CHAPTER-3-DISCUSSION-1.pptx

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction :  Chapter 1 1. introduction 2. statement of the Problem 3. Assumptions 4. Hypotheses (Alternative and Null) Alternative: There is a significant relationship between Financial Problem and academic performance. Null: There...

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction :  Chapter 1 1. introduction 2. statement of the Problem 3. Assumptions 4. Hypotheses (Alternative and Null) Alternative: There is a significant relationship between Financial Problem and academic performance. Null: There is no significant relationship between Financial Problem and academic performance. 5. Significance of the Study 6. Scope and Delimitation 7.Locale of the Study- place 8. Definition of Terms Chapter II: Review of Related Literature: RRL Books , internet, and Study ERIC , google scholar Theme: Thematic Impacts of Chat GPT on the Academic Performance of Grade 11- Galileo Learners LITERATURE NEWS ARTICLES, ARTICLES Internet, websites, books, magazines, atlas, almanac  Literature: Articles, journals Academic Writing, Technical Writing (online Gaming) Study: Related studies, (Research, Theses, Dissertations)  3.1 Introduction As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of the Research.  In more detail, in this part the author outlines the research strategy, the research method, the research approach, the methods of data collection, the selection of the sample, the research process, the type of data analysis, the ethical considerations, and the research limitations of the project. Research Methodology Looking closely on the nature of man, we will notice that we are naturally curious about how things are working around us, and we have a strong practical motive to explain, predict and even shape certain human conditions.  This chapter covers four basic methods and several research designs commonly used in our country's different universities. Specially, this is the part of a research that shall describe how the problems identified in this part of the paper will be answered thus it has the following purposes: 1.Determine the different research and design; 2.Identify the appropriate sampling technique for a specific nature or situation of the study; Continuation…. 1.Enumerate the guidelines for questionnaire construction; 2.Compute (if applicable) and determine the size of the sample in a study, and; 3.Construct a self-made questionnaire. 3.2 Research strategy The research held with respect to this dissertation was an applied one, but not new. Research method – Qualitative versus Quantitative techniques Qualitative research “All research ultimately has a qualitative rounding” -Donald Campbell The aim is a complete, detailed description. Researcher may only know roughly in advance what he/she is looking for. Recommended during earlier phases of research projects. The design emerges as the study unfolds. Researcher is the data gathering instrument. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH “All research “There’s no such thing as ultimately has a qualitative data. Everything is qualitative rounding” either 1 or 0. -Donald Campbell -Fred Kerlinger The aim is a complete, The aim is to classify features, detailed description. count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. The researcher may The researcher knows clearly in Qualitative versus Quantitative Research QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Recommended Recommended during earlier during latter phases phases of research of research projects. projects. The design emerges All aspects of the as the study unfolds. study are carefully designed before data is collected. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Researcher is the data gathering Researcher uses tools, such instrument. as questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data. Data is in the form of words, Data is in the form of pictures, or objects. numbers and statistics. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Subjective – individual’s Objective: seeks precise interpretation of events is measurement & analysis important,e.g., uses of target concepts, e.g., participant observation, uses surveys, in-depth interviews etc. questionnaires etc. Qualitative data is Quantitative data is more ‘richer’, time consuming, efficient, and able to test and less able to be hypotheses, but may miss generalized. contextual detail. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research The researcher tends to The researcher tends to become subjectively remain objectively immersed in the subject separated from the matter. subject matter. Adapted from: Miles & Huberman (1994, p. 40). Qualitative Data Analysis, available at http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html 3.4 Research approach The research approach that was followed for the purposes of this research was the inductive one. According to this approach, researchers begin with specific observation, which are used to produce generalized theories and conclusions drawn from the research.  3.5. Descriptive Method of Research This method is designed to gather information about present conditions. As the term itself suggest, the main objective of this kind of study is to describe the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena. Types of Descriptive Study 1.Case Study. When we make a detailed study about one person or a few over a considerable period, we are employing this type of descriptive study. Case studies provide us with an insight into human behavior which may lead us to discover new findings not discovered before. Examples: “A Case Study on the Disease Influenza A(H1N1) in La Salle University” “A Case Study on the Merit System of the University of Makati” 2. Survey Research. Psychologist and other scientist like political scientists devised this method of research in order to gather data from a sample that represents a larger population. Examples: “Leadership Styles and Sources of Stress Among Personnel in the Bureau Customs” “Consumer Behavior on the Purchase of Dairy Product in the Province of Laguna. 