STS Historical Developments PDF

A. GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS SCIENCE - encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. TECHNOLOGY- is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. SOC...

A. GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS SCIENCE - encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. TECHNOLOGY- is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. SOCIETY- organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent (characterized by or expressing goodwill or kindly feelings), cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes.  SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY- referred to as science and technology studies, is a branch or offspring of science studies. It considers how social, political and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture. - examines the interaction between the human quest to understand the natural world and how this understanding has fashoined society and its development. Needs, challenges and limitations focuses on the role of science and technology in promoting development as well as its limitation in shaping the society. Perspective of Science and Technology Study 1. The question, “What is technology?”, characterizes the Ontological Perspective Ontology is the nature of reality (Hudson and Ozanne, 1988). 2. the question, “ what does technology do for society?", characterizes the Pragmatic Perspective Pragmatic Perspective -relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters: practical as opposed to idealistic). 3. The question, "How does technology affect our experience and, hence, our view of the world?", characterizes the Phenomenological Perspective. Phenomenological Perspective- Is the psychological study of subjective experience What Does Technology Do For Society? A few examples of areas of direct support by technology to everyday life are Transportation Communication Medicine Entertainment To appreciate such support, think about where technology in these areas stood in 1800 Or 1900 vs. 2018. How Does Technology Affect Our Lives and Our Outlooks? Our concern in this area is with how technology affects humans. Consider the effects on people Advertising *Questions raised by technology with respect to such matters as "When does life begin?" and "When is a person dead (e.g., brain death vs. heart stoppage)?" >Impact of changes in technology Ever-increasing rate of change Complexity can overwhelm individuals The Technology Explosion Over the last 2-1/4 centuries, humankind has undergone the Industrial Revolution, which has produced drastic changes in the life of everyday humans in almost all parts of the world. Today the rate of changes in technology is so great that we experience major changes in technology over periods of 1-2 decades or less. A.1. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY a. Ancient times =During this period people were concerned with: -Transportation and navigation -Communication and recording keeping -Mass production -Security and protection -Health (Conservation of Life) -Aesthetics -Engineering -Architecture a) Sumerian Civilization =Sumeria-located on the southernmost part of tip of ancient Mesopotamia. =they were not contended with the basic things that life can offer, this desire pushed them to develop many things connected in science and technology i. Cuneiform -First writing system -utilizes pictures and triangular symbols -curved on clay ii. Uruk City -First true city -made by sun-baked brick -made for protection iii. The Great Ziggurat of Ur -Ziggurat also known as Mountain of God" -sacred place for Chief God -priest were only allowed to enter iv. Irrigation and Dikes -to bring water to farmland -to control flooding of the rivers -for year-long farming and harvesting v. Sailboats -for transportation -carry large quantities of the products vi. Wheel -used for farm work and food processes vii. Plow -another farm technology -it digs the ground where the seeds would be planted b) Babylonian Civilization =great builders, engineers, and architects i. Hanging Gardens of Babylon -One of the seven wonders of ancient world -it was built by great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife -the exact location of this place is unknown -it has greenery decorated by beautiful flowers coming from different places with complicated designs of the infrastructures -greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate. c) Egyptian Civilization =engineering feats regarding the infrastructure established by pharaohs Eg. Pyramids etc. i. Paper/ Papyrus -made by papyrus plant -lighter and thicker than clay tablet -used for record keeping and communications -used to send letter which are delivered by birds ii. Ink -made by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colours -can withstand the elements of nature -used to record history, culture and codified laws (tamper proof) iii. Hieroglyphics -writing system using symbols -language that tells the modern world of history and culture of ancient Egyptians -Egyptians believe that this writing system was provided to them by Gods -curved at walls of pyramids (well preserved) iv. Cosmetic -for both health and aesthetic reasons =eg. Kohl around eyes to prevent and cure eye diseases -believe that a person wearing make-up was protected by evil -beauty is a sign of holiness v. Wig -worn for health and wellness used to protect shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays from the sun vi. Water Clock/ Clepsydra -the device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to another -used a s timekeeping device d) Greek Civilization =birthplace of the western philosophy =in depth-works on philosophy and mathematics =coliseums, Olympics etc. i. Alarm Clock Greek's alarm clock use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into the drums which sounded the alarm Eg. Plato's alarm clock ii. Water Mill -commonly used in agricultural processes Eg. Milling of grains (like rice, cereals, flours) -only required access to rivers or flowing water to work e) Roman Civilization = strongest political and social entity in the west =cradle of politics and governance i. Newspaper -First newspapers are known as Gazettes -contained announcements of Roman Empire to the people -engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed *when paper was invented, in became easier for the Romans to publish matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizen ii. Bound Books/ Codex -for record-keeping Eg. Documenting historical events and newly legislative laws -the papyrus pages