PPGC-PRELIMS.pdf

PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 PRELIM TRANSES resolving the conflict within the group, 1.0 NATURE OF POLITICS whether this is a family, a tribe, a village...

PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 1.0 NATURE OF POLITICS “Politics exists because disagree about the aims and objects of human endeavor and, probably even more so, about the methods to be used in achieving them” (S. G. Richards, 1978). In his book, The Nature of Politics and Government. These differences produce different attitudes to public issues and lead to the activity of politics. Politics involves conflict. This can result in violence, as in many of the developing countries, but in the Western democracies the differences are usually resolved peacefully. “A disagreement in which incompatible policies are advocated can only be resolved ultimately by one side obtaining the power to make its viewpoint prevail over the other. The acquisition of power therefore is a prerequisite of achieving political objectives.” Thus, is the nature of politics. 1.1 DEFINITION OF POLITICS The term “politics” is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions. It consists of social relations authority or power, the regulation political units, and the methods formulate and apply social policy. Politics is the way in which we understand and order our social affairs, and acquire greater control over the situation. -B. Pomton and P. Gill Politics is the strategy for cooperation among people with different needs and ideals PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 1.3 APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DIFFERENT POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH Traditional approach to the study of political science is a combination of views on and orientations to politics in philosophical, ethical and institutional terms. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, the great issues of politics have revolved around the and functioning of the state- the political institution par excellence. Traditional approaches exhibit certain well-defined features, such as: ○ (a) are largely normative and stresses on the values of politics, ○ (b) emphasize on the study of different political structures and institutions VARIOUS FORMS OF THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH: Philosophical-This approach firmly believes that values cannot be separated from the study of politics and political system. Therefore, its main concern is to judge what is good or bad in any political society. Historical-As the name of this approach is related to history, it emphasizes on the study of history of every political reality to analyze any situation. Institutional-This approach concerned with the study of formal structures and institutions like legislature, executive, judiciary, political parties, etc. Legal- This approach is concerned with the legal process, legal bodies or institutions, justice and independence judiciary. PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 1.4 IMPORTANCE OF POLITICS GOVERNMENT It is very important to care about politics because you should know what is going on around you. Another reason you should politics is because you should have a say in what will happen. You should care about politics because the decisions people make will affect many lives. WHY ARE POLITICS IMPORTANT IN THIS SOCIETY? Because politics affects our daily life more than we know. Politics is the science of optimum allocation of resources for the betterment of everyone. It requires great understanding skills. Common man too needs to have a basic grasp of politics especially in a democracy - which is essentially a system of checks and balances. A democracy is not run by the government alone but by both the citizens and the government. 1.5 MEANING OF GOVERNANCE The World Bank defines governance as “the manner in which power in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development”…” Governance has been defined as “the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality).” ETYMOLOGY OF GOVERNANCE The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 It also means gender equality, recognizing the vital roles of both men and women in decision-making. RULE OF LAW Democracy is essentially the rule of law. It is through the law that people express their will and exercise their sovereignty. That the government is of law and not of men is an underlying democratic principle which puts no one, however rich and powerful, above the law. Rule of law demands that the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law. It also demands that the government acts within the limits of the powers and functions prescribed by the law. The absence of rule of law is anarchy. EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY Good governance requires that the institutions, processes, and actors could deliver and meet the necessities of the society in a way that available resources are utilized well. That the different actors meet of the society means that there is effective governance. That the valuable resources are utilized, without wasting or underutilizing any of them, means that there is efficient governance. Effectiveness (meeting the needs) and efficiency (proper utilization of resources) must necessarily go together to ensure the best possible results for the community. TRANSPARENCY Transparency, as an indicator of good governance, means that people PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 CONSENSUS - ORIENTED Governance is consensus-oriented when decisions are made after taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors of the society. Mechanisms for conflict resolution must be in place because inevitably conflict will arise from competing interests the actors. To meet the consensus, a strong, impartial, and flexible mediation structure must be established. Without such, compromises and a broad consensus cannot be reached that serves that best interest of the whole community. ACCOUNTABILITY Accountability means answerability or responsibility for one’s action. It is based on the principle person or group is responsible for their actions most especially when their acts affect public interest. The actors have an obligation and be answerable for the consequences of decisions and actions they have made on behalf of the community it serves. 