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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'technology' refer to?
Which perspective asks 'What does technology do for society?'?
Which area is NOT typically supported by technology in everyday life?
What does the Phenomenological Perspective primarily study?
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What is the focus of science, technology, and society studies?
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How does technology affect our outlooks and experiences?
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What is the essence of the Ontological Perspective in technology studies?
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Which of the following questions reflects a limitation of technology in society?
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Which civilization is credited with developing the first writing system?
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What was the purpose of the Great Ziggurat of Ur?
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What significant agricultural advancement is attributed to ancient Sumerians?
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What architectural feat is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon known for?
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Which advancement in technology was used for transportation in ancient Sumer?
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What was a primary concern of individuals during ancient times?
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Which civilization was known for its engineering achievements, including the construction of pyramids?
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What was one of the significant contributions of the Babylonian Civilization?
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What was the primary use of kerosene in its early development?
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Who developed the telephone?
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What material was crucial for the development of the medical incubator by Dr. Fe del Mundo?
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What is the main purpose of the SALT lamp invented by Aisa Mijeno?
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Which invention is designed to travel on flooded streets and waterways?
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What distinguishes the eJeepney from traditional jeepneys?
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Which of the following was NOT a contribution by Filipinos to address local challenges?
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What was a major characteristic of inventions emerging from the Philippines?
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What material was primarily used for ancient record keeping and communication?
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How was ink made in ancient times?
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What was the purpose of hieroglyphics in ancient Egyptian culture?
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Which cosmetic was believed to protect against evil in ancient Egypt?
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What device utilized gravity for timekeeping in ancient times?
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What was the primary function of a Roman newspaper known as a Gazette?
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Which of the following was a distinctive feature of the Roman codex?
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What aspect of Roman architecture was notable for its adaptation?
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What was the primary purpose of the Great Wall of China?
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Which invention is attributed to Johann Gutenberg?
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What material is primarily used in the production of traditional Chinese silk?
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What was one of the key benefits of tea production in China?
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What was the significance of the telescope during the Medieval period?
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Which process was developed by Louis Pasteur to prevent spoilage in dairy products?
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What was the main intention behind creating gunpowder by Chinese alchemists?
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What does pasteurization primarily address in dairy products?
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Study Notes
General Concepts and STS Historical Developments
- Science is the systematic study of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation.
- Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
- Society is a group of individuals organized for shared goals, including religious, cultural, scientific, or political purposes.
- Science, Technology, and Society (STS) examines how social, political, and cultural factors influence scientific research and technological innovations, and how these, in turn, impact society, politics, and culture.
Perspectives of Science and Technology Study
- Ontological Perspective: Focuses on the essence and nature of technology, asking "What is technology?"
- Pragmatic Perspective: Emphasizes the practical applications and societal benefits of technology, asking "What does technology do for society?"
- Phenomenological Perspective: Examines how technology influences human experience and perceptions of the world, asking "How does technology affect our experience and view of the world?"
Impact of Technology on Society
- Technology directly supports our daily lives in areas like transportation, communication, medicine, and entertainment.
- The rate of technological change has accelerated, leading to increasingly complex systems and a sense of information overload.
- The Industrial Revolution, beginning in the 18th century, transformed human life drastically, with significant changes occurring every few decades.
Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed the Course of Science and Technology
Ancient Times
- People focused on transportation, communication, mass production, security, health, aesthetics, engineering, and architecture.
Sumerian Civilization
- Developed the first writing system, cuneiform, using pictures and triangular symbols inscribed on clay.
- Built the first true city, Uruk, using sun-baked bricks for protection.
- Constructed the Great Ziggurat of Ur, a sacred place for the chief god, accessible only by priests.
- Utilized irrigation and dikes for farming and flood control.
- Invented sailboats for transportation.
- Developed the wheel and plow for agricultural purposes.
Babylonian Civilization
- Renowned for their expertise in building, engineering, and architecture.
- Created the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, a wonder of the ancient world, built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife.
- The Gardens, with their intricate designs and greenery, represent a remarkable feat of engineering and architecture.
