Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative research?

  • Quantitative research is used for gathering and analyzing data, while qualitative research is used for interpreting and understanding data.
  • Qualitative research focuses on numbers and statistics, while quantitative research focuses on descriptions and understanding.
  • Quantitative research is a more scientific approach, while qualitative research is a more naturalistic approach. (correct)
  • Quantitative research is used for objective analysis, while qualitative research is used for subjective analysis.

Which of the following research approaches involves collecting and analyzing data through interviews, questionnaires, and observation checklists?

  • Naturalistic Approach
  • Scientific or Positive Approach (correct)
  • Triangulation Approach
  • All of the above approaches use these methods.

Which research approach is best suited for studying the ways people perceive and understand the world around them?

  • Naturalistic Approach (correct)
  • Both Scientific or Positive and Triangulation Approaches are suitable.
  • Scientific or Positive Approach
  • Triangulation Approach

When conducting research using a Naturalistic Approach, what would be the preferred form of data expression?

<p>Descriptive narratives and interpretations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is collected through direct contact with persons, objects, and surroundings?

<p>Primary data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of data is characterized by the use of decimals, fractions, percentages, and whole numbers?

<p>Quantitative data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of research approach would you expect to find unstructured, uncontrolled data?

<p>Naturalistic Approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research approach aims to combine the strengths of both the Scientific and Naturalistic approaches?

<p>Triangulation Approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment is best suited for qualitative data collection?

<p>A natural setting, like a home or community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of qualitative research methods?

<p>Interactive and humanistic approach, prioritizing participant perspectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common data collection method in qualitative research?

<p>Controlled experiments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the researcher in qualitative research?

<p>The primary instrument of data collection, actively engaging with participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a strength of qualitative research, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Its ability to offer rich and in-depth understandings of complex phenomena (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common strength of qualitative research?

<p>It builds theories based on consistent themes and relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of qualitative research focuses on studying a particular cultural group?

<p>Ethnography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a weakness of qualitative research?

<p>It can lead to difficulties in knowing the validity of the results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does qualitative research typically approach its subject matter?

<p>By focusing on what is found meaningful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a research method that seeks to answer why a phenomenon occurs?

<p>Case Study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research is specifically aimed at increasing knowledge about concepts or principles?

<p>Pure Research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research describes the relationship between two variables without indicating a cause-and-effect link?

<p>Correlational Research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of exploratory research?

<p>To assess the feasibility of a research study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?

<p>Requires numeric data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research seeks to find solutions to societal problems?

<p>Applied Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research provides a verbal portrayal of a person, thing, or situation?

<p>Descriptive Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of research involves studying an ongoing practice for the purpose of improvement?

<p>Action Research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

<p>It emphasizes subjective findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of qualitative research?

<p>Gaining knowledge and understanding of individual experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is commonly used in qualitative research?

<p>Interviews and participatory observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does qualitative research differ in its approach compared to quantitative research?

<p>It emphasizes subjective interpretation and context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the iterative process in qualitative research entail?

<p>Data collection and analysis occurring simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by saturation in qualitative research?

<p>Reaching a point where additional data reveals no new themes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are participants typically selected for qualitative research?

<p>In a purposive manner based on relevance to the study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of data analysis in qualitative research?

<p>It is flexible and evolves as new data is collected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes qualitative research's reliance on the researcher?

<p>The researcher is actively part of the research process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the 'gatekeeper' in qualitative research?

<p>To facilitate access to the group being studied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phenomenology focus on in qualitative research?

<p>Experiences and meanings attached to those experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis is involved in content and discourse analysis?

<p>Analysis of communication for sociocultural impacts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of historical analysis in qualitative research?

<p>It analyzes primary documents to connect past and present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes grounded theory in qualitative research?

<p>It involves data collection before hypothesis formulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one strength of qualitative research?

<p>It provides detailed insights into individual cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects qualitative research?

<p>It seeks to understand the subjective interpretation of experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data gathering techniques are commonly associated with grounded theory?

<p>Interviews, observation, and documentary analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pure Research

A type of research that aims to increase knowledge about a concept, principle, or abstract thing.

Applied Research

A type of research that tackles real-world problems and seeks to find solutions.

Descriptive Research

A type of research that aims to describe or portray a subject, event, or situation.

Correlational Research

A type of research that investigates the relationship between two or more variables. It does not necessarily imply cause and effect.

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Explanatory Research

A type of research that seeks to explain the relationship between variables, including the underlying mechanisms and processes involved.