2.0 STATE MODERN TERM “STATE” The modern term “state” is derived from the word “status”. It was Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) who first used the term “state” in his writings. His significant work is titled “Prince”. The state is the most universal and most powerful of all institutions. The state is a natural institution. PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 ELEMENTS OF STATE PEOPLE/POPULATION ○ People refers to the mass of the population living within the state. “People” answers the question, “who governs whom?” ○ According to Plato, there is no specific number requirement; “…the state shall neither be too small nor yet one that seems great but has no unity.” Aristotle, on the other hand, says “the number should be neither too large nor too small; It should be large enough to be self-sufficing and small enough to be well governed.” TERRITORY ○ Territory is the demarcated area that rightly belongs to the population. answers the question, “where?” It is a definite portion of the surface of the earth which is the subject of the jurisdiction and sovereign rights of a state in accordance with international law. ○ There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically. Territory refers to the terrestrial (land), fluvial/maritime (water), and aerial (air-space) domains. ○ The territorial domains are: a. terrestrial (land) b. fluvial (water) which includes maritime and c. aerial (air). ○ It consists of the land within its boundaries, the airspace above the land, the inland waters and all the natural PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 authority above and beyond which no legal power exists. Sovereignty has two aspects: Internal sovereignty which means that the State is supreme over all its citizens, and associations; External sovereignty which means that the state is independent and free from foreign or outside control. THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE There are several theories that attempt to explain the origin of the state, but no single theory offers an adequate explanation. These theories have been formed and developed as a result of the political thought and philosophy in the ancient time until the Enlightenment period in Europe. DIVINE RIGHT THEORY The Divine Right Theory holds that the state is of divine creation is ordained by God to govern the people. Reference has been made by advocates of this theory to the laws which Moses received at Mount Sinai. The rulers of the past advocated the political dominance of authority and power through their own ordained mandate that they represented the state as on the basis of the divine right (as God created the state). this nature that the divine rights of kings have the absolute power and influence over their subjects. This is the oldest theory concerning the origin of state. According to this theory, the state is established and governed by God himself by an agent or vice regent or vicar of God. The chief exponent of this theory in early times were the Jews and supporters were the early church fathers. PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 HISTORICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY The Historical or Evolutionary theory explains that “the state is the product of growth, a slow and steady evolution extending over a long period of time and ultimately shaping itself into the complex structure of a modern state.” This theory is more scientific. The state is neither the handiwork of God, nor the result of superior physical force, nor the creation of evolution or convention, nor a mere expansion of the family. The state is not a mere artificial mechanical creation but an institution of natural growth or historical evolution says professor Garner. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATION COMPARISON BY DEFINITION State is a community of persons occupying a definite territory, having a government of their own, and enjoying freedom from external control. A nation is a society of inhabitants of a specific geographic region united and bound together by a common racial ancestry, the same language and culture, historical past, shared interests and sentiments over the passing of many years. COMPARISON BY DESCRIPTION The state is a political concept, while nation is an ethnic or racial concept. A state is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent of external control. A state cannot become a state without a nation or nations that consists of its people. A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples and conversely, a single nation may be made up of different states. PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 or threat of use of force exercising influence. According to Morgenthau “Power is the power of man on others” and as a “man’s control over the minds and actions of other men.” MEANING OF POWER Another definition is from Schwarzenberger who views power as “the capacity of one to impose his will on others by reliance on effective sanctions in case of non-compliance.” Charles P. Schleicher defines power as “the ability to exercise such control as to make others do what they otherwise would not do by rewarding or to reward them, or by depriving or threatening to deprive them of something they value.” In Social Science and Politics, the ability to influence or the behavior of people. It when the power is perceived as legitimate by the social structure. may also be seen as evil or the exercise of power is accepted as reserved only to humans as social beings. 3.1 NATIONAL POWER: DIMENSIONS, FEATURES, AND EXERCISE National Power “combination of power and capability of a state which the state uses for fulfilling national interests and goals” according to Paddleford and Lincoln. To Hartman, national power denotes the ability to fulfill national powerful or weak a PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 POWER & FORCE Force means physical force, violence in the form of police action, imprisonment, punishment or war. Power means a psychological relationship of control which by the use of force, or threat of use of force. When physical force, war and other means involving the use of military power or police power are actually used to secure certain objectives, power stands replaced by force. POWER & INFLUENCE Both involve the ability to produce an intended change or effect in the behavior of others. However, the two are not the same. Power involves a use of force or threat of use of force. Political Power or Legal Power is backed by authority or sovereignty of Influence involves the attempt to change the behavior of others through persuasion and not by threats or force. The scope of influence is wider than the scope of power and it is more democratic than power. 