3.Developmental Studies. When you intend to get reliable information about group of people over a long period of time, your study may be developmental. Such study requires you to devote a considerable period on participants who may be relatively heterogenous or homogeneous.  There are three techniques used in this type of research which are: a. Longitudinal study. This technique devoted an extended period to study the same sample. For example, you want to study the development of the decision making skills of high school students from first year to fourth year, a longitudinal technique is necessary on which the researcher is required to check the participants’ decision making skill from time to time. b. Cross-sectional research. It is a one-shot study of the development or occurrence of a behavior or situation covering an extended period of time (Dooley, 1995). It may involved participants of different level or life stages or the same participants or sample in which the development of such behavior is determined from the same participants through the use of questionnaire that solicit responses pertaining to its development covering a certain extended period of time.  For example, in the case of determining the development of decision-making skills of high school students, there will be four groups of participants coming from four- year levels in one specific time only.  4.Assessment or Evaluative Research. This study measures the efficiency or effectiveness of practices, policies, instruments or other variables that may be considered for research. In general, the word “assessment” is more frequently used that “evaluation”. Since surveys deal with impressions or perceptions of respondents, it is oftentimes subjective. It is not like using an instrument to measure blood pressure where one can get the accurate measure. Evaluation is more strict and rigid. For examples: “The Implementation of Management by Objectives (MBO) in Selected Government Agencies” “The Improvement of the Bureau of Customs’ Operation under the Administration of President Duterte.” 5.Comparative Studies. This descriptive type of study merely compares the characteristics of groups according to some selected variable without determining the cause. Example: “Organizational Culture of Del Gallego National high School and Sinuknipan National High School: A Comparative Study.” 6.Correlational Studies. This is designed to determine how variables are related to each other. This can describe the degree or extent of relationship that exist between variables. Example: “Determining the Relationship between Age and Leadership Dimension.” “The Degree of Relationship between Personality Factors and Level of Job Satisfaction.” 7.Trends and Projections Studies. This is used for projects or programs that are forward looking. It may also be known as feasibility study where using data and conditions existing now predict the future of the project. o Examples: “Projecting Housing Needs of the National Capital Region by 2030” The Establishment of a Prawn Farm in Tingoy Island: A Feasibility Study”. 8.Documentary Analysis. This involves the gathering of information by analyzing written records and documents in order to solve problem. 3.6 Sample and Sampling Procedures/Techniques (Population and Sampling Procedures Sample refers to the specific number of respondents/participants drawn from a population who are the primary sources of data of a particular study.  Sampling Procedure is the method to be used in the selection of the samples or the techniques in choosing the specific individuals who will be the respondents/participants of the study. There are two different types of sampling procedures: probability (random) and non-probability (non-random). Probability (random) sampling methods ensure that there is a possibility for each person in a sample population to be selected. Non-Probability method targets specific individuals.  Some commonly used probability sampling procedures for surveys are: 1.Simple random sampling- it is drawn randomly from a list of individuals in a population. 2.Systematic random sampling-a variant of a simple random sampling in which a random number is chosen to select the first individual and so on from there. 3.Stratified sampling- dividing up a population into smaller groups, and randomly sampling from each group.  1. Cluster Sampling dividing up a population into smaller groups, and then only sampling from one of the groups. Cluster sampling is considered a more practical approach to surveys because it samples by groups or clusters of elements rather that by individual elements. (Lee, et.al, 1989) it also reduces interview costs. Multistage sampling- first, sampling a set of geographic areas. Then, sampling a subset of areas within those areas, and so on.  Non-Probability sampling methods 1.Purposive sampling- to purposely select individuals to survey. 2.Volunteer subjects- to ask for volunteers to survey. 1.Convenient sampling- to survey individuals who can be easily reached, and; 2.Quota sampling-to select individuals based on a set quota. For example, if a census indicates that more than half of the population is female, then the sample will be adjusted accordingly. Clearly, there can be an inherent bias in non- probability methods. Therefore, it is not surprising that most survey researchers prefer probability sampling methods. (Weisberg, 1989).  Research Locale (Research Setting) The setting or venue where the study takes place can be discussed briefly and concisely. Basically, the locale where the study is/will be conducted would probably have been mentioned in the “Background of the Study” but important information about the setting which are necessary in answering the problem statement shall be explained.  