PR 2 (1st ASS).docx

GIVE EXAMPLE(S) OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TO OTHER FIELDS: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A. **Social Science** - Quantitative research in social science allows a large sample size survey to understand and solve problems about soci...

GIVE EXAMPLE(S) OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TO OTHER FIELDS: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A. **Social Science** - Quantitative research in social science allows a large sample size survey to understand and solve problems about society and human behavior. It also helps quantify social phenomenon, providing knowledge into issues such as income inequality, crime rates in a country, the influence of social media on public opinion, and mental health trends. - The Longitudinal Impact of Social Media Use on Adolescent Mental Health in the UK - Gender Equality and Political Representation: A Global Analysis - Longitudinal Studies of Effects of Divorce on Children in Great Britain and the United States B. **Natural and Physical Science** - In natural and physical science, quantitative research uses statistical methods and mathematical models to validate hypotheses and analyze experimental data. In this way, scientists are able to make predictions on natural phenomena, verify scientific theories, and develop new technologies. - Quantitative Analysis of Soil Erosion Causative Factors for Susceptibility Assessment in a Complex Watershed - Mathematical Modeling of Heat Transfer Processes with Phase Transitions in Layered Materials - The Structural Integrity of Composite Materials and Long-Life Implementation of Composite Structures C. **Agriculture and Fisheries** - Quantitative research in agriculture and fisheries helps improve crop production and resource sustainability by analyzing data on soil quality, fish populations, and pest control. It also provide help to determine the effectiveness of different farming practices, while in fisheries statistical models assist in policy-making. - Analysis of Climate Variability and Its Impact on Crop Yield Over Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences Research - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Precision Farming Technologies in the Activities of Agricultural Enterprises - The Influence of Water Quality Parameters on Fish Species Abundance and Distribution Near Shoreline of Lake Victorina D. **Sports** - Quantitative research transformed sports management. It helps the team evaluate player performance or planning game strategies. It helps coaches and athletes make data-driven decisions. Also, by using data analytics, sports organizations can develop effective game strategies and study the impact of different factors on the athletes. - An Analysis of New Performance Metrics in the NBA and Their Effects on Win Production and Salary - The Effect of Sleep Quality and Quantity on Athlete's Health and Perceived Training Quality - Analysis of Strategies in Soccer as a Function of European and Domestic Competition E. **Business & Accounting** - In business and accounting, quantitative research is used for market analysis, evaluate financial position, and operational efficiency of an entity. It helps businesses understand consumer preferences, assess investment risks, and make data-driven decision to improve profitability and competitiveness in the market. - Factors Affecting Growth of Small Business: The Case of a Developing Country Having Experienced Transition - A Correlation Analysis Concerning Customer Satisfaction and Business System - The Impact of Digital Marketing on Consumer Buying Behavior in Saudi Arabia: Brand Popularity as a Mediator F. **Arts & Design** - Quantitative research in arts and design helps evaluate the impact of design elements. It can also help determine the viewer's preferences, the impact of artistic interventions, and the effectiveness of design and techniques used. - Art Therapy: A Complementary Treatment for Mental Disorders - Evaluating Museum Exhibits: Quantifying Visitor Experience and Museum Impact with User Experience Methodologies - Quantitative Analysis of Art Market Using Ontologies, Named Entity Recognition and Machine Learning: A Case Study G. **Environmental Science** - Quantitative research in environmental science helps in the prediction of environmental changes. It also helps in understanding climate change impacts, pollution levels, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem health. With all of this, data-driven approach is used to address environmental challenges. - Quantitative Analysis of Air Pollution Levels and Its Health Implication in Delhi-NCR: A Longitudinal Study - Quantitative Assessments of Municipal Waste Management Systems: Using Different Indicators to Compare and Rank Programs in New York State - Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and the Role of Land Use Adaptation in France ### **THE REASON WHY WEALTH MAXIMIZATION FOR SHAREHOLDERS IS THE OVERARCHING GOAL OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT** A company might decide to cut costs drastically by reducing the quality of materials used in its products to maximize short-term profits. While this can boost profits temporarily, it may lead to customer dissatisfaction, loss of market share, and damage to the brand's reputation, ultimately decreasing shareholder value. While profit maximization focuses on immediate gains, **shareholder wealth maximization aims for sustainable growth and long-term value creation.** Therefore, profit maximization does not always lead to shareholder wealth maximization. **For a company to truly enhance shareholder wealth, it must consider a broader range of factors, including long-term growth strategies, risk management, and corporate social responsibility.