3.3 DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL POWER The three forms of national power are inseparable from each other. Without economic power no nation can develop its military power, and without the latter no nation can play an active role in international relations. Psychological power can be enduringly and really effective only when it is backed by economic and military power. I. MILITARY POWER Military power is an important dimension of national power. It is regarded as absolutely essential for PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 have been used by the states for securing an intended change in the behavior of other states. By the use of psychological and cultural means a nation always tries to influence the people and leaders of other nations. The ability to influence others through systematic publicity and educationa and cultural relations constitutes the psychological part of the national power of a nation. 3.4 METHODS OF EXERCISING NATIONAL POWER PERSUASION The art of persuasion consists in defining and logically explaining a particular problem or issue or dispute to other nations or any other nation. An attempt is made to persuade other nations to adopt a particular and desired view or perception of the nature of issues involved in any bilateral or multilateral problem, dispute or issue. Persuasion is widely used by diplomats and statesmen for securing the desired and defined objectives of the policy. But success in persuasion can be achieved only when it is supplemented by other methods and when it is supported by a strong national power and effective foreign policy. REWARDS The offering of rewards can be material or economic or psychological. A nation can give material help to another nation in times of crisis or in other ways. The practice of giving economic aid and easy loans or grants-in-aid is another method of winning support and inducing a change in the behavior of other states. PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 actual use of force versus the threat of use of force. Physical force or violence can be used by resorting to war or acts of reprisals by a powerful state. Resort to war is the extreme form of exercise of force in international relations. It is a risky and dangerous method, which can damage the national power of the state which resorts to war. This consideration makes the resort to war as a method of last resort. 3.5 NATURE AND DEFINITION OF AUTHORITY AUTHORITY Authority is “the right or the capacity or both to have proposals or prescriptions or instructions accepted without recourse to persuasion, bargaining or force”. The Oxford Dictionary of Politics defines authority as “the power or right to give orders and enforce obedience, the power to influence others based on recognized knowledge or expertise.” “Authority can most simply be defined as legitimate power. Authority is, therefore, based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form of coercion or manipulation. In this sense authority is power cloaked in legitimacy or rightfulness”. TYPE OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY Traditional authority is power that is rooted in traditional, or long-standing, beliefs and practices of a society. It exists and is assigned to particular individuals because of that society’s customs and traditions. PPGC 211 SY: 2024-2025 extraordinary characteristics of an individual. Weber saw a charismatic leader as the head of a new social movement, and one instilled or supernatural powers, such as a religious prophet. Weber seemed to favor charismatic authority, good deal of time discussing it. LEGAL - RATIONAL AUTHORITY Legal-Rational authority derives from law and is based on a belief in the legitimacy of a society’s and in the right of leaders these rules to make decisions policy. This form of authority is a hallmark modern democracies, where power is given to people elected by the rules for wielding that usually set forth in a constitution, charter, or another written Legal-rational authority is empowered a formalistic belief in the law (legal) or natural law Obedience is not given to individual leader - whether charismatic - but a set of uniform principles. Weber thought the best example of legal-rational bureaucracy (political or This form of authority is frequently found in the modern state, city governments, private corporations, and various voluntary associations. In fact, Weber the “development of the identical indeed with that officialdom and organizations just as the of modern capitalism is identical PRELIM TRANSES resolving the conflict within the group, whether this is a family, a tribe, a village or a nation-state. –Tuibeo, A. people Political Scientist Harold Lasswell, (1936) author of a major study of the distributive consequences of political activity, gave his book the title, Politics--Who Gets What, When, and How. Lasswell, in effect, defined "politics" as involving questions as to "who gets what, when, and how." therefore 1. Politics, according to Lasswell, is concerned with determination, by official governmental decision making and action, of: Who in political society receives what benefits, rewards, and advantages and how much of them they receive, 2. when they receive the benefits, rewards, and advantages, and 3. The methods by which they receive them 1.2 THE STUDY OF POLITICS: POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science is a classical discipline that deals with the study of political phenomena. involving Its goal is to deepen human understanding of of the forms and nature of political action and to used to develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena. Political science focuses on the theory and practice of government and politics at