arousal, feeling of being engaged ○ Agreeableness Soft-hearted, trusting, helpful Associated with presociality ○ Neuroticism Anxious, insecure, self-pitying Negative Affect- range of negative mood state High amount indicates mental health issues Assessment: Measuring Individual Differences ○ Self report questionnaires-: NEO-PI-R measure difference in big 5 Downloaded by surfur cat ([email protected])