Biology Presentation25 PDF

High humidity → reduces Monoclonal Antibodies transpiration. 1. **Cancer Treatment:** Wind → increases transpiration. - They target and destroy cancer cells or deliver High heat → increases transpiration. treatments...

High humidity → reduces Monoclonal Antibodies transpiration. 1. **Cancer Treatment:** Wind → increases transpiration. - They target and destroy cancer cells or deliver High heat → increases transpiration. treatments directly to cancer cells. 2. **Pregnancy Tests:** Bright light → increases transpiration. - Detect the pregnancy hormone (hCG) in urine. 3. **Disease Detection:** - Find specific proteins or hormones in blood or A pathogen is any harmful urine to diagnose diseases. microorganism that can cause 4. **Treating Autoimmune Diseases:** disease in a host organism - Help stop the immune system from attacking the body in diseases like arthritis. 1. Waxy Cuticle:water loss 5. **Targeted Drug Delivery:** Physical Defenses: 5. Guard Cells: - Deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells or Bark/outer layers: Protect against microbes. - **Specialized cells** around the stomata Thorns/spines/hairs: Stop herbivores from eating the other target cells to reduce side effects. that **control their opening and closing**. plant. Wax coatings: Prevent water loss and discourage They become **turgid (swollen)** when filled pathogens. with water, causing the stomata to open, and **flaccid (shrunken)** when they lose water, Chemical Defenses: Poisons (e.g., mint, hazel): Kill or repel harmful causing the stomata to close microbes and animals. Aromatic oils: Repel or kill harmful organisms. -Embryonic Stem Cells Mechanical Defenses: - Source: Natural embryos (e.g., from IVF). Thigmotropism: Plants move in response to touch - Ethical concerns: Destruction of embryos. (e.g., sensitive plant). Camouflage: Plants look like other things to avoid being - Rejection risk: High if stem cells come from a donor embryo. eaten. - No pain - Can form any cell type Cloning HIV antiretroviral Glucose→Eth The Three Stages of the Cell Cycle: - Source: Cloned embryos created drugs can - genetically identical to the donor. 1. The cell grows and carries out its normal functions. manage the anol+Carbon Subcellular structures like mitochondria and ribosomes - Ethical concerns: Same with concerns about human cloning. duplicate, and the DNA is copied to form two identical sets disease but not Dioxide - Rejection risk: Low if from the patient’s own DNA. treat it of chromosomes. This is the cell's preparation for division. Adult The amount of oxygen required to 2. Mitosis: The chromosomes align and are pulled apart by -consenting donors -Heart extraction spindle fibers, moving to opposite sides of the cell. remove the lactic acid, and replace -Painful The nucleus divides, forming two identical nuclei. the body's reserves of oxygen, is 3. The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, producing two called the oxygen debt. -Limited genetically identical daughter cells. Summary of Changes in Differentiation: - Oxygen is needed for aerobic Shape: respiration to provide energy for Nerve cells have long dendrites and Sub-Structure: muscle contraction. axons for transmitting electrical Gene Expression: Specific genes are turned on or off The heart pumps faster to deliver signals. to produce proteins that help form the specialized oxygen and glucose to the Efficiency: Muscle cells are specialized for structures. muscles more efficiently. In single-celled organisms, diffusion is contraction, with many mitochondria Function: The cell’s function becomes specialized Glucose and oxygen are used in efficient because the organism is small for energy. Stores glycogen aerobic respiration to release and everything can easily reach the cell Phloem cells help in the transport of energy. membrane. sugars and nutrients, using sieve After exercise, extra oxygen is In multi-celled organisms, diffusion is plates. less efficient because the distance that required to break down lactic Xylem cells are hollow and have Mechanical Valves: substances must travel is larger, so acid in the liver. specialized systems (like the circulatory lignin to transport water and minerals. Made from synthetic materials, these valves are durable and last for a long time. - This is why breathing and system in animals) are required. Root hair cells have projections and Advantages: Long-lasting, but patients may need heart rates remain high after a large vacuole to absorb water and to take blood-thinning medication to prevent blood exercise until oxygen debt is nutrients efficiently. clots. repaid. Sperm cells have an acrosome, tail, 2.Biological Valves: and lots of mitochondria for movement Made from animal tissues, such as and fertilization. from cows or pigs. Advantages: Less need for blood thinners compared to mechanical valves, but they may not Carcinogens can cause cancer by making cells Monoclonal Antibodies: last as long and could need to be replaced after divide uncontrollably. 