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Exploratory Research

A type of research that explores a topic to determine the feasibility of conducting a more in-depth study.

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Action Research

A type of research that focuses on improving a specific practice or system within a school or institution.

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Qualitative Research

A type of research that uses non-numeric data, such as words, images, and observations, to analyze and interpret information.

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Natural Setting

Qualitative research takes place in the everyday environment where people live and work, such as homes, offices, communities, or institutions.

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Participant Perspectives

Qualitative research focuses on understanding people's experiences, perceptions, and how they make sense of their lives.

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Interactive Research

Qualitative research is interactive and humanistic, where researchers are sensitive to participants' needs and encourage active participation.

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Data Collection Methods

Researchers, using observations, interviews, and documents, collect rich and detailed information to gain insights into the real world.

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Interpretive Research

Qualitative research is interpretative, where researchers analyze and understand the data through various lenses, including historical, personal, social, or political.

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Case Study

A type of qualitative research that involves an in-depth study of a particular case, such as a person, group, organization, or situation.

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Ethnography

A type of qualitative research that involves the study of a particular cultural group to understand its customs, beliefs, and practices.

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Phenomenology

A type of qualitative research that focuses on understanding people's lived experiences of a particular phenomenon.

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Grounded Theory

A type of qualitative research that involves developing theories from data collected through research.

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Primary Data

Data collected directly from sources like interviews, questionnaires, or observations. It's new and original information.

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Secondary Data

Data collected from existing written or documented sources like articles, reports, or databases. It's not new and original.

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Scientific or Positive Approach

A research approach that uses objective methods to gather information, control variables, and analyze data using numbers.

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Naturalistic Approach

A research approach that uses words and narratives to explore data, focuses on understanding perspectives, and allows for flexibility.

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Triangulation Approach

A research approach that combines both scientific and naturalistic approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding.

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Research Method

A research method that classifies data in a structured way, collects information, and interprets it based on either qualitative or quantitative methods.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

A systematic and rigorous approach that is more flexible than quantitative research. It involves iterative data collection and analysis, where ongoing data collection updates information already collected.

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Participant Selection in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research usually focuses on gathering information from a small group of participants, chosen purposefully because they have relevant insights into the phenomenon being studied.

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Saturation in Qualitative Research

Iterative data collection continues until saturation, which occurs when no new information relevant to the key themes emerges from the data.

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Theory Development in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research seeks to develop a theory through the interpretation of data and narratives. It aims to understand the phenomenon from the perspective of the individuals involved.

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Data Collection Instruments in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research often uses semi-structured or unstructured instruments, such as interviews and participatory observation, to collect data.

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Sample Sizes in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research tends to use small sample sizes chosen purposefully, focusing on participants relevant to the study.

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Researcher's Role in Qualitative Research

The researcher actively engages with the research process in qualitative research, influencing data collection and analysis.

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Phenomenological Research

A qualitative research approach focusing on understanding the shared experiences and interpretations of individuals within a group.

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Content and Discourse Analysis

A qualitative research approach that analyzes the content and structure of communication in a variety of formats, such as letters, books, messages, or videos.

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Historical Analysis

A qualitative research approach that examines primary documents, interviews, and other materials to understand historical events and their connections to the present.

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Participant Observation

A type of participant observation where the researcher becomes an active member of the group being studied, often living with them for an extended time.

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Qualitative Research Approach

A research approach that focuses on understanding the subjective experiences and perspectives of individuals.

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Qualitative Research Approach

A research approach that seeks to understand the social, cultural, and ideological influences on communication.

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Study Notes

Quote by Mark Twain

  • The secret to success is starting.

Practical Research 1

  • Topic of the research lecture is qualitative research.
  • Objectives include differentiating qualitative from quantitative research, identifying characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and various types of qualitative research, and understanding its importance across fields.

Owl Eyes

  • Key aspects of research observation listed include: documentation, real-life experiences, struggles, challenges, and observations, numbers, impact, effects, effects, influence, and correlation.

Learning Competencies

  • Differentiating qualitative from quantitative research.
  • Describing characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of qualitative research.
  • Illustrating the importance of qualitative research across fields.

Rationale

  • Research methodology has two main categories: qualitative and quantitative research.

Activity 1

  • Recall your chosen research topic.

Types of Research

  • Based on application of the research method
  • Based on purpose
  • Based on data needed

Based on Application of Research Method

  • Pure research, which deals with concepts, principles, and abstract ideas, aims to increase knowledge.
  • Applied research addresses societal problems and seeks solutions.

