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lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Facilitating and Learner-Centered Teaching Module 5 Facilitating Learner Centered-Teaching (Pangasinan State University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or e...

lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Facilitating and Learner-Centered Teaching Module 5 Facilitating Learner Centered-Teaching (Pangasinan State University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 5 PART 3 – Focus on Learning Module 5 – Behavioral Perspective Lesson 1. Behaviorism: Pavlov Thorndike, Skinner LEARNING CONTENTS (title of the subsection) Activity 1. Think of a teacher that’s most unforgettable to you in elementary or high school. 2. Are there things that when you encounter at present (see, hear, touch, smell) make you “go back to the past” and recall this teacher? What are these things? Yes, they care for their students the most, treating them like their own daughters or sisters when they are outside of the classroom. They made this kind of interaction with their students which is a big help to keep the students on focus and will catch the attention of the students. 3. What kinds of rewards and punishments did she/he apply in your class? For what student behaviors were the rewards and punishments for? Student Behavior Reward/Punishment 1. reciting in the class They give us candies or some snacks when we performed well in their class 2. students fail to cope up with the They give remedial classes activities 3. students have done all the assigned They give another set of activities that activities will broaden the knowledge of their students 4. Analysis 1. What makes this teacher unforgettable for you? She explains every lessons clearly though the quizzes she gave was hard enough for me, but still it made me interested in her subject even more because I am being challenged to do my best to study to get high scores which is a very efficient way to push your student to study harder and do their best 2. Why do your answers in no. 1 make you recall this teacher? Describe the connection these things have on your past teacher. I liked their way of teaching, the way they deliver their topics will get your attention and to listen attentively to understand they give examples which you will truly understand what PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 they are talking about. 3. Were the rewards and punishments given effective? Please elaborate. Yes, in every lesson there are activities that we will do and the treat that we received will motivate us even more even if it is just for fun. Synapse Strengtheners 1. Read more about classical conditioning. Find out about their similarities and differences. Prepare a concept map or graphic organizer to highlight these similarities and differences. Classical Condition Before Conditioning: the ing unconditioned stimulus (USC) produces an unconditioned response ( UCR) in an organism After Conditioning: now the During Conditioning: a conditioned stimulus has stimulus which produces been assiociated with the no response is associated unconditioned stimulus to with the unconditioned create a new conditioned stimulus at which point it response. now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus. Application 1. Observation a. Choose place where you can observe adult-child interactions – such as in a mall, in church, at the playground, etc. Spend one hour observing such adult-child interactions. Focus your attention on the stimulus-response consequence patterns you observe. In a kindergarten school, wherein the students or children was being demanding. They are insisting the things that they wanted and their parents will either let them be or punish them with such attitude. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Describe the consequences you observe. (It is better to write or scribble the details on the spot or as soon as you finish your observation). The parents sometimes punish their child because of that kind of attitude. They scold their child, they spank them or even pinch them. It is not right to discipline a child that way but that is how other parents do to their child._____________________________________________________________________________________________ PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Answer these questions: 1. What kinds of stimuli for children’s and adult behavior did you observe? Children often get fascinated on the way how mall looks and those things that they will see inside of it, but most of the parents will get mad and scold their child for being ignorant or curious. 2. What kinds of behaviors on the part of the children elicit reinforcement and punishment consequences from the adult? They get scolded, sometimes they get some tiny pinch, but mostly nagged by their parents. 3. What kinds of behaviors of adults are reinforced or punished by the children? Some adults aren’t telling the truth, some were just saying words for convenience. They just know how to reason for themselves so that children won’t create commotions. Some children are very reinforced by adult attention, whereas other children are motivated by being alone playing gadgets. If the parents were reinforcing the child with the same item over and over again, they are likely to get bored with the same thing. So, we need to decide which behaviors we currently are trying to increase or maintain, and then we are going to deliver the reinforcement accordingly. Reinforcements include praise and attention, treats, access to gadgets, buying a desired toy, etc. It is simply a reward or consequence to a specific behavior. 4. What kinds of reinforcements and punishments seem to be the most “successful”? Talking to them, nagging or child being scold by their parents will be the most effective for me. Talking gently to them make them listen to you rather than hurting them as a sign that you are going to discipline your child. 