Product Design Summary PDF

Product Design Summary  User Centred Design (UCD)- an iterative design process in which designers focus on the users and their needs in each phase of the design process. Anthropometrics – Measurements concerning the human body...

Product Design Summary  User Centred Design (UCD)- an iterative design process in which designers focus on the users and their needs in each phase of the design process. Anthropometrics – Measurements concerning the human body Quantitative Data – Information that can be given numerical value Definitions I Qualitative Data- Non-numerical data that is collected and analysed to gain an in depth understanding of complex queries didn’t know CADD – Computer aided design and drafting (designs get converted into technical drawings) CD-ROM – Compact disk read only memory, contains data computers can read, but not write or erase Word Processor - A word processor is a program designed to assist with the production of a wide variety of documents, including letters, memoranda, and manuals, rapidly and at relatively low cost. Arts and Crafts (1850-1915) - It was a reaction to the industrial revolution, as practical skills (like woodworking and weaving) became rarer the art style picked up traction - Either bland or overly ornate, typically with repeating patterns, natural ornamentation, embellishment was key. - Significant Figures: William Morris, Gustar Stinkley, Florence Koeher - Women were often undervalued during this time period, this led to the setup of The Women's Guild of Arts in 1907 Art Nouveau (1880- 1910) - Common use of organic shapes and natural forms, it’s a very decorative style of art - It was popular during the 19th century and up until the first world war - Art Nouveau’s reign is incredibly brief, but it still represents the evolution of the Arts and Crafts movement Modernism (1880- 1940) - Modernism was a break from the past and had a profound effect on the world - It frequently used new materials like concrete, steel and glass - It heavily influenced Western Society Art Deco (1910-1940) - It was a result of the arts explosion during the 1920’s - It is typically decorative, elegant and functional - Often used geometrical shapes (Curved/straight lines, primitive art etc) - Significant Individuals: Maurice Dufrere, Emile- Jacques and Rumann Bauhaus (1919-1934) - Bauhaus is the name of an Art School that influenced many popular designers - Form is equal to function (open plan etc) - The Bauhaus art style often uses minimalism, the absence of ornamentalism, and embracing functionality Post Modernism (1972-1990) - It was a reaction to Modernism - It was the first time New and Old were seen together - It often put Fun over Form - An example of this style would be the MI6 building - Significant Individuals were Mendini, Branzi, Navone and Ghini Properties Property/Characteristic Meaning Compressive Strength The ability to withstand being crushed or shortened by pushing forces Tensile Strength The ability to resist forces that stretching or pulling forces Stiffness The ability to resist forces that may bend the material Hardness The ability to withstand wear and abrasion Durability The ability to withstand weathering and damage Impact Resistance The ability to absorb impact force without fracture Plasticity The ability to be permanently deformed and retain that shape Elasticity The ability to be deformed and then return to the original shape when the force is removed Malleability The ability to withstand deformation Ductility The ability to be drawn into wires Properties Ductility The ability to be drawn into wires Density The mass of the material in a standard volume of space Strength to weight Ratio Comparing the weight of the structure to the amount of weight it can support without fracture Flammability How a material burns once ignited and the degree of difficulty required to cause combustion Electrical Conductivity Whether the material is an electrical conductor. An electrical insulator does not allow a current to pass through the material Thermal Conductivity A thermal conductor allows heat to transfer heat through itself. A Thermal insulator does not allow heat to pass through it. Corrosion/degradation resistance The ability of the material to withstand environmental attack and decay Additives - Enhance the Polymers properties - (EG) Fire Retardant, Antistatic, Biodegradability etc Woods Manufactured Boards Made of recycled woods, Available in large sheets, Properties are consistent, Available pre-finished. ❖ Engineered Boards: (Including Cement Bonded particle Board) ❖ Laminated (Including Plywood): Plywood is strong and cannot split, Marine Plywood is water resistant and thinner than regular plywood, flexi plywood is more flexible than regular plywood ❖ Compressed (Including MDF):Bonded with Resin, same as plywood, just larger chunks ❖ Wood Veneers: Stuck on manufactured boards to improve aesthetics Hard Woods Deciduous Trees. Hard wood trees are slow growing and need more land than trees, therefore they are more expensive, they are favoured for aesthetics. ❖ Oak: Resistant to Rot, Long Lasting, Strong, Durable, Corrodes Steel – Used in construction, furniture and ship building among other things ❖ Ash: Springy and quite elastic, shock resistant – Used mostly in sports equipment