1. Injecting the mouse: some years 1. A mouse is injected with an antigen to stimulate an Risk factors for cancer include UV light, which can immune response. increase the risk of skin cancer (like melanoma), 2. Making lymphocytes: and smoking, a major cause of lung cancer and 1. The mouse’s lymphocytes produce antibodies against the other types. A high-fat or low-fiber diet can antigen. increase the risk of bowel cancer, 3. Fusing with tumor cells: while excessive alcohol consumption raises the 1. The lymphocytes are fused with tumor cells to risk of liver, breast, and mouth cancers. Some create hybridomas. people may inherit genetic mutations that make 2. Tumor cells divide quickly, making hybridomas grow fast. them more susceptible to cancer, 4. Producing antibodies: and environmental exposures, like chemicals 1. Hybridomas produce lots of the desired antibodies. such as asbestos or radiation, can also increase 5. Purification: cancer risk. 1. The antibodies are collected and purified for use in research, diagnosis, or treatment.  Forces: Transition metals share common The model doesn’t show Cells contain chemicals which react to properties with all metals, such as the forces between particles, which produce electricity. conducting electricity in both solid and affect how substances behave. The voltage produced by a cell is liquid states and being shiny when dependent upon a number of factors Energy and Interactions: including the type of electrode and freshly cut. They have higher melting It doesn’t show how energy is electrolyte. points, densities, strength, and transferred when substances change A simple cell can be made by connecting hardness compared to Group 1 states (like from solid to liquid). two different metals in contact with an metals. Compared to Group 1 metals, electrolyte. transition metals are less reactive, Concentration refers to how Batteries consist of two or more cells with much higher melting points, much solute (the substance being connected together in series to provide a densities, and strength. They form ions dissolved) is present in a given amount greater voltage. with different charges and often create of solvent (the substance that In non-rechargeable cells and batteries colored compounds. Transition metals dissolves the solute). the chemical reactions stop when one of are also widely used as catalysts in the reactants has been used up. Alkaline various chemical reactions. Percentage Yield=Theoretical / Actual x100 batteries are non-rechargeable. Rechargeable cells and batteries can be Noble metals (like gold) can be Hydrogen Fuel Cells: recharged because the chemical found pure in nature. Advantages: reactions are reversed when an external Metals less reactive than the only byproduct is water, can be refueled relatively quickly compared to recharging batteries. electrical current is supplied. carbon (like iron, zinc, and copper) are can be produced from renewable sources extracted using displacement Long range reactions with carbon. Disadvantages: Fuel cells are supplied by an external Metals more reactive than Hydrogen production: to produce hydrogen uses non-renewable sometimes source of fuel (eg hydrogen) and oxygen carbon (like aluminum, sodium, and Infrastructure: Hydrogen refueling stations are not widespread or air. The fuel is oxidised potassium) require electrolysis for Storage and transport: Storing hydrogen is challenging because it needs to be electrochemically within the fuel cell to extraction. stored under high pressure or in liquid form, both of which require energy and have produce a potential difference. safety concerns. The overall reaction in a hydrogen fuel Cost: Fuel cells and hydrogen production methods are currently expensive Flammable cell involves the oxidation of hydrogen to 4H2 -> 4H+ + 4e- Rechargeable Cells and Batteries produce water. O2+4H+4e- -> 2H2O Advantages: Hydrogen fuel cells offer a potential 2H2+O2-> 2H2O Widespread use and infrastructure: Rechargeable batteries are already used in a alternative to rechargeable cells and wide range of devices - charging stations. batteries. Cost: The technology behind rechargeable batteries has become more affordable Disadvantages: Environmental impact: Batteries, especially lithium-ion, have a limited lifespan and can be harmful to the environment if not recycled properly. Recharge time: Recharging batteries can take several hours, The electric field strength is influenced by: 1.Distance from the Ionization: Ionization occurs when radiation charged object: The closer interacts with atoms, knocking electrons off the secondary object (like a and creating ions (positively or negatively small charge), the stronger charged atoms). This is a key property of the electric field it radiation, particularly alpha and beta experiences. radiation. Electrical sparks: These occur 2.Magnitude of the charge: when static charge builds up on an object and The larger the charge, the the potential difference becomes too large. stronger the electric field it The charge leaps to a conductor (such as a creates, affecting the force grounded object) in the form of a spark. on nearby objects.