Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites PDF

Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites Chapter 1 SPS Space Probes and Satellites AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LEARNING OBJECTIVE To learn WHAT are Satellites. To learn WHAT are Space Probes....

Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites Chapter 1 SPS Space Probes and Satellites AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LEARNING OBJECTIVE To learn WHAT are Satellites. To learn WHAT are Space Probes. To EXPLORE the Types of Satellites and Space Probes. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites│ DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 2 COURSE CONTENTS Satellites Space Probes AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 3  Satellites SPS Space Probes and Satellites AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING  Satellites A satellite is an object that revolves around a larger object in space due to gravitational forces. This term commonly refers to artificial satellites, which are man- made objects intentionally placed into orbit around Earth or other celestial bodies for specific purposes, such as communication, weather monitoring, navigation, and scientific research. Natural satellites, like moons, occur naturally and orbit planets. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 5 Origin of the Satellite The idea of a satellite traces back to early astronomical observations of moons orbiting planets, particularly by Galileo Galilei in 1610, who discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 6 Origin of the Satellite The concept of an artificial satellite, however, was first theoretically discussed by Sir Isaac Newton in his 1687 work Principia Mathematica, where he described an object launched at a sufficient velocity that would continue to orbit Earth instead of falling back to it. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 7 Origin of the Satellite The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was successfully launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, marking the dawn of the space age. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 8  Natural Satellites Artificial Satellites Natural Satellites are celestial Artificial Satellites are human- bodies that naturally orbit a planet made objects launched into orbit or another larger object. using rockets. They are formed through various They are designed for specific processes such as the gravitational tasks, such as transmitting capture of smaller bodies, accretion signals, collecting scientific data, from the planet’s own material, or or providing navigation services. through collisions. Unlike natural satellites, artificial These satellites follow their orbits satellites are controlled and due to the gravitational pull of the monitored by ground stations. object they orbit. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING The Layers of the Atmosphere and Other Important Quantities │ 9  Types of Natural Satellites 1. Regular Satellites 2. Irregular Satellites 3. Major Satellites 4. Minor Satellites 5. Trojan Satellites 6. Co-orbital Satellites AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 10 Regular Satellite Regular satellites are natural satellites that have prograde orbits and are typically found close to their parent planet in nearly circular and equatorial orbits. These satellites are believed to have formed from the same material as their parent planet or because of the planet's formation process. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 11 Examples of Regular Satellites The Moon (Earth’s Moon): The only natural satellite of Earth, it is a regular satellite that orbits our planet in a nearly circular, prograde orbit. Ganymede (Jupiter's Moon): The largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede orbits Jupiter in a regular, prograde, and nearly circular orbit. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 12 Irregular Satellite Irregular satellites are natural satellites with highly eccentric (elliptical), inclined, and often retrograde orbits. These satellites are believed to have been captured by the planet’s gravity rather than forming in place. They are usually farther from the planet and have more varied orbital paths. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 13 Examples of Irregular Satellites Phoebe (Saturn's Moon): An irregular satellite of Saturn, Phoebe has a highly inclined and retrograde orbit, suggesting it was captured by Saturn’s gravity. Triton (Neptune's Moon): Triton is an irregular satellite with a retrograde orbit, indicating it was likely captured by Neptune rather than forming in orbit around the planet. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 14 Major Satellite Major satellites are the largest natural satellites of a planet, often spherical in shape due to their own gravity. They are typically regular satellites and are significant in size compared to their parent planet. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 15 Examples of Major Satellites Titan (Saturn's Moon): Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second- largest natural satellite in the solar system. It has a thick atmosphere and orbits Saturn in a nearly circular, prograde orbit. Europa (Jupiter's Moon): One of the four largest moons of Jupiter (the Galilean moons), Europa is known for its smooth, icy surface and potential subsurface ocean. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 16 Minor Satellite Minor satellites are smaller natural satellites that can be either regular or irregular. They typically have less mass and are often not spherical, showing irregular shapes due to insufficient gravity to mold them into a spherical form. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 17 Examples of Minor Satellites Deimos (Mars’ Moon): Deimos is a small, irregularly shaped moon of Mars, believed to be a captured asteroid. Phobos (Mars’ Moon): Another minor satellite of Mars, Phobos is slightly larger than Deimos but also has an irregular shape and is thought to be a captured asteroid. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 18 Trojan Satellite Trojan satellites are a special category of natural satellites that share an orbit with a larger body (like a planet or moon) but are located at stable Lagrange points (L4 and L5), leading or trailing the larger body by 60 degrees in its orbit. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 19 Lagrange Points Lagrange Points are positions in space where the gravitational forces of a two- body system like the Sun and Earth produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion. These can be used by spacecraft as "parking spots" in space to remain in a fixed position with minimal fuel consumption. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 20 The Five Lagrange Points The L1 point is perhaps the most immediately significant of the Lagrangian points, which were discovered by mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange. It lies 1.5 million kilometers inside the Earth’s orbit, partway between the Sun and the Earth. L1 is ideal for solar observation missions because a spacecraft at this point can continuously monitor the Sun without any interruptions from Earth. It's also useful for monitoring the solar wind and space weather. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 21 The Five Lagrange Points L2 is located 1.5 million kilometers directly 'behind' the Earth as viewed from the Sun. It is about four times further away from the Earth than the Moon ever gets and orbits the Sun at the same rate as the Earth. L2 is an excellent location for space telescopes and other deep-space observation missions. A spacecraft here can avoid interference from Earth, enjoy a stable temperature environment, and have an unobstructed view of the universe. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 22 The Five Lagrange Points L3 lies behind the Sun, opposite Earth, just beyond our planet’s orbit. Objects in L3 cannot be seen from Earth. It offers the potential to observe the far side of the Sun. L3 is not typically used for space missions because it is hidden behind the Sun from Earth's perspective, making communication difficult. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 23 The Five Lagrange Points L4 forms an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies and is located 60 degrees ahead of the smaller body in its orbit around the larger body. For example, in the Earth-Sun system, L4 is 60 degrees ahead of Earth in its orbit. L4 can host "Trojan" objects, such as asteroids or potential spacecraft, which can remain in this stable position. It’s a potential location for future space colonies or observational platforms. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 24 The Five Lagrange Points L5 also forms an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies but is located 60 degrees behind the smaller body in its orbit around the larger body. L5 is a potential location for space colonies or as a "parking" area for spacecraft. L4 and L5 are resistant to gravitational perturbations. Because of this stability, objects such as dust and asteroids tend to accumulate in these regions. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 25 Examples of Trojan Satellites Helene (Saturn’s Moon): A Trojan moon of Saturn, Helene shares its orbit with the larger moon Dione, located at Dione’s leading Lagrange point (L4). Eurybates (Jupiter’s Trojan): Eurybates is a Trojan asteroid that shares its orbit with Jupiter, located at one of the Lagrange points, making it a natural satellite of sorts. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 26 Co-Orbital Satellite Co-orbital satellites are two or more natural satellites that share the same or very similar orbits around a planet. They can either maintain a stable relationship where they do not collide or have periodic close encounters. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 27 Example of Co-Orbital Satellites Janus and Epimetheus (Saturn’s Moons): These two moons of Saturn share almost the same orbit and periodically swap positions, a unique orbital configuration known as co-orbital or horseshoe orbit. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 28  Types of Artificial Satellites 1. Communication Satellites 2. Weather Satellites 3. Navigation Satellites 4. Earth Observation Satellites 5. Reconnaissance Satellites 6. Scientific Research Satellites 7. Space Station 8. Experimental Satellites 9. Geostationary Satellites AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 29 Communication Satellite Communication satellites are designed to relay and amplify communication signals between different locations on Earth. They facilitate long-distance telephone calls, television broadcasts, internet services, and military communications. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 30 Examples of Communication Satellites INTELSAT Series: A series of communication satellites used for international telecommunications. EchoStar: Provides satellite television services. Inmarsat: Used for global mobile communications, especially for ships and airplanes. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 31 Weather Satellite Weather satellites monitor Earth's atmosphere and surface to collect data on weather patterns, climate conditions, and environmental changes. They are crucial for weather forecasting and monitoring natural disasters like hurricanes and typhoons. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 32 Examples of Weather Satellites GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite): Monitors weather conditions and provides real- time data for forecasting. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Satellites: Used for weather observation and environmental monitoring. Meteosat: Operated by EUMETSAT, it provides weather information for Europe and Africa. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 33 Navigation Satellite Navigation satellites provide precise location data to enable navigation for vehicles, ships, airplanes, and even smartphones. These satellites form part of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 34 Examples of Navigation Satellites GPS (Global Positioning System): A U.S.