Based on Purpose of Research

  • Descriptive research defines or describes something.
  • Correlational research finds relationships between factors.
  • Exploratory research investigates the feasibility of a study topic.
  • Explanatory research explains factors and their relationships.
  • Action research aims for system improvements through ongoing practice study.

Purpose Continued

  • Descriptive: Portrays a person, thing, event, group, or situation.
  • Correlational: Shows the relationship between factors, not causation.
  • Explanatory: Explains the relationships and why the factors exist.
  • Exploratory: Examines the feasibility of a research study topic.
  • Action: Studies ongoing practices with a goal to improve the system.

Based on the types of data needed

  • Qualitative research uses non-numerical data - words. It investigates people's thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles.
  • Quantitative research uses numerical data - decimals, fractions, percentages, ordinal and whole numbers - to measure findings.

Research Data

  • Primary data: Obtained directly from individuals, objects, or events. Represents new, original information.
  • Secondary data: Existing, documented data from different sources (e.g., books, journals, interviews). Not new, existing information.

Approaches to Research

  • Scientific/Positive: Aims to discover information impersonally, managing variables, and uses measurable data techniques (interviews, questionnaires, observation).
  • Naturalistic: Uses words to express data, involves interacting directly with the researched subject, and analyzes non-numerical data for understanding how people behave, perceive, and understand the world.
  • Triangulation: Combines scientific and naturalistic approaches to collect data and interpret results.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

  • Qualitative research involves classifying data, collecting information, and interpreting findings to understanding human experience and viewpoints, while quantitative methods analyze data through numerical values.

Qualitative Research (detailed)

  • Definition: Naturalistic research method investigating human experiences and complexity.
  • Focus: Focuses on interpretation and description of individuals' experiences, illustrating human experience, and subjective aspects.
  • Methodology: Utilizes naturalistic investigation techniques.
  • Approach: Focuses on understanding individual experiences and meanings of events, using techniques like interviews and observations.
  • Purpose: Exploring human experience, identifying and interpreting meaning.

Characteristics and Uses of Qualitative Research

  • Location (Locus): Takes place in a natural setting like homes, workplaces, or communities where events occur.
  • Focus (Focus): Participants' perceptions and the meanings they give to their experiences.
  • Methodology: Researchers and participants interact and show sensitivity to participants' needs in an interactive way.
  • Data Collection: Uses various methods like observations, interviews, documents depending on the study requirements.

Results of Qualitative Research

  • Results: Emergent discoveries leading to new theories, interpreting codes to identify broad themes within the data. Provides a deeper understanding of factors influenced by historical, personal, religious, political, or social aspects, which may all affect how the data is interpreted.

Strengths of Qualitative Research

  • QualRes offers detailed understanding of phenomena not easily covered by QuanRes.
  • Providing exhaustive examination from the perspective of the research participants.
  • Understanding several interpretations and meaningful avenues that contribute to a greater understanding of phenomena.
  • Building theories based on consistent characteristics or behaviors related to the study.
  • The approach is meaningful related to adapting a natural approach to interpreting the material gathered for analysis

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

  • Time-consuming, requiring researcher immersion in the research contexts and situations.
  • Possible researcher subjectivity affecting interpreting findings (conflict between researcher's and personal interpretations)
  • Challenges in interpreting the validity of the results
  • Data overload might occur.

Types of Qualitative Research

  • Content Analysis: Examines substance of communications.
  • Case Study: In-depth studies of individuals, groups, organizations, or situations.
  • Ethnography: Observing and understanding a group or culture's organizational set-up, internal operations, and lifestyle.
  • Grounded Theory: Developing a theory through analyzing data and identifying themes or patterns.
  • Historical Analysis: Examines primary documents to understand events.
  • Phenomenology: Exploring and understanding phenomena.

True or False Questions

  • Qualitative research is objective. (False)
  • One of the strengths of qualitative research is that it provides individual case information. (True)
  • One of the strengths of qualitative research is that data analysis is often time-consuming. (True)
  • The purpose of Phenomenological Research is to extract meaningful context from past experiences in relation to the current situation. (False)
  • Qualitative research focuses on understanding an individual's experience and interpretation of events.(True)

Task for Today

  • Prepare a title and 7-paragraph background information

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Practical Research 1

Description

Test your understanding of qualitative and quantitative research methods with this quiz. Explore the differences, data collection techniques, and environments suitable for qualitative research. Challenge yourself with questions that cover various research approaches and their characteristics.

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