** AC Company's share is ₱ 2,050 and closed at ₱ 2,150 on July 31, 2019. As of that date, the total shares of outstanding was ₱ 120, 000, 000. What is the market value of shareholders equity? **FORMULA:** **Market Value of Shareholders Equity = Market Price per share of stock × Number of Shares Outstanding** Market Value of Shareholders Equity = ₱ 2, 150 × ₱ 120, 000, 000 = ₱ 258, 000, 000, 000 Assume that on July 31, 2020, the share price of AC Company went down to ₱ 1, 950. Assume further that there was no change in the total number of shares. As of July 31, 2020, what is the market value of shareholders equity? Market Value of Shareholders Equity = ₱ 1, 950 × ₱ 120, 000, 000 = ₱ 234, 000, 000, 000 **DISTINGUISH A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FROM A FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT AND FINANCIAL MARKET** **What would you do if you have a remaining cash to your pocket?** **SAVERS:** House Hold Individuals Corporations Companies Government Agencies **If they are going to save their money, where would they keep it?** **FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES:** Banks Insurance Companies Stock Exchange Mutual Funds **Suppose you need a cash for your project, where can you get additional fund?** **USERS OF FUNDS (BORROWERS OR INVESTORS):** Household Individuals Corporations Companies Government Agencies **FINANCIAL SYSTEM** It is the process by which money flows from savers to user. It consist of financial institution, financial market, financial instruments. No description available. This is a diagram of a Financial System. The solid lines represent the flow of cash/funds, while the broken lines represent the flow of financial instruments which represent obligations to transfer cash or other assets in the future. **FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:** Intermediaries that channel the savings of individuals, business, and governments into loans or investments. **PRIVATE PLACEMENTS:** The sale of a new security directly to an investor or group of investors. **PUBLIC OFFERING:** The sale of either bonds or stocks to the general public. **FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:** Is a real or a virtual document representing a legal agreement involving some sort-of monetary value. These can be debt securities like corporate bonds or equity like shares of stock. **FINANCIAL MARKET** The Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) is both a primary and secondary market.  **PUBLIC OFFERING:** The sale of either bonds or stocks to the general public. **PRIVATE PLACEMENT:** The sale of a new security directly to an investor or group of investors. **SECONDARY MARKET:** Financial market in which preowned securities (those that are not new issues) are traded. **MONEY MARKET:** A financial relationship created between suppliers and users of short-term funds. **CAPITAL MARKET:** A market that enables suppliers and users of long-term funds to make transactions. **FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS** **COMMERCIAL BANKS:** Individuals deposit funds at commercial banks, which use the deposited funds to provide commercial loans to firms and personal loans to individuals, and purchase debt securities issued by firms or government agencies. **INSURANCE COMPANIES:** Individuals purchase insurance (life, property and casualty, and health) protection with insurance premiums. **MUTUAL FUNDS:** Mutual funds are owned by investment companies which enable small investors to enjoy the benefits of investing in a diversified portfolio of securities purchased on their behalf by professional investment managers. **PENSION FUNDS:** Financial institutions that receive payments from employees and invest the proceeds on their behalf. **OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:** Include pension funds like Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) and Social Security System (SSS), Unit Investment trust fund (UITF), investment banks, and credit unions, among others. **FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS** A **FINANCIAL ASSET** is any asset that is: - Cash, notes receivable, loans receivable, investment in stocks, investment in bonds. A **FINANCIAL LIABILITY** is any liability that is a contractual obligation: - To deliver notes payable, loans payable, bonds payable to another entity. An **EQUITY INSTRUMENT** is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all liabilities. - Ordinary Share Capital, Preference Share Capital +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | EQUITY SECURITIES | DEBT SECURITIES | +===================================+===================================+ | -Ordinary shares | -Treasury bills | | | | | -Preference shares | -Treasury notes | | | | | | -Retail treasury bonds | | | | | | -Corporate bonds | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **NOTES RECEIVABLE:** Refers to a written, unconditional promise made by an individual or business to pay a definite amount at a definite date or on demand **EQUITY INSTRUMENTS:** Generally have varied returns based on the performance of the issuing company. Returns from equity instruments come from either dividends or stock price appreciation. The following are types of equity instruments: **PREFERRED STOCK** Has priority over a common stock in terms of claims over the assets of a company. This means that if a company were to be liquidated and its assets have to be distributed, no asset will be distributed to common stockholders unless all the claims of the preferred stockholders have been given. Moreover, preferred stockholders have also priority over common stockholders in cash dividend declaration. Dividends to preferred stockholders are usually in a fixed rate. **No cash dividends will be given to common stockholders unless all the dividends due to preferred stockholders are paid first.** (Cayanan, 2015) **COMMON STOCK** On the other hand are the real owners of the company. If the company's growth is spurring, the common stockholders will benefit on the growth. Moreover, during a profitable period for which a company may decide to declare higher dividends, **preferred stock will receive a fixed dividend rate while common stockholders receive all the excess.**