PSY340 - Exam 1 Study Guide.pdf

PSY 340 Test 1 Study Guide Multiple Choice 1. In the factor analysis approach to personality, a “factor” can be best described as a personality a. theory. b. item. c. trait. d. type. 2. The main distinction between the typological approach and the three trait app...

PSY 340 Test 1 Study Guide Multiple Choice 1. In the factor analysis approach to personality, a “factor” can be best described as a personality a. theory. b. item. c. trait. d. type. 2. The main distinction between the typological approach and the three trait approaches to personality is that the typological approach focuses on __________ differences between people, while the three trait approaches focus on __________ differences between people a. subjective/behavioral b. quantitative/qualitative c. behavioral/subjective d. qualitative/quantitative 3. What is another name for ego resiliency? a. extraversion b. self-monitoring c. psychological adjustment d. self-control 4. A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher MOST likely to adopt? a. single-trait b. typological c. essential-trait d. many-trait 5. With which approach to personality would a researcher correlate a single behavior, such as smoking, with multiple traits, such as the Big Five? a. typological approach b. single-trait approach c. many-trait approach d. essential-trait approach 6. Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships? a. authoritarianism b. conscientiousness c. narcissism d. self-monitoring 7. According to the text, which of the following characteristics is positively associated with personality consistency? a. general mental health b. openness to experience c. need for cognition  d. neuroticism 8. Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called plasticity. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor? a. extraversion and openness b. conscientiousness and extraversion c. openness and neuroticism d. neuroticism and agreeableness 9. According to the text, what is one of the reasons accurate self-knowledge is a hallmark of mental health? a. Someone with accurate self-knowledge is also in a good position to make good life decisions. b. Someone with accurate self-knowledge scores higher on IQ tests. c. Accurate self-knowledge is not a hallmark of mental health. d. Someone with accurate self-knowledge tends to engage in risky behaviors. 10.According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ seems to improve considerably. a. predictive validity; reliability b. consensus; interjudge agreement c. consensus; accuracy d. accuracy; consensus 11.A correlation coefficient is a measure of ________ and mathematically ranges between ________. a. effect size; −1 and +1  b. significance test; zero and infinity c. probability; 1 and 100 d. effect size;.30 and.40 12.Which of the following does NOT describe a reason that people gravitate to the typological approach in contrast to the trait approach? a. The typological approach has many years’ worth of empirical support. b. Different types of people may be qualitatively distinct from each other. c. The trait approach assumes that all people can be characterized using similar traits, which might be wrong. d. Qualitative differences between types of people are somewhat easier to comprehend than traits. 13.Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness? a. longevity b. high IQ c. avoidance of risks d. educational level 14.The trait approach focuses exclusively on a. physical dimensions. b. aspects of personality that are the same in all people. c. individual differences. d. the measurement of absolute levels of traits. 15.Which trait is associated with putting more effort into hairstyles and clothing?  a. narcissism b. authoritarianism c. self-monitoring d. conscientiousness 16.Using the psychological definition of a strong situation, which of the following is the strongest situation? a. an unstructured interaction with a friend b. a funeral c. a party d. free time on a Saturday afternoon 17.Which trait is MOST closely linked with dominance? a. agreeableness b. neuroticism c. extraversion d. conscientiousness 18.A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of traits that characterize whole persons will likely use a ________ approach. a. many-trait b. typological c. configural d. single-trait 19.To improve personality research, researchers can a. check for factors that predict consistency. b. predict behavioral trends rather than single acts. c. measure behavior across various relevant situations that occur in real life. d. All of these answer options are correct. 20.Which essential trait theorist developed a model with the strongest ties to psychoanalytic ideas? a. Hans Eysenck b. Raymond Cattell c. Auke Tellegen d. Jack Block 21.Which of the following is a purpose of using the single-trait approach? a. To understand how personality is expressed in language b. To understand a broad range of behavioral consequences of a trait c. To find the most important personality traits d. To identify groups of people who are similar to each other 22.When compared to high self-monitors, people who score low in self-monitoring tend to a. perform better in job interviews. b. use strategies to influence coworkers. c. be willing to lie to get a date. d. be regarded as more honest. 