Egyptian Civilization
- Made notable contributions to engineering and infrastructure.
- Developed papyrus, a lighter and thicker material than clay tablets, used for record-keeping and communication.
- Invented ink, using soot mixed with chemicals, which was durable and used for historical records, cultural documentation, and legal codification.
- Utilized hieroglyphics, a symbolic writing system, to communicate history and culture.
- Employed cosmetics for both aesthetic and medicinal purposes, believing that makeup offered protection from evil and was a sign of holiness.
- Wore wigs for health and wellness, protecting shaved heads from the sun's harmful rays.
- Created water clocks (clepsydra) to measure time.
Greek Civilization
- The birthplace of Western philosophy.
- Significant contributions to philosophy and mathematics.
- Famous for building coliseums and holding the Olympic Games.
- Developed alarm clocks using water, small stones, or sand.
- Invented water mills for agricultural processes, particularly for grinding grains.
Roman Civilization
- A powerful political and social force in the Western world.
- Played a vital role in the development of politics and governance.
- Created newspapers, initially called gazettes, engraved on metal or stone and publicly displayed, later printed on paper. These contained announcements from the Roman Empire.
- Developed bound books (codex), using papyrus sheets covered in wax, to document historical events and legal laws.
- Made significant advancements in architecture, building upon Greek techniques, introducing new technologies and adapting designs.
- Constructed churches, cathedrals, basilicas, the Roman Forum, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheatres, and residential houses.
- Devised their own Roman numeral system to manage complex trading activities.
Chinese Civilization
- The oldest civilization in Asia, also known as the Middle Kingdom.
- Made significant contributions to silk production, using silkworms to produce paper and clothing.
- The Silk Road, a trade route connecting China to other civilizations, facilitated cultural, economic, and scientific exchange.
- Developed tea production, originating with Chinese emperors.
- Constructed the Great Wall of China, a massive structure visible from space, built with stone, brick, wood, and earth, to protect against invaders and control borders. It is the largest and most expensive infrastructure project ever undertaken by a single nation.
- Invented gunpowder, accidentally discovered by Chinese alchemists seeking immortality. It's explosion was used for security, fireworks, and later for weapons.
Medieval or Middle Ages
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Characterized by frequent wars.
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Advanced technology in weaponry, navigation, healthcare, and food production.
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The age of exploration began during this period.
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Inventions of this period include the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, the compound microscope by Zacharias Janssen, and the telescope.
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Weapons like crossbows, longbows, and iron body armor were designed to improve offensive and defensive capabilities.
Modern Times (19th Century)
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Major population growth.
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Increased demand for goods.
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Massive industrialization.
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Concerns about food processing and medicine arose.
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Key inventions of this period include pasteurization by Louis Pasteur, petroleum refinery technology by Samuel M. Kier, the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, and the calculator.
Philippine Inventions
- Many Filipino discoveries and inventions were made using indigenous materials to adapt to the tropical environment.
Notable Philippine Inventions:
- Salamander Amphibious Tricycle (Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies): A vehicle that can travel on flooded streets, rivers, and lakes.
- SALT Lamp (Aisa Mijeno): A sustainable lighting lamp using salt as a power source.
- Medical Incubator (Dr. Fe del Mundo): A low-cost incubator made of local materials, vital for newborn care, particularly for premature babies.
- Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System (OL Trap) (DOST- ITDI): A natural-ingredient trap that kills mosquito eggs and larvae, a safer alternative to commercial insecticides.
- E-Jeepney (Electric Jeepney): An environmentally-friendly version of the traditional jeepney, a popular mode of transportation in the Philippines.
Intellectual Revolution
- A period marked by significant advancements in science and technology that changed people's ideas and beliefs about the world.
Copernican Revolution (16th Century)
- Copernicus challenged the prevailing Ptolemaic model of the universe, which stated that planets and the sun revolved around Earth.
- His heliocentric theory, placing the sun at the center of the solar system, revolutionized astronomical thought and had a profound impact on scientific thinking.
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