the local, state, national, and international levels. Political Science deals with the systematic maintaining study of political structures, political processes and political behavior. in life, or for ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 1 PRELIM TRANSES THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH The behavioral approach to political science mainly emphasizes on scientific, objective and value free study of political phenomenon. This approach stresses upon the use of empirical as well as scientific methods of study political behavior. This approach shifts its emphasis from the study of the state and government to the day-to-day problems, activities and behavior of individuals and groups. organization CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIORAL APPROACH: Regularities -believes that there are certain uniformities in political behavior which can be expressed in generalizations or theories in order to explain and predict political phenomena. Verification -emphasizes testing and verifying everything. According to the behaviorists, what cannot be verified is not scientific. Techniques -put emphasis on the use of those research tools and methods which generate valid, reliable and comparative data. Quantification -After collecting data, the researcher should measure and quantify those data. Values -believe that to do objective research one has to be value free. Systematization -research in Political Science must be systematic. Theory and research should go together. is Pure Science -believes that the study of Political Science should be verified by evidence. Integration -Political Science should not be separated from various other social sciences like history, sociology and economics, etc. of ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 2 PRELIM TRANSES originally from the Greek word AND “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Based on its etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering or governing, or of directing and controlling, a group of people or a state. care about DEFINITION OF GOVERNANCE Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the well-being of their country’s citizens or subjects. It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society wield power, and enact and promulgate public policies which directly affect human and institutional interactions, and economic and social development. and CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 1. Participatory 2. Rule of Law 3. Effective and Efficient 4. Transparent 5. Responsive 6. Equitable and Inclusive 7. Consensus-Oriented 8. Accountability. They are inextricably related to each other. is exercised PARTICIPATION Good governance essentially requires participation of different sectors of the society. Participation means active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the decision-making process. It requires an enabling environment wherein pertinent information is effectively disseminated and people could respond in an unconstrained and truthful manner. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 3 PRELIM TRANSES to information regarding decision-making process and the implementation of the same. In legal terms, it means that information on matters of public concern is made available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected. It also means that transactions involving public interests must be fully disclosed and made accessible to the people. It is anchored on the democratic right to information and right to access of the same. RESPONSIVENESS Responsiveness means that institutions and processes serve all stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. It also means that actors and structures of governance easily give genuine expression to the will or desire of the people. In other words, the interests of all citizens must be well protected in a prompt and appropriate manner so that each of them can appreciate and take part in the process of governance. the needs EQUITY AND INCLUSIVENESS Equity and inclusiveness mean that all the members of the society, especially the most vulnerable ones or the grassroots level, must be taken into consideration in policy-making. Everyone has a stake in the society and no one should feel alienated from it. Particularly, those who belong to the grassroots level must not only be the subject of legislation but they must be given the opportunity to participate in decision or policy making. are open ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 4 PRELIM TRANSES STATE BY JAMES W. GARNER A state is a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. of STATE BY ALISHA HOLLAND State is a numerous assemblage of human beings, generally occupying a certain territory among whom the will of the majority or of an ascertainable class of persons is by the strength of such a majority made to prevail against any of their members who oppose it. STATE BY JOHN WILLIAM BURGESS State is a particular portion of mankind viewed as an organized unit. that every STATE BY U.S PRES. WOODROW WILSON State is a people organized for law within a definite territory. to explain STATE BY ARISTOTLE State is a union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self-sufficing life by which we mean a happy and honorable life. STATE BY ROBERT M. MACLAVER The state is an association which, acting through law as promulgated by a government endowed to this end with coercive power, maintains within a community territorially demarcated the universal external conditions of social order. STATE BY MAX WEBER The state is an association that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 5 PRELIM TRANSES resources therein, and the sea beyond the state’s coastlines, including its seabed and subsoil. In the case of archipelagic states this territorial sea stretches to 12 miles (19kms) from the coastlines to the open sea. ○ As in the case of the population, there is no definite size with regard to the extent of area of the state to be fixed. There are large and small states. However, territory should be permanent and large enough to be self-sufficing. Vatican is the smallest with a total land area of 0.44 km2; Russia is the largest with 17,098,242 km2 GOVERNMENT ○ There can be no state without “Territory” a government. Government