23.According to a recent study described in the textbook, which trait has been linked to a decrease in life satisfaction following a period of unemployment? a. self-monitoring b. conscientiousness c. narcissism d. agreeableness 24.Though some researchers disagree, after over 60 years of research, most personality psychologists think there are how many essential personality factors? a. four b. three c. five d. six 25.According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as a..60. b..80. c..40. d..20. 26.People high in the trait of __________ are more liked by others around them AND are also more likely to rate other people more positively. a. agreeableness b. openness  c. extraversion d. conscientiousness 27.Which of the following is an aspect of the “good” trait? a. visibility b. acquaintanceship c. unpredictability d. moderation 28.Someone who scores high on extraversion likely ________, whereas someone who scores high on agreeableness likely ________. a. is sensitive to rewards; is psychologically well adjusted b. is thrifty; is accident-prone c. does not show their emotions; is vulnerable to bullying d. scores low on agreeableness; scores low on extraversion 29.The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ________ your score is on ________. a. higher; self-monitoring b. lower; authoritarianism c. higher; neuroticism d. higher; agreeableness 30.Funder and Ozer (1983) examined the results of three classic social psychological studies. They converted the results to effect sizes and found that the effects were equivalent to correlations in the range of ________ (in absolute value).  a..30 to.40 b..70 to.97 c..10 to.20 d..61 to.75 31.A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that a. people are inconsistent. b. individual differences cannot be measured reliably. c. situations do not affect behavior. d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size. 32.Fast and Funder (2008) found that using words like guarantee was correlated.21 with “has a high aspiration for self.” Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this finding? a. Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations. b. Participants who used the word guarantee were very unlikely to also have high aspirations. c. Participants who used the word guarantee were very likely to also have high aspirations. d. Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly less likely to also have high aspirations. 33.According to the text, individuals high in ________ are usually valued employees. a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. extraversion  d. emotional intelligence 34.Although the Big Five was developed by researchers interested in narrowing down personality traits to an essential few, they have been criticized for __________ a. being too broad. b. having too many essential traits. c. lacking a theoretical basis. d. being unlikely to replicate. 35.Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and “difficult to grasp”? a. extraversion b. openness c. neuroticism d. psychoticism 36.According to the text, why is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator particularly popular? a. It is particularly good at predicting important life outcomes. b. It has strong psychometric properties. c. It is free for researchers to use. d. Its vague questions give the impression that it offers deep insight. 37.What dramatic conclusion did some psychologists and non-psychologists draw from Mischel’s claims regarding personality and behavior? a. that personality does not change over the life span  b. that personality traits do not matter c. that correlations cannot test the link between the person and the situation d. that people are in some ways similar and in some ways different than other people 38.Which of the following Big Five domains is related to less smoking? a. neuroticism b. openness c. extraversion d. agreeableness 39.A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a(n) ________ approach. a. many-trait b. essential-trait c. typological d. single-trait 40.A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a(n) ________ approach. a. many-trait b. single-trait c. typological d. essential-trait 41.According to research that shows a link between a trait’s observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately? a. empathy b. talkativeness c. self-consciousness d. creativity 42.Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as ________ at age 3. a. self-reliant and energetic b. maintaining close relationships c. emotionally unstable and aggressive d. guilty and anxious 43.When compared to personality types, personality traits are ________ at predicting behavior. a. equally poor b. equally good c. worse d. better 44.According to research findings, individuals high in ________ might actually be more consistent. a. extraversion b. self-esteem c. preference for consistency  d. self-control 45.What additional trait(s) do some psychologists argue should be added to expand the Big Five to the Big Six? a. self-monitoring b. conscientiousness c. narcissism d. honesty-humility 46.The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree. a. essential-trait; single-trait b. trait; typological c. constructivist; critical realist d. typological; trait 47.In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be MOST accurately predicted from a. goals. b. motivations. c. situations. d. personality variables. 