and tool handles ❖ Birch: Uniform, even texture, low cost , least resilient hardwood against insects, rot resistant – Used in veneers, plywood, furniture, cabinets etc ❖ Mahogany: Endangered species, aesthetically pleasing, stable, highly prized – Used in vintage furniture ❖ Beech: Flexible, tough, odourless, resistant to abrasion, very hard to chip – Used in bowls and toys ❖ Teak: Naturally high in oils, high resistance to acids and alkalis – Used mostly in outdoor furniture and chairs Soft Woods Evergreen Trees. Fast growth means mostly low cost, mostly lightweight means less seasoning ❖ Douglas Fir: Tough, cheap, strong, hard to treat – Used in construction ❖ Red Wood: Grow quickly, great strength to weight ratio – Used in construction, decking and instruments ❖ Spruce: Great Strength to weight ratio – Used in aircraft during WW1 and 2 ❖ Cedar: High Oil content, resistant to decay and insect attack, hard to add a finish, fairy toxic – Used in outdoor furniture, fencing, decking etc ❖ Larch: High resin content, - Used in veneers, fence posts, furniture and boats Woods ❖ Rough Sawn Timber (Cheapest) – Used Most in construction, Used outdoors ❖ Planed Timber – Made using a planer and thicknesser, smaller and more expensive then rough sawn ❖ Natural Timbers – Most Wood sold as boards and square sections as rough sawn or PSE or PAR Never Plane against ❖ PSE Timber – has one square edge the grain ❖ PAR Timber – square on all sides ❖ Wood Grain – The Structure of wood grain can affect workability and cost ❖ Wood Structure – Wood is like a group of straws ❖ Anisotropic – A material that Is easy to break in one direction and hard to break in another ❖ Seasoning – Taking Timber and removing all of the water, this can be done outside (taking over a year) or in a kiln (taking a day), it increases stability, strength and resistance to decay ❖ Distortions – Wood is hydroscopic (absorbs moisture and swells in damp conditions), as water evaporates, wood shrinks ❖ Joining wood – Adhesives, Joints and fittings ❖ Forming – Adding/removing material, bending (steaming) ❖ Laminating – Can create curves, can be used to join materials, can increase the materials qualities ❖ Tanalising – Prevents insect attack, pressure cooker forces copper into a wood Metals Alloys Brass: Alloy of Copper + Zinc – Sonorous, Used in locks, gears, door handles etc Bronze: Alloy of Copper - Higher melting point than brass, highly ductile, generally 10% more dense than stainless steel – Used in sculptures and bearings Duralumin: Alloy of Aluminium - Lightweight, Hard – Used in air craft Bauxite: Alloy of Aluminium – Low Conductivity, hard and abrasive – Needs to be refined and then smelted using electrolysis Ferrous Mild Steel: Tough, Ductile, Malleable, Poor Corrosion Resistance – Used in general construction and cutting tools High Carbon Steel: Resistant to wear, Brittle, Poor Corrosion Resistance – Used in hand/machine cutting tools Stainless Steel: Can be made magnetic, ductile, corrosion resistant – Used in Cutlery, Surgical instruments etc Cast Iron: Very heavy, rigid, easily machined – Used in old lamp posts and art pieces Non-Ferrous Aluminium: Soft, low strength, high conductivity, can be alloyed with easily – used in many metal products Zinc: Corrosion Resistant – Used to galvanise other metals Tin: Corrosion Resistant – Used to make Tins Copper: Pure form is soft, Malleable, Corrosion Resistant, Thermally and Electrically Conductive – Wires and electrical applications, etc Tungsten: Toughest material, super dense, resistant to corrosion, melting point of 3422°C – Drill Bits and tools Ceramics ❖ Used in aerospace, electronics and biomedical fields. Made from the same ingredients every time. Have superior properties than unrefined ceramics Borosilicate Glass – Low coefficient of thermal expansion Silicon Carbide – Can be combined with steel, can tolerate high temperatures, incredibly hard and hard wearing Tungsten Carbide – High Melting point, twice as stiff and dense as steel, very high hardness Polymers Thermosetting ❖ Cannot be reused and has strongly linked monomers. Often Hard and Durable. Made from Crude Oil. Urea Formaldehyde – Hard, inexpensive and brittle – Used as wood glue Epoxy Resin – High Strength content, stiff, brittle, chemical resistance, electrical resistance, temperature resistance – Used coatings, LED’s, high tension electrical components, manufacture of paint brushes Phenol Formaldehyde – High working temperature – Used as laminate sheets and coatings on metals Polyester Resin – Often bonded with other materials, lower cost than other resins – Used in industrial coatings and boat building/repair Thermoplastic/Thermoforming ❖ Can be reused and have loosely linked monomers. Recyclable, remoudlable. Made from Crude Oil. Polyethylene (PE) – 120–130-degree melting point, flexible, translucent, weatherproof, tough, easy to process, low cost – Used in food containers, bottles, toys Polyamide (PA) – 220–260-degree melting point, high wear resistance, high thermal stability, good strength and hardness – Used in textiles, sportswear, automotive parts and utensils ABS – Good Resistance against medium temperatures, Hard, Tough, antistatic, good resistance, can be painted – Used in Gardening tools, medical applications, pipes and fittings and automotive parts