Practical Research 1

Practical Research 1 Princess Tiamzon-Sangalang, LPT, MAEd Review Time Processing Questions 1.What have you observed with the video? 2.How is this relevant to our lesson? Owl Eyes Observe the following. Struggles, R...

Practical Research 1 Princess Tiamzon-Sangalang, LPT, MAEd Review Time Processing Questions 1.What have you observed with the video? 2.How is this relevant to our lesson? Owl Eyes Observe the following. Struggles, Real-life documentation challenges, and experiences observation numbers Impact, effects, influence correlation Learning Competencies with Codes - differentiates quantitative from qualitative research (CS_RS11- IIIa-4) - describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research (CS_RS11- IIIb-1) - Illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields (CS_RS11- IIIb-2) Rationale In research methodology, there are two broad categories: qualitative research and quantitative research. Activity 1 Recall your chosen topic. Select one. TYPES OF RESEARCH Based on Application of the Research Method Based on Purpose Based on the data needed BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD  if it deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things, this is PURE RESEARCH it aims to increase your knowledge  if it deals with societal problems or issues and finding solutions, it is APPLIED RESEARCH BASED ON THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH - depends on the purpose or goal: descriptive, correlational, exploratory, expository, or action Purpose continued… Descriptive-defines or gives a verbal portrayal of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc. Correlational-shows the relationship or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research. It only indicates the existence of a relationship not the cause and effect Purpose continued… Explanatory-explains not only the relationship between two factors but also the ways by which the factors exist. Exploratory-finds out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic. This may help you discover or trigger ideas and interest on a certain topic Purpose continued… Action research-studies an on-going practice of a school or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that may bring improvements in the system BASED ON THE TYPES OF DATA NEEDED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH -requires non-numeric data; it uses words rather than numbers to express the results. It investigates people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles. Opinionated answers are not measurable so verbal Based on data needed continued… QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH -involves measurement of data. Findings rely on numbers or frequency of something. It uses decimals, fractions, percentages, ordinal numbers, and whole numbers, etc. RESEARCH DATA RESEARCH DATA PRIMARY DATA – obtained through direct contact with persons, objects, surroundings, etc. They are new and original information resulting from your sensory experience. SECONDARY DATA- written and documented data that are available for reading, viewing, and listening purposes. They are not new and original-that is, they may have been documented beforehand APPROACHES TO RESEARCH 1. SCIENTIFIC OR POSITIVE APPROACH – one can discover information on an impersonal manner. It allows control of variables. - data gathering techniques for this include: interviews, questionnaires, and observation checklists - Data are expressed through numbers. Thus this is used for QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHES APPROACHES TO RESEARCH 2. NATURALISTIC APPROACH – uses words to express data. Enables you to be directly involved with the data and speak of how people behave in their surroundings. - non-numeric data express truths on how people perceive or understand the world - data is uncontrolled or unstructured in manner - USED IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCHES  3. TRIANGULATION APPROACH – a combination of Scientific and Naturalistic approaches - both approaches are used in collecting data and results are based on both perspectives  Qualitative vs Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Quantitative vs Qualitative The research method specifies the researcher's approach to classify relevant research data and collect and interpret the information obtained in the analysis. The components of the study would be influenced by choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach.  Qualitative Research is defined as the "naturalistic research method of investigation that addresses the problem of human complexity by directly exploring it." (Polit and Beck, 2008) In comparison to quantitative research, qualitative research emphasizes human complexity and man's ability to determine and construct his or her own experience. Qualitative Research This form of research utilizes naturalistic investigation techniques as the thesis focuses on the interpretation of the individual's experiences. This form of research uses naturalistic investigation techniques as the thesis focuses on the interpretation of the individual's experiences. From the viewpoint of the subject himself, this form of study seeks to illustrate the human experience with its complex, holistic, and individualistic aspects. This form makes use of qualitative narration and subjective content. (Decatoria, n.d.) Qualitative Research Qualitative research focuses on gaining knowledge and understanding of an individual's experience and interpretation of events. This type of study gathers knowledge through techniques such as interviews and participatory observation.  