48.According to the lexical hypothesis, a. the trait honesty-humility should be added to the Big Five personality traits.  b. traits can only be identified in an experimental setting. c. the most important aspects of human life are labeled and will exist in many languages. d. personality does not have a significant influence on behavior. 49.Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes? a. conscientiousness b. authoritarianism c. neuroticism d. openness 50.The MOST important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the a. general patterns that emerge. b. exact value of the correlations. c. smallest correlation. d. wording of specific items. 51.According to the text, some researchers propose that openness to experience is related to ________, while others claim it is related to ________. a. liking rock music; liking classical music b. drug use; conservativeness c. athleticism; religiosity d. creativity; intelligence 52.The situationist argument holds that  a. situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior. b. a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality. c. our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed, and people see others as more consistent across situations than they really are. d. All of the answer options are correct. 53.Factor analyses are mostly based on which of the following pieces of information? a. researchers’ judgments b. correlation matrices c. superfactors d. thematic apperception tests 54.What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment? a. relevance/availability/detection/utilization b. recall/adjustment/manipulation c. recall/activation/matching/detection d. realism/accuracy/manipulation 55.What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen? a. neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience b. ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment c. neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism d. positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint 56.What role did the lexical hypothesis play in the development of the Big Five? a. It was the basis for the California Q-Set. b. It led to the development of a typological approach to the Big Five. c. It helped link biological mechanisms to personality traits. d. It helped researchers identify the most important traits to study. 57.A researcher taking the many-trait approach to understanding personality would likely use which of the following measurement instruments? a. the NEO-PI neuroticism scale b. California F scale c. California Q-Set d. self-monitoring scale 58.Which trait describes people who are psychologically well adjusted and tend to be religious? a. sensuality b. humor c. honesty-humility d. frugality 59.The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________ studies. a. case b. archival c. experimental  d. correlational 60.Narcissists often come across initially as having __________, but in fact narcissists often like themselves __________ than one would expect. a. high self-esteem/less b. low self-esteem/more c. high self-esteem/more d. low self-esteem/less 61.Raymond Cattell studied the essential traits of personality using a __________ approach, and Henry Murray used a __________ approach. a. biological/typological b. factor analytical/theoretical c. theoretical/typological d. theoretical/factor analytical 62.Manuel is discontented with economic and political systems as an adult. Recent research suggests that as a child, Manuel would have been described as a. misbehaved. b. over-controlled. c. well-adjusted. d. egocentric. 63.Recent research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge tends to be someone who a. is extraverted.  b. tends to be manipulative. c. is narcissistic. d. tends to have a positive outlook. 64.Which approach to studying personality begins with the question “Who does that?” and then seeks to understand the traits associated with a specific behavior? a. many-trait approach b. essential-trait approach c. single-trait approach d. typological approach 65.Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder’s theory, Julie would MOST likely be a. a low self-monitor. b. high in private self-consciousness. c. low in public self-consciousness. d. a high self-monitor. 66.Research on ________ addresses important questions concerning the way that inner reality and the private self relate to external reality and the self as presented to others. a. conscientiousness b. self-monitoring c. introversion and extraversion d. authoritarianism 67.According to the text, which of the following is one of the reactions an individual high on right-wing authoritarianism would have when playing experimental games? a. They are less likely to obey an experimenter’s commands. b. They experience more positive emotions than nonauthoritarians. c. They seek to win at all costs. d. They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible. 68.In terms of personality judgment, according to the text, which of the following is assessed in the process of convergent validation? a. constructivism b. interjudge agreement c. critical realism d. first impressions 69.Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely to be the most talkative at the department of motor vehicles (DMV). Which of the following terms describes this principle? a. relative consistency b. relative change c. absolute consistency d. absolute change 70.Sally prefers listening to relaxing music by folk singers who write and perform their own songs. Sally is likely high in which trait? a. openness  b. neuroticism c. conscientiousness d. extraversion 71.People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________. a. ego-controlled; ego-resilient b. low self-monitors; high self-monitors c. high self-monitors; low self-monitors d. ego-resilient; ego-controlled 72.In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that a. personality traits transcend the immediate situation and moment, and they provide the most consistent guide to a person’s actions. b. traits are the only factors that influence human behavior. c. situations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends. d. behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits. 73.A situationist would interpret a correlation of around.40 a. as an example of a very small effect size. b. by using a Binomial Effect Size Display. c. as an example of a medium effect size. d. as an example of a large effect size. 74.What is another name for ego control?  a. impulse control b. psychological adjustment c. self-monitoring d. emotional stability 75.Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions? a. openness b. neuroticism c. extraversion d. conscientiousness 76.Given Snyder’s description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring. a. harder to judge b. less depressed c. less conscientious d. easier to judge 77.Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life stories, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent. a. mindfully b. positivity c. absolutely d. smart Matching 78.Match the most associated trait factor with each facet. a. Extraversion b. Agreeableness c. Conscientiousness d. Neuroticism e. Openness f. Narcissism g. Self-monitoring 1. Hostility - D 2. Gregariousness - A 3. Altruism - B 4. Self-discipline - C 5. Assertiveness - A 79.Match the most applicable stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model with each hypothetical judgment. (Some lettered answers may be used more than once and others may not be used at all.) a. Availability b. Relevance c. Utilization d. Detection e. Judgment f. Understanding 1. A friend is revealing important information about themselves at a concert, but you fail to hear it. - D 2. An attentive judge notices important patterns in a target’s speech. - D 3. Cybil makes an active attempt to conceal her neurotic behaviors from  John. - B 4. Jake makes a judgment of Marla’s high conscientiousness based on her friendliness. - B 5. A judge fails to notice an important and informative behavior. - D 6. The situation is not applicable for displaying a trait. - B 7. A good trait is displayed in a range of contexts. - A 8. A friend confesses that he has a messy room, but you discount this information. - C 80.Match the correct term with each definition. a. Relative consistency b. Situationism c. The “personality coefficient” d. Aggregation e. BESD 1. Correlations are higher when behaviors are averaged. - D 2. The friendliest person at a party is probably also the friendliest in class. - A 3. r =.30 to.40 - C 4. The situation is more important than the person in determining behavior. B Answer Key PSY 340 Multiple Choice 1. Answer: C 2. Answer: D 3. Answer: C 4. Answer: D 5. Answer: C 6. Answer: C 7. Answer: A 8. Answer: A 9. Answer: A 10.Answer: C 11.Answer: A 12.Answer: A 13.Answer: B 14.Answer: C 15.Answer: A 16.Answer: B 17.Answer: C 18.Answer: B 19.Answer: D 20.Answer: D 21.Answer: B 22.Answer: D 23.Answer: B 24.Answer: C 25.Answer: C 26.Answer: A 27.Answer: A 28.Answer: A 29.Answer: C 30.Answer: A 31.Answer: A 32.Answer: A 33.Answer: B 34.Answer: A 35.Answer: B 36.Answer: D 37.Answer: B 38.Answer: D 39.Answer: B 40.Answer: A 41.Answer: B 42.Answer: D 43.Answer: D 44.Answer: C 45.Answer: D 46.Answer: B 47.Answer: C 48.Answer: C 49.Answer: A 50.Answer: A 51.Answer: D 52.Answer: D 53.Answer: B 54.Answer: A 55.Answer: D 56.Answer: D 57.Answer: C 58.Answer: C 59.Answer: D 60.Answer: A 61.Answer: B 62.Answer: A 63.Answer: D 64.Answer: A 65.Answer: D 66.Answer: B 67.Answer: D 68.Answer: B 69.Answer: A 70.Answer: D 71.Answer: C 72.Answer: D 73.Answer: A 74.Answer: A 75.Answer: C 76.Answer: D 77.Answer: C Matching 78.Answer: 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 79.Answer: 1. D 2. D 3. A  4. B 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C 80.Answer: 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B