5. Given the experience, what are your thoughts about operant conditioning? Do you think children reinforce and punish adults as adults reinforce and punish them. How might the two be interdependent. Operant conditioning employs rewards and punishments for behavior. Through this, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence whether negative or positive for a certain behavior. It plays vital role when it comes to everyday learning and responsibilities. Reinforcement and punishment takes place in natural settings all the time, as well as in more structured settings such as classrooms. It is reinforced by the preceding response with something that is desired by the subject such as praise, attention, food, etc. It is also shaped by guiding behavior closer to approximations of the desired behavior. Each and every one of us have different behavior depending on the situation, yet, behavior conditioning also negotiates with negative reinforcement or increasing a behavior and punishment where we’re decreasing a behavior. 2. Thorndike’s Connectionism a. Choose a topic you want to teach. b. Think of ways you can apply the three primary laws while you teach the topic. Topic: Behavioristic Theory and Stimulus- Response Methods Grade/year level _______________________ PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185  It explains a student’s readiness for engaging in an activity. Before teaching, the teacher should help make the student ready to learn. The teacher can debrief the students in relation to the subject delivered previously.  The teacher can deliver an attractive introduction to the learning before entering into new material.  The teacher motivates the students by informing them that public speaking skill is very Law of Readiness important to master. The ability to pour out ideas and thoughts into oral form is useful to support studies, careers and life within society.  Successful learning can be seen from the students’ being active so the teacher should motivate them to participate actively in the learning process, whereas teachers should give stimuli that can activate them including debriefing, exercises, practice, summary development, critique and comment, assignments as well.  Learning process will be more successful when the learner’s response to a stimulus is followed by a feeling of pleasure or satisfaction immediately. Essentially, learning is the process of establishing Law of Effect. Indicate specifically how relationship between stimulus and you will use positive/negative response. reinforcements (rewards)  This means that the positive feeling resulting from a teacher’s reward will give the students satisfaction and will encourage them to improve what they have already achieved in a higher form.  Praise or reward given by the teacher will affect the students PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 positively, whereas they will feel appreciated for their achievement, and self-satisfaction will emerge in them as a result of their success,  A stimulus in learning is a stimulation given to the students to improve their learning spirit. Reward is an enlivening response and a subjective behavior. The student’s willingness will be the sign for the teacher to give reward in a form of a thing or token which will motivate the students to learn diligently and maintain their achievements  It states that the more frequently the stimulus-response relation occurs, the stronger is the relation and vice versa.  It basically builds on an assumption that stimulus and response will have a close relation to each other when the  repetition process occurs frequently, so that engaging in an activity a greater number of times will lead to a more automatic relation.  In the learning of public Law of Exercise speaking skills, the biggest problem the students encounter is the difficulty of delivering ideas, thoughts, and even wishes to their teachers and friends. Students also speak hesitantly, choose words with difficulty, hearts beat very quickly and speak nervously, suddenly lost and discontinued. Considering this, a learning model should be developed that can activate the students and enable them to speak confidently. Research Connection Read a research or study related to behaviorism. Fill out the matrix below. PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 5 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Problem Research Methodology Considering the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. Law of readiness. Learning will be successful when The objective of this research was to testthe the teacher prepares everything well. application of Thorndike and Kinner’s Readiness also includes preparing the behavioristic learning theory particularly in students to receive the lesson readily. For that storytelling learning and speech learning reason, the teacher should motivate the process. students continuously in order to grow their self-confidence and learning spirit. Successful learning can be seen, among others, from the students’ activeness. Therefore, the teacher should attempt to motivate the students to participate actively in the learning process Title and Source: (Complete APA bibliographical entry format) Behavioristic Theory and Its Application in the Learning of Speech A. Anindyarini1,2, F. Rokhman1 , M. Mulyani1 , and Andayani2 https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/view/2714 Findings Learning with stimulus-response methods is Conclusions/Recommendations an effective strategy to apply to storytelling skill. Speaking learning strategy refers to. Learning will be successful when the stimulus-response principle [7, 8]. The teacher prepares everything well. Readiness stimulus-response paradigm is a fundamental also includes preparing the students to characteristic of behaviorist thought. The receive the lesson readily. For that reason, the application of learning theory suggested by teacher should motivate the students Assessmentand Thorndike Task/s Skinner has been practiced by continuously in order to grow their self- students and teachers 1. Explain of SMP the basic 19 Surakarta principles of behaviorism. confidence and learning spirit with the following  Behaviorism results emphasizes the role of approach that are learned all from the environment. It is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, according to psychology. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviors. It is often characterized as the viewpoint holding that the appropriate subject matter for psychology PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 6 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 is behavior and the environment. These principles include the role of consequences, reinforcements, punishments, extinction and maintenance. 2. Make a simple plan applying the principles of learning. These applications make learning more joyful and interesting which help students clear the basic concepts of learning. Hence, these applications play a very important role to enhance learning.  Encourage contact between students and faculty  Develop reciprocity and cooperation among students  Encourage active learning  Give prompt feedback  Emphasize time on task  Communicate high expectations  Respect diverse talents and ways of learning. 3. Explain how to use rewards in the learning process effectively. Extending a reward to students helps to promote positive and appropriate behavior in a class. Through appropriate student behavior, teachers are able to concentrate on lesson content and interactive activities to indulge students in learning opposed to focusing on classroom discipline. Using reward systems to motivate students can boost students’ self-esteem and improve their performances’ results. Hence, here’s how to put a reward system:  Set class behavior goals that are achievable and measurable  Define how the reward system will be used, make boundaries and intentions clear  Give students specific and genuine feedback attached to the reward.  Give students a voice to be sure that rewards are valuable and motivating for the  students, let them put together a list of acceptable rewards  Rewards must be given shortly after the shown behavior  Raise your expectations for the student’s behavior in order to receive the same reward, they should have to work because of an intrinsic motivation  Rewarding students randomly for their behavior and achievements keeps them on track 5-minute non-stop writing Your 5-minute non-stop writing begins NOW! From the Module on Behaviorism: Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, I realized that..... PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 7 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Every person has their own attitude whether it is bad or good. We can see it as not good on our side but to them it is the right things. Sometimes people get bad images because of their attitude but others also get good image and also people will give compliments to those who are good, but one thing that I know is we cannot dictate others what to do or how to react on things or how to approach things because they have their own ways of interpreting things that is far way possible that we have similar understanding things. REFERENCES Corpuz, Brenda B., Lucas, Maria Rita D. Facilitating Learning: A Metacognitive Process. Lorimar Publishing Inc. 4th Edition. Quezon City 2014 Bulusan, F., Raquepo, Marcelo R., Balmeo, Marilyn L. & Gutierrez, Joselito C. Facilitating Learner- Centered Teaching. Rex Book Store. Manila 2020 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 Lesson 2. Neo – Behaviorism: Tolman and Bandura Activity 1 Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism 1. Solve maze A. Enter on the left side and exit at the top. Solve maze B. Enter on the top and exit on the left side. Maze A Maze B Analysis 2 1. How did you solve Maze A? What strategy did you use? (trial and error, examined the maze before proceeding with your pen, etc.) I make sure that before I answer it with pen for the final answer I examined it first to come up with the right answer. 2. Was it easier to solve maze B? Why? Yes because I already have the idea since I did the first maze. Activity 2 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory 1. Read the following news article. 10-Year Old Boy in Texas Hangs Himself After Watching Saddam Execution PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 8 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 The Associated Press HOUSTON Jan 4, 2007 (AP) Police and family members said a 10-year old boy who died by hanging himself from a bunk bed was apparently mimicking the execution of former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Sergio Pelico was found dead Sunday in his apartment bedroom in the Houston-area city of Webster, said Webster police Lt. Tom Claunch. Pelico’s mother told police he had previously watched a news report on Saddam’s death. “It appears to be accidental,” Claunch said. “Our gut reaction is that he was experimenting.” An autopsy of the fifth-grader’s body was pending. Julio Gustavo, Sergio’s uncle, said the boy was a happy and curious child. He said Sergio had watched TV news with another uncle on Saturday and asked the uncle about Saddam’s death. “His uncle told him it was because of Saddam was real bad,” Gustavo said. “He (Sergio) said, ‘OK.’ And that was it.” Sergio’s mother, Sara Pelico DeLeon was at work Sunday while Sergio and other children were under the care of an uncle, Gustavo said. One of the children found Sergio’s body in his bedroom. Police said the boy had tied a slipknot around his neck while on a bunk bed. Police investigators learned that Sergio had been upset about not getting a Christmas gift from his father, but they don’t believe the boy intentionally killed himself. Clinical psychologist Edward Bischof of California said children of Sergio’s age mimic risky behaviors they see on TV such as wrestling and extreme sports without realizing the dangers. He said TV appeared to be the stimulant in Sergio’s case. “I would think may be this kid is trying something that he thinks fun to act out without having the emotional and psychological maturity to think the thing through before he acts on it,” Bischof said. Family members held a memorial; for the boy Wednesday in the apartment complex activity center. Gustavo said the family is trying to put together enough money to send Sergio’s body to Guatemala for burial. “I don’t think he thought it was real,” Gustavo said of Saddam’s hanging. “They showed them putting the noose around his neck and everything. Why show that on TV?” (retrieved from www.abcnews.go.com) Analysis 2 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory 1. What do authorities say might be the reason why Sergio hanged himself? What facts made them give this reason? The TV show he watched about the execution of saddam. Comment on the opinion of the clinical psychologist. At that stage kids do really have that kind of characteristic that is why children that age needed a proper guidance from their parents or anyone who are knowledgeable enough to tell the difference between good and bad things 2. What do you think is the effect of television on the behavior of young people (preschool to college)? Cite specific examples. Television is not bad if they have a PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 9 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 proper guidance from their parents. It will not good if they will just let their child feed their curiosity. ________________________________________________________________ Synapse Strengtheners  1. How are Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism and Bandura’s Social learning theory able to bridge behaviorism and cognitive theory? Bandura’s Social Learning Theory implies that people learn from one another through observation, imitation and modeling. The theory has been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory and motivation which is also related to Vygotsky’s Theory that emphasizes the importance of social learning. 3. Read this article about Bandura’s views about television and violence, Albert Bandura lecture – Bing Distinguished Lecture Series “The Power of Social Modeling: The Effects of Television Violence” by Christine Van De Velde (at http://www.stanford.edu/dept/bingschool/rschart/bandura.htm). Make a reaction paper.  The article seems to be very interesting wherein Bandura pointed out the effects of television violence. Nowadays, kids would try to imitate what they see on television and influencers, and that’s really dangerous because they are not even conscious about it. They are not able to identify the consequences of their own actions where the bad effect is not only in terms of physical but also verbal and emotional as well. Violent television viewing affects younger children more since their perception of what is real and unreal is not as mature as an older adult so the tendency is that, aggressive adults learned their behavior as children. By simply watching portrayals of violence, children learn to accept aggressive behavior by becoming insensitive to the effects of violence and imitating it by modeling the actor’s aggressiveness. So, the only solution to overcome the problem is to lessen the amount of time the children watch TV, regardless of the content, the time should be moderated because it decreases time spent on more beneficial activities such as reading, playing with friends, deep talks with the family and developing hobbies. The most important aspect of violence in television is preventing it. There are many ways in which it can be prevented, but not often are carried out. These solutions are easy to implement, but are often overlooked because of commercial purposes. To prevent children from watching television violence is to stop where it starts. Children are said to be the nation’s hope so they should be nurtured and molded properly by the parents or responsible adults. This is where parental guidance plays a vital role, for them to monitor and guide kids on what they see on TV and explain to them the effects of watching violent scenes considering the consequences of such violent acts if imitated. Educating the kids about the negative effects of television is very important because their minds are fragile and as a parent we have to secure and protect our kids from any harm or disrespectful manners. It is our responsibility as adults to lead our kids to a better future. Application – Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism State a personal message derived from the key concepts of Tolman’s purposive behaviorism. Use the Table provided below: PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 10 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Key Concept of Tolman’s Theory Personal Message On Purposive Behaviorism 1. Learning is always purposive and 1.1. To make my students do what I require goal-directed. them to do, I should state the goal clearly and specifically. 1.2. I must set my goals and direction first for better understanding of the students 1.3. I must have clear objectives so that I can set that to achieved the outcome that I wanted. 2. Cognitive maps help students perform 2.1.I will use concept map to illustrate well. things better. Organisms select the shortest or easiest path to achieve a goal. 2.2.I will use concept maps for the students to have a better learning experience. 3. Latent learning stays with the individual 3.1. I will give an exercise and assessments until right after the discussion not only to test needed. what they learned but also to know how efficient your teaching is. 3.2. I will use some strategy to prolong the knowledge to my students so they can remember what they have learned from their previous lessons. 4. Learning is influenced by expectations, 4.1 I make sure that my students won’t get perceptions, representations, needs and bored in my class by giving trivia’s that is other related to the lesson. internal variables like hunger. 4.2. I will administer some activities and offer some treats and prizes to add some excitement. 4.3 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 11 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Application – Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Choose 3 key concepts of Bandura’s social learning theory then state how you apply the concept as you teach. Use the Table provided for this purpose. 