Qualitative vs Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative Subjective ? Develops a theory ? Uses semi-structured or unstructured ? instruments Interpretative ? Reports narratives and interpretations ? Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely ? The researcher is part of the process ? Context-dependent ? The reasoning is dialectic and inductive ? Methods include field research, case study, and secondary analysis ? Qualitative Research Characteristics Kania (2008) presents the following critical distinguishing characteristics of qualitative research: 1. Qualitative research is conducted systematically and rigorously. However, it is more flexible than quantitative study. 2. It usually follows an iterative process, which means that data collection and analysis occur simultaneously. Data already collected are updated by the ongoing data collection. 3. It focuses on gathering information from people who can provide the richest insights into the phenomenon of interest. As a result, small samples are commonly used in qualitative research. Study participants are usually selected in a purposive manner, using only those for whom the topic under study is relevant. 4. Data collection is continuous until saturation. It reaches the point where no new information is revealed to the key themes emerging from the data. 5. Qualitative data collection examines everyday life in its natural context or in an uncontrolled naturalistic setting. CHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Locus: takes place in a natural setting: a home, an office, an institution or a community where human behavior and events occur. Focus: participants’ perceptions and experiences and the way they make sense of their lives  Method: interactive and humanistic: participants active participation and researchers’ sensitivity to the participants’ needs Data Collection: Observations, structured or semi-structured interviews, documents, etc.  Results: emergent-produces new discoveries Theory or general pattern of understanding will emerge: from initial codes to developing broad themes and coalesces into a grounded theory or broad interpretation  It is fundamentally interpretative Researcher may filter the data through personal lenses: from different factors: historical, personal, religious, political, social, etc.  Finally, THE RESEARCHER IS THE PRIMARY INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION. S/he views the phenomena holistically STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QualRes can offer the best light or best answers to certain phenomenon that cannot be answered by QuanRes Results are exhaustive: it digs below the surface Offers several avenues to understand phenomena, behavior, human conditions, etc. Builds theories based on consistent themes, categories, relationships and interrelationships Adopts a natural approach to its subject matter: based on what is found meaningful Instrumental for positive societal change Includes the researcher’s interest/experience/background in interpreting the study WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Entails total immersion in the setting of the research: time consuming, tedious, resource draining Subjectivity can happen: conflict between “personal self” and “researcher self”  Difficulty in knowing the validity of the results “Data overload” is possible  Case Study Historical Ethnography QualR es Content and Phenomenolo Discourse gy Grounded TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CASE STUDY-usually takes place in the fields of social care, nursing, medicine, psychology, social work, education A longtime study of a person, group, organization, or situation Seeks to find answers why a thing happens to the subject  ETHNOGRAPHY-study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle. Involves a “gatekeeper” who belongs to the group being studied The researcher lives with the group for a long period of time  PHENOMENOLOGY-A Philosophical discipline focusing on a phenomenon-something that known through the senses Refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful (meanings attached to experiences)  CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS- requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of a mode of communication ((letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, AVPs, etc)  A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, and ideological factors on the content HISTORICAL ANALYSIS -examination of primary documents to understand the connection of past events to the present Involves interviews of people who have had first hand experiences or knowledge or events of the past GROUNDED THEORY takes place when you discover a new theory that underlies the study at the time of data collection and analysis data gathering techniques: interview, observation, and documentary analysis  Importance of Qualitative Research QualRes in the Field of Education True or False 1. Qualitative research is Objective. True or False 2. One of the strengths of Qualitative research is it provides individual case information. True or False 3. One of the strengths of Qualitative Research is the data analysis is often time- consuming. True or False 4. The purpose of Phenomenological Research is to extract meaningful context from the past experiences in relation to the current situation. True or False 5. Qualitative research focuses on understanding an individual's experience and interpretation of events. Learning Competencies with Codes - differentiates quantitative from qualitative research (CS_RS11- IIIa-4) - describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research (CS_RS11- IIIb-1) - Illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields (CS_RS11- IIIb-2) Task for today Title Prepare for our next meeting: Background information (7 paragraphs)