ppt_w1_ucsp_The-Origin-and-Nature-of-the-Social-Sciences.pptx

THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Week 1  LESSON 1 – THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES After going through this module, you are expected to: Explain anthropological and sociological...

THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Week 1  LESSON 1 – THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES After going through this module, you are expected to: Explain anthropological and sociological perspectives on culture, society and politics; Acquire basic knowledge about origin, growth and development of the social sciences; Demonstrate curiosity and openness to the significance of the social sciences.  LET’S EXAMINE: What is a Filipino? What makes us a Filipino? What are the images that reflect your Filipino identity?  THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE GROWTH OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Socrates Plato Aristotle  Philosophy is distinct from Science. Science would have not development if it remained under the wings of philosophy and theology. Philosophy is based on Analytic understanding of the nature of truth asserted about specific topics of issues.  THE UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH OF SCIENCE The scientific revolution which begun with Nicolaus Copernicus refers to historical changes in thought and belief. In Europe roughly between 1550 and 1700 with the works of Sir Isaac Newton, which proved universal laws of motion and mechanical model of the Universe.Sir Francis Bacon ,who established the supremacy of reason over imagination.  THE SECULARIZATION OF LEARNING & EDUCATION 1. Enlightenment European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith. 2. Medieval Period During the Medieval Period, universities relied mainly on religious tradition and the bible to explain the nature of the universe and the place of human being in the grand scheme of things, the modern universities started to rely on science and its method to interpret the world. Max Weber, one of the leading figures in modern sociology, described this process as rationalization. 3. Rationalization Rationalization or rationalization (also known as making excuses[) is a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable – or even admirable and superior – by plausible means. 4. The Rise of Universities As students at a university, you are part of a great tradition. Consider the words you use: campus, tuition, classes, courses, lectures, faculty, students, administration, chancellor, dean, professor, diploma, alumni association, donations, and so forth. These are the language of the university, and they are all derived from Latin, almost unchanged from their medieval origins. The organization of this university, its activities and its traditions, are continuations of a barroom brawl that took place in Paris almost 800 years ago. 5. The Dissolution of Feudal Social Relations With the intensification of commerce and trade in the 17th century, many medieval guilds or worker’s cooperative were dissolved and absorbed into the emerging factory system. The factory system and the unprecedented growth in the urban centers due to trade and commerce, attracted a lot of agricultural workers and mass of rural population to migrate to urban centers. 6. Trade and Commerce For many centuries the Great Silk Road connected a complex network of trade routes from Europe with Asia. It was a way to establish contact with the great civilizations of China, India, the Near East and Europe. Trade caravans, diplomatic missions, merchants representatives of religious circles, dervishes, warriors – millions people have passed on this road through time with nothing frightening these brave travelers, neither the difficult roads, nor the waterless deserts. 7. The Rise of Individualism The intensification of commerce and trade gradually replaced barter with the production of money and banking system. Soon banking system provided merchants and capitalists the leverage to extend credit and transactions.  ADVANCE READING The birth of Social Sciences as a Response to the Social Turmoil of the MODERN PERIOD.  SOCIOLOGY Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that deals with the scientific study of human interactions ,social groups and institutions ,whole societies and the human world as such. Of course Sociology also addresses the problem of the constitution of the self and the individual, but it only does so in relation larger social structures and processes.  AUGUSTE COMTE He was a French philosopher. He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. HARRIET MARTINEAU HARRIET MARTINEAU, ONE OF THE EARLIEST WESTERN SOCIOLOGISTS, WAS BORN IN 1802 IN NORWICH, ENGLAND. MARTINEAU WAS A SELF- TAUGHT EXPERT IN POLITICAL ECONOMIC THEORY, AND WROTE PROLIFICALLY ABOUT THE RELATIONS BETWEEN POLITICS, ECONOMICS, MORALS, AND SOCIAL LIFE THROUGHOUT HER CAREER. HER INTELLECTUAL WORK WAS CENTERED BY A STAUNCHLY MORAL PERSPECTIVE THAT STEMMED FROM HER UNITARIAN FAITH.  KARL MARX Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19th century he was largely ignored by scholars in his own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883. , has meant that the original ideas of Marx have often been modified and his meanings adapted to a great variety of political circumstances  EMILE DURKLEIM He was a French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher. He formally established the academic discipline and— with Karl Marx and Max Weber—is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.  Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences.  FRANZ BOAS Franz Uri Boas was a German- American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology” His work is associated with the movement of anthropological historicism.  BRONISLAW KASPER MALINOWSKI Was a Polish anthropologist, one of the most important 20th- century anthologists. He has also been referred to as a sociologist and ethnographer. ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE -BROWN an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of structural functionalism and co adaptation.  POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government, and the analysis of political activity and political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources.  WALTER LIPPMANN an american writer, reporter, and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of cold war, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, and critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books.  INDIGENIZATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN THE PHILIPPINES In the Philippines, social sciences after World War II simply perpetuated colonial knowledge production from American social sciences. Many Filipino social scientists such as Virgilio Enriquez, a psychologist Zeus Salazar, a historian and Prospero Covar, an anthropologist advocated for the indigenization of social sciences.