Polypropylene (PP) – Poor UV resistance, Translucent, Rigid, very light, excellent chemical resistance, microwavable – Used in plastic packaging, plastic parts for machinery and equipment, carpeting and ropes PVC – Good UV resistance, excellent chemical resistance, glue able, weldable, bendable, machinable and stiff – Used in medical tubing, window frames, fencing and decking and shrink wrap PET- Very light, high tensile strength, hard, stiff and used in drinks bottles – Used in bottles, containers and chemical storage Acrylic – Weather resistant, difficult to recycle, corrosion resistant, electrical insulator – Used in lenses, replacements for glass, fashion accessories, display products and indoor/outdoor signs Polymers Thermosetting UF – Hard, opaque, - used in adhesives, electrical casings, sockets and switches MF – Hard, scratch resistant, opaque – surface coatings, decorative coverings etc PR – Most common form of resin used in the marine industry – Plastic boat hulls, bath tubs, chair seats Epoxy Resin – Clear Resin that also needs to be mixed with a catalyst to cure – used as an adhesive, surface coating and encapsulating LED’s Thermoplastic/Thermoforming LDPE – is derived from Ethylene, quite flexible but also tough – used in food containers HDPE – tough, high strength to weight ratio – used in containers for chemicals PP – tough, flexible, fatigue resistance – used in food packaging, medical equipment HIPS – Rigid, lightweight high impact – used in yoghurt, cutlery, salad bowls ABS – Hard and tough, excellent impact strength – used in computer cases, hard hats, car bumpers, wing mirror PMMA – tough, lightweight – alternative to glass, used in shower trays, baths, car lamp covers, lenses Nylon – Used for mechanical components like screws and gears, woven textiles, tents and seat belts, carpets Rigid PVC – Can be rigid, flexible – used in plumbing, guttering and drain pipes Flexible PVC – Plasticiser added to PVC to increase flexibility – used in hose pips, electrical insulation, inflatable products, clothing and upholstry Modern Materials E-Textiles – Materials that eliminate the need for wires and hard electronics – Used in sensors, thermochromic displays, communication, data, heating and medication Super Alloys – Used in extreme applications – Used in turbine engines, marine applications, nuclear plants, oil and gas industries High Performance Alloys – Unique alloys that are made to meet specific performance needs – Used in a wide variety of industries Bioplastics – Plastics made from natural sources – Fossil Fuels, corn, cane, sugar and potatoes Nanocrystalline – Extremely small materials with crystalline properties, they are hard and wear resistant – Used in cutting tools, tungsten and carbide Nanocomposites – Materials added to improve one particular property to another material – Used in a wide variety of industries Smart Materials ❖ Respond to external factors (e.g. heat change, change in electrical charge, change in pressure, etc) Thermochromic – Respond to changes in temperature (Change in colour) Phosphorescent – Respond to changes in light (Change in light output) Photochromic – Respond to changes in light (Change in colour) Electrochromic – Respond to changes in current (Change in colour) Piezochromic – Respond to changes in pressure (Change in colour) Solvatochromic – Respond to changes when dissolved (Change in colour) Shape Memory Alloys – Deformed when cold but changes to its pre-deformed state when heated Shape Memory Polymers – Deform when the shape is heated or pressure is applied Unit 2 – Performance of Polymers See slide 9-10 (Properties) See slide 15-16 (Polymer types) Elastomers – Polymers that are highly elastic and capable of returning to their original shape after being stretched – Typically used as grips, texture, tires, shoe soles and baby pacifiers, also adhesives, sealants, tubes balloons and adhesives Stock Forms – Sheet, Film, Granules, Rods/extruded forms, foam and powder Biodegradability – Polymers that decompose due to the presence and action of living organisms Degradability – All polymers are degradable, but some can take 1000 years or longer Compostable – The material breaks down under certain specific conditions into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass; takes a shorter time and leaves no toxic residue Biodegradable polymers – two categories – Made from raw materials including sugar and plant starches such as PLA – Those manufactured from petrochemicals with the addition of biodegradable additives which aid degradation Oxy-degradation – degrades when exposed to oxygen Photo-degradation – degrades when exposed to light Hydro-degradation – degrades when exposed to water/liquid Unit 3 – Performance of Woods Testing wood – woods can be tested for: Tensile Strength – apply weight to a test piece and monitor how much the material bends or deflects Toughness – hold a test piece in a vice and hit each one in turn with the same force, most brittle piece will snap Hardness – Hit a centre punch into a material and measure the size of the dent created Corrosion – Pieces left outside of an extended period, and then the damages are inspected Malleability – Measure how far back a thin test piece will bend before it snaps Stock Forms – Rough Sawn – Cheap, construction Planed all round – Most