3 Key Concepts of Albert Bandura How I apply it in my teaching 1. Cognitive maps help students perform 1.1. well. I will use concept maps for my students to Organisms select the shortest or easiest understand better the lessons. path to achieve a goal. 1.2. I will use concept maps in my teaching for my students to have a better learning experience. 2. Latent learning stays with the individual 2.1 I will give my students an assessments until right after the discussion. needed. 2.2 i will use some strategy to prolong the knowledge to my students so they can remember every lesson easily. 3. Learning is influenced by expectations, 3.1 I will make sure that my students are perceptions, representations, needs and focused and they are not bored. other internal variables like hunger. 3.2 I will give them treats to add some excitements. Assessment Tasks 1. In your own words and in not more than 5 sentences each, explain: a) Tolman’s purposive behaviorism  It combines the objective study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. Tolman thought that learning developed from knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates to its environment. He believed that behavior was goal- driven rather than a simple biological response to a stimuli. It is a cognitive theory of learning postulating that individuals act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions and they strive towards goals. One is a cognitive response as holistic and purposive while the other is based on social response. PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 12 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 b) Bandura’s social learning theory This theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. It considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. This explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental influences. It’s Bandura’s intention to explain how children learn in social environments by observing and then imitating the behavior of others. In which, social learning includes developing self-organization skills, engagement across disengaged learners and encourages collaboration or teamwork. c) Give at least one teaching application of each theory.  Tolman’s purposive behaviorism  Learning is always purposive and goal-directed - I must set clear objectives and directions for better result - I must set my goals and directions first for my student to understand well and participate actively  Bandura’s social learning theory  Learning is influenced by expectations, perceptions, representations, needs and other internal variables like hunger. - I make sure that my students aren’t bored in my class by cracking some joke if necessary - I’d not hesitate to offer a praise, give treats, tokens, extra privileges and tangible rewards as well because it strengthens the response by adding rewards after the behavior is well-performed. Research Connection Read a research or study related to Tolman and Bandura. Fill out the matrix below. Research Problem Methodology Subjects were teacher education students from Iowa State University with 186 Somew orkhasb ee ndoneonther elat ions hi psb etwe en students. Survey instruments were used to PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY collect the data including mailed, follow-up 13 se lf -e ffic acyan dt e ache rbehavi orsa ndb etwee nte ach e r postcards and cover letters. The data s e l f -effic acyandst udenta chi ev eme nt. collection instrument was consisted of personal and professional information, Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected]) performance predictions, descriptive  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 Title and Source: (Complete APA bibliographical entry format) Findings Conclusions/Recommendatio ns Self-efficacy of teacher education students: A study based on Bandura 's Social Cognitive Theory https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=12287&context=rtd There is a need for further investigation of Using the Scheffe procedure to identify self-efficacy in teacher education, specifically significant differences between scores, in student teaching and other field significant differences were found for all skills experiences. Questions include whether except teaching gifted students. For 11 of the changes are specifically related to the 12 skills, predicted TSE was greater than education students' opportunity to perform initial as anticipated. This indicates that the skills in question or to their beliefs about student teachers did expect to learn and the consequences of the skills on student improve as a result of student teaching. achievement or engagement, as well as 5-minute non-stop writing whether there are 51 ways to increase or enhance development of self-efficacy in student teachers. C Your 5-minute non-stop writing begins NOW! From the Module on Neobehaviorism: Tolman and Bandura, I realized that..... I have learned that students in terms of learning, they must be guided well by the teachers for them to learn well. It’s the teacher’s duty to make sure that the students will learn from their lessons. They must be efficient to achieve their desired outcome from their students. PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 14 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|36759185 It is hard to be a teacher, because you will need strength and a lot of patience for you to handle every situation you will be into. But not just that, because being a teacher is a great privileged for a person to say that their child have learned from you. REFERENCES Corpuz, Brenda B., Lucas, Maria Rita D. Facilitating Learning: A Metacognitive Process. Lorimar Publishing Inc. 4th Edition. Quezon City 2014 Bulusan, F., Raquepo, Marcelo R., Balmeo, Marilyn L. & Gutierrez, Joselito C. Facilitating Learner- Centered Teaching. Rex Book Store. Manila 2020 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 15 Downloaded by Marylou Argamosa ([email protected])