-operated satellite system used globally for navigation. GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System): The Russian counterpart to GPS. Galileo: The European Union’s satellite navigation system. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 35 Earth Observation Satellite Earth observation satellites are designed to monitor and collect data about Earth's physical, chemical, and biological systems. They are used for environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 36 Examples of Earth Observation Satellites Landsat: Used for land surface monitoring, providing data on agriculture, forestry, and land use. Sentinel Satellites (Copernicus Programme): Monitor Earth’s land, ocean, and atmosphere, aiding in environmental management and emergency response. Terra: A NASA satellite that monitors Earth’s climate and environmental conditions. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 37 Reconnaissance Satellite Reconnaissance satellites, also known as spy satellites, are used primarily for military or intelligence purposes. They collect images and other data to monitor military activities, track missile launches and gather intelligence. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 38 Examples of Reconnaissance Satellites KH (Keyhole) Series: A series of reconnaissance satellites used by the U.S. for intelligence gathering. Lacrosse: A radar imaging reconnaissance satellite used by the U.S. for all-weather surveillance. Helios: A French military reconnaissance satellite system. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 39 Scientific Research Satellite Scientific research satellites are designed for research and exploration. They study space, the solar system, and beyond, as well as Earth's atmosphere, magnetosphere, and oceans. They are also used to observe distant planets, stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 40 Examples of Scientific Research Satellites Hubble Space Telescope: A space telescope that has provided stunning images of distant galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects. James Webb Space Telescope: Focused on observing the universe’s earliest galaxies and other astronomical phenomena. Chandra X-ray Observatory: Observes X-ray emissions from high- energy regions of the universe, such as black holes. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 41 Space Station A space station is a large artificial satellite designed for humans to live and work in space for extended periods. It supports scientific research, technology development, and international collaboration. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 42 Examples of Space Stations International Space Station (ISS): A habitable satellite that serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory. Tiangong Space Station: China's space station, used for scientific research and space exploration. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 43 Experimental Satellite Experimental satellites are designed to test new technologies, concepts, and systems in space. These satellites often pave the way for future missions by validating new instruments and designs. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 44 Examples of Experimental Satellites CubeSats: Small satellites used for educational purposes and technology demonstrations. X-37B: A reusable spaceplane that tests new spacecraft systems and materials in space. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 45 Geostationary Satellite Geostationary satellites orbit Earth at the same rotational speed as the planet, remaining fixed over a single point on the equator. They are commonly used for communication, weather observation, and broadcasting. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 46 Examples of Geostationary Satellites SES Astra: Provides satellite television and radio to Europe. GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite): Used for weather monitoring and forecasting. Himawari: A Japanese geostationary weather satellite used for meteorological observation. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 47  Space Probes SPS Space Probes and Satellites AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING  Space Probes A space probe is an unmanned spacecraft that is sent into space to gather data about various celestial bodies, such as planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and the interstellar medium. Unlike satellites, which orbit planets or other objects, space probes are designed for exploration missions, often traveling far beyond Earth’s orbit to study distant objects in the solar system and beyond. They transmit data back to Earth for analysis, providing valuable insights into the universe. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 49 Origin of the Space Probe The concept of a space probe began with the exploration of space using unmanned spacecraft. The first successful space probe was the Soviet Union's Luna 1, launched on January 2, 1959. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 50 Origin of the Space Probe Although it was intended to impact the Moon, it became the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon and enter a heliocentric orbit (orbiting the Sun). This mission marked the beginning of human exploration of the solar system using space probes. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 51  Types of Space Probes 1. Flyby Probes 2. Orbiter Probes 3. Lander Probes 4. Rover Probes 5. Penetrator Probes 6. Atmospheric Probes 7. Relay Probes AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 52 Flyby Probes Flyby probes are designed to pass close to a celestial body, collect data during the brief encounter, and then continue their trajectory through space. They are not intended to enter orbit or land but are often used for initial reconnaissance of distant planets and moons. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 53 Examples of Flyby Probes Voyager 1 and 2: Launched in 1977, these probes performed flybys of the outer planets, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, providing some of the first close-up images of these planets and their moons. Voyager 1 is now in interstellar space, making it the farthest human-made object from Earth. New Horizons: Launched in 2006, New Horizons flew by Pluto in 2015, providing the first detailed images and data on the dwarf planet. It has since continued its journey into the Kuiper Belt. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 54 Orbiter Probes Orbiter probes are designed to enter and remain in orbit around a celestial body, continuously collecting data over an extended period. These probes provide detailed information about the body’s atmosphere, surface, and gravitational field. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 55 Examples of Orbiter Probes Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO): Launched by NASA in 2005, MRO has been orbiting Mars, capturing high- resolution images of the planet’s surface and studying its atmosphere and climate. Juno: Launched in 2011, Juno is orbiting Jupiter, studying the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, and auroras, and providing insight into its composition and evolution. Venus Express: Operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2006 to 2014, this probe orbited Venus, studying its atmosphere and surface conditions. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 56 Lander Probes Lander probes are designed to descend to the surface of a celestial body, conduct experiments, and transmit data back to Earth. They often carry instruments for analyzing soil, rocks, and atmospheric conditions. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 57 Examples of Lander Probes Viking 1 and 2: These NASA missions were the first successful landers on Mars, launched in 1975. They conducted experiments to search for signs of life and study the Martian surface and atmosphere. InSight: Launched in 2018, InSight is a NASA lander that is currently studying the interior of Mars, measuring its seismic activity, heat flow, and planetary rotation. Philae: A lander that was part of the ESA's Rosetta mission, Philae successfully landed on comet 67P/Churyumov– Gerasimenko in 2014, providing the first close-up study of a comet's surface. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 58 Rover Probes Rover probes are mobile landers equipped with wheels or tracks, allowing them to traverse the surface of a celestial body. Rovers are designed to explore a larger area than stationary landers, performing experiments, and capturing images over a wide range of terrain. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 59 Examples of Rover Probes Curiosity: A NASA rover that landed on Mars in 2012, Curiosity has been exploring the Gale Crater, analyzing soil, rocks, and the atmosphere to assess Mars's habitability. Perseverance: Launched in 2020, Perseverance is a NASA rover designed to search for signs of past life on Mars, collect rock and soil samples, and test new technologies for future human exploration. Yutu ("Jade Rabbit"): A Chinese lunar rover that was part of the Chang'e 3 mission. It explored the Moon's surface, conducting geological studies and sending images back to Earth. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 60 Penetrator Probes Penetrator probes are designed to impact the surface of a celestial body at high speed, burrowing beneath the surface to gather data about the subsurface environment. They can analyze soil, ice, and other materials below the surface layer. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 61 Examples of Penetrator Probes Deep Impact: A NASA mission that sent a probe to impact comet Tempel 1 in 2005, creating a crater and allowing the study of the comet's interior composition. Lunar Prospector: While primarily an orbiter, this NASA mission ended by deliberately crashing into a lunar crater to search for signs of water ice on the Moon. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 62 Atmospheric Probes Atmospheric probes are designed to enter and analyze the atmosphere of a planet or moon. They typically measure temperature, pressure, composition, and other atmospheric properties during their descent. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 63 Examples of Atmospheric Probes Galileo Atmospheric Probe: Part of NASA's Galileo mission, this probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere in 1995, providing valuable data on its composition, temperature, and pressure. Huygens Probe: A European Space Agency (ESA) probe that was part of the Cassini mission, Huygens landed on Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005, analyzing its dense atmosphere and surface conditions. Venus In Situ Explorer (VISU): A proposed NASA mission to study the atmosphere of Venus in detail, including its extreme temperatures and pressure. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 64 Relay Probes Relay probes are designed to facilitate communication between other spacecraft (such as landers or rovers) and Earth. They often orbit a celestial body and act as communication relays, ensuring continuous contact with mission control. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 65 Examples of Relay Probes Mars Odyssey: An orbiter around Mars that serves as a relay for communication between Earth and surface missions like the Curiosity and Perseverance rovers. Luna 10: The first artificial satellite of the Moon, which also relayed communications for the Soviet Luna program. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): While primarily a mapping mission, LRO also serves as a relay for lunar lander missions. AIR LINK INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Introduction to Space Probes and Satellites │ 66 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! ANY QUESTIONS? PREPARED BY: Engr. Ivan Lance B. Casupang 0969 158 9477 [email protected]