Questionnaire (Instrumentation) The questionnaire being the simplest instrument to be used in data gathering is not easy to prepare unless the researcher has identified an appropriate standardized tool. It has also gained widespread acceptance as a practical way of eliciting data for confirming or disconfirming an inquiry or maybe a hypothesis. Questionnaire (Instrumentation) Though, it has often been considered the most abused one, it will provide several advantages for researchers if constructed and administered properly. Basically, there are two kinds of questionnaires: open- ended and close-ended (scaled/checklist) tools.  Open-ended questionnaires are easier to prepare but difficult to analyze. In open-ended or essay-typed tool, responses may vary. The researcher has to examine variety of responses and find out some patterns from the responses. Those patterns then shall be clustered/groups to come up with the definite answers for each specific problem raised by the study.  Reliability is the degree of consistency and precision or accuracy that a measuring instrument demonstrates. If for instance, an instrument elicits similar results on two testing occasions under similar circumstances, the test is said to be consistent and therefore it can be depended upon. 2 Basic criteria in judging the merit of the instrument you will either choose or construct Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it really must measure. (Sevilla, et al.,2003).  Close-ended questionnaires are difficult to prepare but easier to analyze. Close-ended questionnaire are represented by numbers/scores which sum shall serve as the overall results of the study.  Guidelines for a Good Researcher-Made Questionnaire 1. Do not overload the questionnaire. Ask only the essentials. Do not make your respondents “data captive”. 2. Make sure questions are answerable but avoid a “yes” or “no” answers since they are considered weak in quantitative research. 3. Be explicit so that questions will be answered truthfully as possible. 4. Do not raise sensitive questions since it may produce more refusals from respondents to answer.  Sample Questionnaire Based on Problem Statement Indicator Alway Sometime Never s s2 1 3 1. I have noticed computer shops near the school building. 2. I have observed students in their uniform entering computer shops during class hours. 3. Computer shops do not post notices of not allowing in uniform to enter their promises.  Statistical Treatment of Data Not all researches should submit to statistical computations, but all researches shall make use of the discrete operation such as frequency count and percentage distribution. Any data subjected to research must undergo the simplest counting even for the purpose of clustering, categorizing and finding patterns. Statistical Treatment of Data In qualitative research, data that have frequently/repetitively occurred are reliable and valid. Frequency will always be the measure of reliable findings.  Descriptive Statistics Statistics of Location or Measures of Central Tendency a.Arithmetic Mean/mean- it is defined as the sum of the variables divided by the number of variables. b.Median- it represents the point on the scale or on the distribution where half of the variables is greater while the other half is lesser. Descriptive Statistics a.Mode- it is the simplest of the measures of central tendency and is defined as the variable which occurs most frequently in a statistical series. b.Weighted Mean- it is the summation of all the products of the frequency and the weights of a set of variables divided by the total number of frequencies. It is used to find the average of the responses to opinions or items of the questionnaire which are given weights.  3.5 Data collection method and tools Interview Involve personal and direct contact between interviewee and interviewers. unstructured interviews offer flexibility in terms of the flow of the interview, thereby leaving room for the generation of conclusions that were not initially meant to be derived regarding a research subject. 3.5 Data collection method and tools cont… However, there is the risk that the interview may deviate from the prespecified research aims and objectives (Gill & Johnson, 2002). semi-structured questionnaire- interview guide for the researcher  Some sample questions that were included in the semi-structured questionnaire were the following: Question 1: What do you think about the popularity of Greece as a tourist destination? Question 2: What do you think about the popularity of Athens as a tourist destination? Question 3: What have you done as an organization to promote Athens as a Tourist destination? Were your activities efficient? (Please discuss)  Question 4: Do you think that Athens can become a more popular destination in the near future? How can it enhance its brand name as a tourist destination? Question 5: What are the main problems and Challenges of Athens as a Tourist destination? What are the key advantages? What are these problems causing? Are they affecting their activities for promoting Athens as a destination? Question 6: What activities your organization applies for addressing the problems that Athens faces as a tourist destination?  Question 7: In your view, which are the improvements that your organization should made in order to increase its efficiency and for promoting tourism more effectively? Question 8: What do you think about the role of Greek DMOs in promoting tourism in Greece? Do you have any recommendations for improvement? Question 9: Do you have experience of DMOs in other countries? How do they operate? What can we learn from them?  Question 10: How do you manage the tourist product of Athens, except for marketing? Do you pay attention to sustainable tourism issues? How do the city and residents of Athens benefit from your management practices? Question 11: Marketing and Destination Marketing can help Athens and Greece to develop their touristic offer more efficiently? With what actions and programs? 3.6 Sample selection