expensive wood Planes Square Edge – One square edge Mouldings – Machined profiles made for functional and aesthetic purposes See slides 11-12 (Wood characteristics/properties) Unit 8 – Working with Woods Addition – refers to joining woods Forming and Wasting – modify shape by bending or wearing away materials Knock Down Fittings (KD fittings) – Used to join boards edge to edge and build carcasses/frameworks for furniture Joining methods can be temporary or permanent – e.g. Knock down fittings, dowel joints and barrel + nut joints being temporary The Six Traditional Joining Methods are: Comb Joint (simple and strong joints), Dovetail Joint (require high skill but are valued for strength and aesthetics), Housing Joint (Strong, can be used without glue to create sliding parts), Half-lap joint (Quick and easy to make, but not very strong), Dowel Joints (quick, simple and very effective) and Mortise and Tenon joints (Heavy duty joint used in load bearing frame work) Joining with components – Wood Screws, Nuts + Bolts, Coach Bolts, KD Fittings (Barrel Nut and Bolt, Cam Fittings, Modesty Blocks) Forming – Waves (), Unit 8 – Working with Woods Forming – Lamination (Thin veneers or flexible plywood are glued together to create permanently curved edges. Often using the Vacuum Bag Method, which requires a two part former encapsulating the wood before a pump sucks all the air out forcing it to bend into position) Steam Bending (A Steam Box heats up and softens the wood fibres, making the wood more pliable) Hand Processes (Chisel, Gouges and Planes) Machine Processes ▪ Lathing – Lathing takes place on the Lathe. Spinning the workpiece allowing for a blade to cut into the it ▪ Milling – Milling wood takes place on the CNC machine, rotating tool cuts various shapes ▪ Chuck and Faceplate - ▪ Routing Unit 13 – Design Influences User Centred Design – Research methods to understand a users wants/needs Market Research, Interview/focus groups, Human Factors, Product Analysis, ergonomic/anthropometric data Data distribution: Products often aim to be suited for the widest range of people (from the 5th to 95th percentile) See slides 3-8 (Design Styles/Movements) Designers and their work: Philippe Starck – A French product designer and architect, designer of the Juicy Salif – his style embraces fun and humour James Dyson – British Inventor and founder of the Dyson company – His products often have radical new approaches in their design Margaret Calvert OBE – Graphic designer – Designed UK road signs Dieter Rams – German Industrial Designer and Head of Braun – Aims to design products to be useful and easy to use Charles and Ray Eames – Influential married team of American industrial designers – designed the Eames House Marianne Brandt – German designer, studied at Bauhaus – Best known for creating household objects such as teapots, jugs, tableware and lighting Product life involves: Introduction – The early stages of the products life (and new versions of) (this happens after R&D) Growth – Popularity of the product and sales build (the most growth in sales is seen) Maturity – Sales peak and the product finds its place in the market (usually the longest part of the products life cycle) Decline – Product achieves fewer sales and popularity recedes (after this the product is often replaced) Unit 13 – Design Influences Design limitations – All designers must work within a standard set of parameters such as timescale, budget and quality Socio-economic influences – The Study that links social progress with economic activity World War I – Huge change in the way war was fought – forced designers to change focus, also made mass production more prominent Post-World War I – As government and designers started to rebuild cities and society, the Bauhaus school or design was opened World War II – There were significant advances in technologies used from WWI, however raw materials were scarce. The council of industrial design was founded, promoting the improvement of the design of British products Contemporary Times – Post war Britain saw continued rationing until 1954 and a slow rebuild of a nation Today’s Fashion and Design – New technologies as well as fashion, drive sales. Development in Manufacturing – Manufacturing has improved efficiency and to utilise advances in materials and processing technologies (3D Printing, Mass production, specialised machinery etc) See slide 17 (Modern Materials) Social issues can arise when a new product has an unforeseen side effect on a group of people – This can be good or bad CSR/ Corporate social Responsibility – a company’s efforts the support society and have sustainable development/ being responsible for their own impact Good Designs should aim to: Be safe for the user, not permeate harmful stereotypes/ideas, not interfere or offend people with other cultural/religious beliefs, be as inclusive as reasonably attainable, The 6 R’s of Sustainable Design– Refuse, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Recycle Processes I didn’t know about Just some other stuff I didn’t know Ways to meet user needs wants and values: Questionnaires, Focus Groups (Can be biased), Market Research, Surveys, Human Factors*, Ergonomic Data, Anthropometric Data *Human Factor’s: Design approach that focuses on improving the interactive aspects of a product