was covered by wax, then it was bounded together and covered by animal skin iii. Roman Architecture -considered as continuation of Greek architecture but still roman architecture was regarded as pioneer since roman were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established -this development are funded by government to support such major projects Eg. Churches; cathedral and basilicas, Roman Forum in Italy, aqueducts, coliseum, amphitheatres, residential houses etc. iv. Roman Numerals -devised own number system because of so many deals with other nations to maintain its (Roman Empire) power f) Chinese Civilization =oldest civilization in Asia =AKA middle kingdom i. Silk -natural produce by silk worms -produce paper and clothing -silk trade to other civilization that made a way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges -bridge the gap of the western world and the middle world ii. Tea Production -produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves -First drunk by Chinese emperor iii. Great Wall of China -man-made structure that could be seen in the outer space --made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials -largest and most expensive infrastructure that the nation build -it was constructed to keep foreign invaders and control the border of china iv. Gunpowder -it was developed by Chinese Alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality *They mixed charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate, instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amount of heat and gas in an instant -used for security purposes -used in fireworks b. Medieval or Middle Ages =wars were prevalent =great technology on the field of weaponry, navigation, health, mass food production and farm production =age of exploration i.Printing Press -invented by Johann Gunteberg ii. Microscope -invented the compound microscope by Zacharias Janssen -used to observe microorganism (organism that cannot be seen with our naked eye) that cause illnesses iii. Telescope -helps in the observation of remote objects esp. for navigators *Together with telescope, the invention of compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer iv. War Weapons --used for offensive tools and defensive instruments *developed cross bows and long bows, iron body armour c. Modern Times (19th century) =booming world population =high demand of goods =massive industrialization =food processing and medicine was a great concern i.Pasteurization -invented by Louis Pasteur (a French Biologist, microbiologist, chemist) -the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster -it also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria/ ii. Petroleum Refinery -Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum *Kerosene AKA "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lightning homes, and it was applied for heating purposes >development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry iii. Telephone -used for communication system in the government, for trading, etc. -developed by Alexander Graham Bell iv. Calculator -modern calculators was used to pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations -development of more complex processing machines like the computer d. Philipphine Inventions =many discoveries and inventions made by Filipinos were built/ created form indigenous materials to adapt the harsh tropical environment i. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle -invented by Victor Llave and his team at H2O technologies -it can cross on flooded streets, rivers and lakes -can travel from island to island ii. SALT Lamp -invented by a young Filipino inventor named Aisa Mijeno -Sustainable Alternative Lightning lamp (SALt) iii. Medical Incubator -Hot water was bottles were inserted between baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift wood hood to allow oxygen circulation -it maintain condition suitable for new born, usually pre-term baby -Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino paediatrician and first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run electricity *include her works on immunization of jaundice and BRAT diet for curing diarrhoea iv. Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System (aka OL Trap) -Introduced by Department of Science and Technology-Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST- ITDI) -is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safer for humans and environment unlike the commercial insecticides v. EJeepney (electric jeepney) *Jeepneys was built using the military jeeps left by Americans after World War II -primary mode of transportation used by Filipinos -it is an environmental-friendly because it does not emit any smoke and noise A.2. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION The period of advancements in science and technology that changed people's perceptions and beliefs. A. Copernican Revolution (16th century) -Claudius Ptolemy->famous philosopher and astronomer, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in circular motion around the Earth. *Geocentrism->concept wherein the Earth was at the centre of the solar system -Nicolaus Copernicus, polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemy model. He stated that the sun as at the centre of the solar system *Heliocentrism->concept wherein the sun was at the centre of the solar system B. Darwinian Revolution (1859) -Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist and Geologist, introduced the Theory of Evolution. He stated that organisms have ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known evolution. C. Freudian Revolution (19th century) -Sigmund Freud introduced the theory of Psychoanalysis, is a study that explains human behaviour. He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behaviour and emotions. He also argued that personalities is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego. A.3.SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION- BUILDING The development of the science and technology that affect the development of the Philippines as a nation. A. Pre-Colonial Period >Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicine. Systems of farming and animal raising were also implemented. In addition, early Filipino had already developed different modes of transportation (terrestrial or maritime). >complicated engineering feat was achieved by natives of Cordilleras when they built the rice terraces by hand. Through this terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountain sides in cold temperatures. B. Colonial Period