Biology Quiz: Plant Processes and Cell Types

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Questions and Answers

Which factor does not influence electric field strength?

Type of object creating the charge

Magnitude of the charge

Temperature of the environment (correct)

Distance from the charged object

What is a significant disadvantage of rechargeable batteries?

They are not widely used in devices.

They recharge too quickly.

They produce excessive heat during use.

They have a limited lifespan. (correct)

What occurs when radiation ionizes an atom?

Electrons are added to the atom.

Electrons are knocked off the atom. (correct)

The atom loses its positive charge.

The atom becomes negatively charged.

What happens during electrical sparks?

Static charge builds up and discharges suddenly. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hydrogen fuel cells is incorrect?

They are currently less costly than rechargeable batteries. Signup and view all the answers

How does high humidity affect transpiration?

It decreases transpiration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

Detecting the pregnancy hormone in urine. Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows root hair cells to efficiently absorb water and nutrients?

Large vacuole Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about guard cells is accurate?

They control stomata opening and closing. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of biological valves compared to mechanical valves?

They are made from animal tissues Signup and view all the answers

What role do thorns and spines play in plant defense?

They stop herbivores from eating the plant. Signup and view all the answers

What is one risk factor that may increase the likelihood of developing skin cancer?

UV light exposure Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms are described as pathogens?

Harmful microorganisms that can cause disease. Signup and view all the answers

Why might patients with biological valves need blood-thinning medication?

To prevent blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemical defense in plants?

Poisonous substances repelling animals. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the acrosome play in sperm cells?

Breaking down the egg's outer layer Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of waxy cuticles in plants?

To prevent water loss and discourage pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a process involved in creating monoclonal antibodies?

Injecting a mouse with an antigen Signup and view all the answers

How do specialized cells around the stomata respond to changes in water content?

They swell and control stomatal opening when filled with water. Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from carcinogens affecting cell division?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary factor is linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer?

High-fat diet Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary ethical concern regarding the use of embryonic stem cells?

Destruction of embryos during extraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

To provide energy for muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is thigmotropism in plants?

Movement in response to touch Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of rejection with cloned embryos?

Low if derived from the patient's own DNA Signup and view all the answers

What happens after exercise regarding oxygen requirements?

Extra oxygen is needed to break down lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about muscle cells is correct?

Muscle cells store glycogen for energy use Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the alignment and separation of chromosomes?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

In multi-celled organisms, why is diffusion less efficient compared to single-celled organisms?

Distance increases due to larger body size Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of embryonic stem cells?

Natural embryos from sources such as IVF Signup and view all the answers

What role do xylem cells play in plants?

Transport water and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What do HIV antiretroviral drugs primarily do?

Manage the disease but do not cure it Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of adult stem cells?

They are derived from consenting adult donors Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of phloem cells in plants?

To transport sugars and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen debt?

The amount of oxygen required to recover from anaerobic conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the first stage of the cell cycle?

The cell grows and carries out normal functions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plays a critical role in gene expression and the formation of specialized structures?

The turning on or off of specific genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fusing lymphocytes with tumor cells?

To create hybridomas Signup and view all the answers

Why are hybridomas significant in medical research?

They produce large amounts of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the purification process of antibodies produced by hybridomas?

Collecting the hybridomas Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as increasing cancer risk?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of tumor cells facilitates the fast growth of hybridomas?

Their rapid division rate Signup and view all the answers

What common properties do transition metals share with other metals?

Electrical conductivity Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemicals in cells play according to the content?

They react to produce electricity Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental exposures contribute to cancer risk?

They introduce toxins into the body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

High Humidity and Transpiration

High humidity reduces transpiration.
Wind increases transpiration.
High heat increases transpiration.
Bright light increases transpiration.

Pathogens

Pathogens are harmful microorganisms causing disease.
Waxy cuticle prevents water loss.
Guard cells control stomata opening/closing.
Turgid guard cells open stomata, flaccid ones close.

Specialized Cells

Guard cells control stomata opening and closing.
When guard cells are turgid (swollen), stomata open.
When guard cells are flaccid (shrunken), stomata close.

Monoclonal Antibodies

Used in cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells directly.
Used in pregnancy tests to detect pregnancy hormone (hCG).
Used in disease detection to find specific proteins/hormones in blood or urine.
Used to treat autoimmune diseases by stopping immune system attacks.
Used for targeted drug/radiation delivery to specific cells.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Source: Natural embryos (e.g., IVF).
Ethical concerns: Embryo destruction.
High rejection risk if from donor embryo.
Can differentiate into any cell type.
No pain.

Cloning

Source: Cloned embryos genetically identical to donor.
Ethical concerns similar to cloning humans.
Low rejection risk if from patient's own DNA.
Adult sources have limited cell types.
Stem cell collection painful for consenting donors.

Cell Cycle Stages

The cell grows, performs normal functions.
DNA is copied, organelles duplicate.
Cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Physical Defenses (Plants)

Bark, outer layers protect against microbes.
Thorns, spines, hairs deter herbivores.
Wax coatings prevent water loss, discourage pathogens.

Chemical Defenses (Plants)

Poisons (e.g., mint, hazel) kill/repel microbes, animals.
Aromatic oils repel/kill harmful organisms.

Mechanical Defenses (Plants)

Thigmotropism (plant response to touch, e.g., sensitive plant).
Camouflage masks plants from predators.

Cellular Respiration and Lactate

If oxygen is not available, cells convert glucose into lactate, releasing less energy.
The body needs extra oxygen to break down lactate after exercise.
This extra oxygen used to remove lactate is known as oxygen debt.

HIV Treatment

Antiretroviral drugs can manage HIV, but not cure it.

Summary of Differentiation Changes (Cells)

Shape, structure, and function change as cells specialize.
Gene expression determines protein synthesis and structural changes.
Examples of specialized cells: nerve, muscle, phloem, xylem, root hair, sperm cells.

Carcinogens and Cancer Risk

Carcinogens cause cancer by uncontrolled cell division.
Risk factors include UV light (skin cancer), smoking (lung cancer), high-fat/low-fiber diet (bowel cancer), alcohol (liver, breast, mouth cancer), genetic mutations, and environmental exposures.

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Description

This quiz covers key topics in biology, including the effects of humidity on transpiration, the role of pathogens, specialized cells like guard cells, and the applications of monoclonal antibodies and embryonic stem cells. Test your understanding of how these concepts interrelate in the context of plant biology and human health.