PSYA02: Chapter 11 - Human Development

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason newborns spend a significant amount of time sleeping?

To conserve energy for growth (correct)

To learn how to visualize their surroundings

To communicate with their caregivers

To practice responding to sounds

Which of the following best describes a newborn in the 'alert awake' state?

The child is in a state of deep, non-REM sleep

The child is moving around and exploring

The child's eyes are open and they are observing their environment (correct)

The child is sleeping but with regular movements

What does the term 'preferential looking' refer to in the context of infant perception?

Infants spend more time looking at visually stimulating objects (correct)

Infants prefer to sleep in quiet environments

Infants only look at objects within arm's reach

Infants focus on objects they find boring

What are teratogens primarily known for during prenatal development?

Causing damage or death to the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the concept of perception in relation to sensation?

Sensation focuses on detection, while perception focuses on understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the study of human development?

The examination of continuity and change across the lifespan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main periods of human development mentioned?

School age development Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of early experience in infancy on human development?

It provides the basis for all future learning Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental process involves the elimination of excess synapses in the brain?

Synaptic pruning Signup and view all the answers

What visual acuity do infants achieve by approximately their first month of life?

20/120 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes is NOT typically exhibited by newborns?

Rolling over Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon demonstrates that fetuses can react to external stimuli during the fetal period?

Changes in heartbeat in reaction to music Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fetal abnormalities is true?

Teratogens are a common cause of fetal abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What does the cephalocaudal rule refer to in motor development?

Development from the head to the feet Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory experiences can fetuses have during gestation?

Tastes, smells, and sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget's theory?

Direct interaction with the environment through senses and actions Signup and view all the answers

By what age do infants typically achieve adult-like visual acuity?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a newborn recognizing their mother's voice?

It shows the impact of fetal auditory experiences Signup and view all the answers

What pattern does the proximodistal rule describe in motor skill development?

Development from center to periphery Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural context influence motor skill development in infants?

It influences whether skills are guided or encouraged to develop independently. Signup and view all the answers

What reflex is characterized by the infant's head turning in response to a stimulus while lying down?

Tonic neck reflex Signup and view all the answers

What do children do when they acquire new knowledge that doesn’t fit within their existing schema?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the sensorimotor stage occur according to Piaget?

0-2 years Signup and view all the answers

Which task is commonly used to measure theory of mind in children?

False belief task Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the emotional bond formed between infants and their caregivers?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of sociocentrism in children as per Piaget?

Understanding others' perspectives Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding egocentrism and sociocentrism in children?

Infants are less sociocentric than older children. Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers typically measure individual differences in attachment?

Attachment assessments Signup and view all the answers

Which task was primarily failed by most 3-year-olds in measuring theory of mind?

Change of location task Signup and view all the answers

What did Mary Ainsworth's strange situation procedure primarily measure?

Infant attachment styles Signup and view all the answers

What is a predicted outcome of an infant's attachment style according to Ainsworth?

Emotional health Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the positivity bias in self-description typically decline?

School age Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with lower self-esteem in adolescents, particularly women?

Physical appearance evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the relative consistency of an individual's self-esteem across their lifespan?

Rank-order stability Signup and view all the answers

What largely contributes to the variability in self-esteem according to the content?

Heredity Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental change occurs in self-esteem from childhood to adolescence?

Decrease in self-esteem, particularly for women Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences young children's descriptions of themselves?

Physical attributes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course email: [email protected]
Office hours: schedule via calendly.com/kdanielson
Textbook chapters: 7, 10-16
SONA: 4-hour research participation
Studiosity: peer-learning platform
Midterm: Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12
Final: Chapters 13-16
Textbook PDF: downloadable resource
Modules: Human Development, including child adolescent adult development, intelligence, language, personality, social psychology, psychological disorders, health psychology

Chapter 11: Human Development

Human development: the study of continuity and change across the lifespan
Topics covered: sensation, perception, cognition, language, emotion, and social/moral behavior.
Four main periods of human development: prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence.

Prenatal Development

Experience begins at conception
Learning occurs during the fetal period
Key developmental processes: neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning
Fetal experience and sensation: tastes, smells, sounds, tactile sensations. Heart rate responses are different to music and spoken language.
Teratogens are external agents causing damage/death during prenatal development.

Neonatal Period

Newborns spend most of their time sleeping.
Physical growth, brain development, require a lot of energy, explaining extensive sleep.
Active, awake, alert states differ in levels of alertness, movement, and sleep.

Perceptual Development

Begins in the prenatal period.
Sensory organ detection of physical stimuli
Organization and interpretation of sensory information for a coherent understanding.
Preferential looking method: infants demonstrate interest in more visually interesting stimuli.
Visual acuity increases drastically in the first few months of life.

Motor Development

Cephalocaudal rule: top-down development (head to toe)
Proximodistal rule: center-outward development
Cultural differences affect motor skill development.
Development influenced by reflexes, like grasping, rooting, sucking, etc.

Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory: stages of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): Infants understand the world through their senses and actions.
Preoperational stage (2-6 years): Children grasp the concept of objects' permanence as well as engaging with the world through mental representation.
Stages of cognitive development are characterized as schema, assimilation, accommodation, and accommodation.

Theory of Mind

Children develop an understanding of how their own and others’ thoughts, beliefs, and desires shape behavior.
Measured through tasks like false-belief tasks, location change tasks, and unexpected contents tasks (Sally-Anne task).
Successfully completing theory of mind tasks typically occurs near the age of 4 years.

Attachment: crucial part of healthy development that defines human bonds.
Different types of attachment exist - insecure/secure.
Measured with the strange situation procedure.
Infants' attachment style may correlate with adult outcomes.
Egocentricism evolves into sociocentrism.

Identity in Early Childhood

Children often use positive terms to define themselves.
Identity development takes place over time.
This phase is marked by significant decreases in positivity.

Self-Esteem

Changes over time, particularly during adolescence and later in life.
Gender differences in self-esteem may correlate with societal expectations.
Factors like social comparison, physical abilities, and rank order consistency can influence self-esteem.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on human development in Chapter 11 of the PSYA02 course. This quiz covers key concepts regarding the four main periods of human development, including prenatal, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Explore vital topics such as sensation, perception, cognition, and social behavior.