is the agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out. ○ It is an institution or aggregate of institutions by which an independent society makes and carries out those rules of action necessary to enable men to live in a social state, or those which are imposed upon the people by those who possess the power or authority of prescribing them. SOVEREIGNTY ○ Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction, and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign control. ○ The word “sovereignty” means supreme and final legal ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 6 PRELIM TRANSES NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY Necessity or force theory maintains that the state must have been created as a product of the existence of the strong and the weak in society, and as a result of their struggle against each other wherein those who are strong are able to dominate and impose their will upon the weak. The creation of the state through the constant war and invasion of the great warriors in the ancient time dominated the weak and later on formed a state. NATURAL OR INSTINCTIVE THEORY The Natural or Instinctive Theory holds that the state is founded out of man’s natural instinct for association. The social urge of the human being to be within a group of people in the community as in sociology describes that “man is a social being.” The social group provides the political development to stay and work together with a common goal in the community and later on transforms into a state. and the ruler PATRIARCHAL THEORY The Patriarchal theory attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father. By natural stages, the family grew into a clan, then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nation and the nation became a state. It was in SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Social contract theory asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good. This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler. ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 7 PRELIM TRANSES INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE POLICE POWER Police power is the power of the government to enforce obedience from the people in the promotion of public health, morals, or safety, and the general well-being of the community. It is the inherent power of government to enact and enforce laws for the promotion of general welfare. POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN Power of Eminent Domain is the power possessed by the state over all property within the state, specifically its power to appropriate property for a public purpose. This is the power of the state to take private property for public use with just compensation. POWER OF TAXATION Power of Taxation is the inherent power of the sovereign, exercised through the legislature, to impose burdens upon subjects and objects within its jurisdiction for the purpose of raising revenues to carry out the legitimate objects of the government. laws and a 3.0 POLITICAL POWER MEANING AND NATURE OF POWER Power may be explained in different ways because its meaning is within the context of human relations. We are encountered with many different explanations in various disciplines. Even within a single social discipline, power is defined in several different ways. Some social scientists define it as the use of force whereas many others explain it as the capacity to secure the desired goals through the use of force ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 8 PRELIM TRANSES or even by nation is in securing them. National Power is simply the ability or capability of a nation to secure the goals and objectives of its national interests in relation with other nations. It involves the capacity to use force or threat of use of force or influence over others for securing the goals of national interest. In this way, we can define National Power as “the ability to control the behavior of other states in accordance with one’s own will.” National Power is the currency of international relations. promising 3.2 NATURE OF NATIONAL POWER NATIONAL Power is National means pertaining to the nation outright control making national power the power of a is authority nation. However, in the context of national power the term ‘nation’ does Power not mean the same as in Political unjust, but Science. In the context of national powers, nation stands for the power of the group of decision makers and authorities who exercise power on behalf of the nation. It is the power of the decision-makers who formulate and implement the is the foreign policy of the nation and thereby attempt to secure national goals. its POWER For understanding the nature of power in the context of National Power, it is necessary to distinguish between Power of a nation and Force, and Power and Influence. goals, how particular ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 9 PRELIM TRANSES achieving the objective of security of the nation. For every nation, security is the most vital element of its national interest. It is the primary concern of every nation to work for her security. is backed Military power is as such a vital part of national power. The role and importance of a state in international relations depends upon its military power. No state can get recognition as a super power without being militarily superior. II. ECONOMIC POWER Economic power is the second important dimension of national power. It is constituted by the ability of a nation to satisfy its own needs and to control the behavior of other states by affording or denying access to economic goods and services. the state. The economic means of foreign policy are today the most vital means which a state can use for influencing the actions and behavior of other states. No state can become a military power without having adequate economic power. Economic power is used by rich and developed nations to influence other states by granting them economic aid and loans, and try to secure their interests in international relations. It is used as a means to induce as well as to coerce a desired change in the behavior of other states. III. PSYCHOLOGICAL POWER Psychological power means the power of opinion and image of the nation. The role of propaganda and persuasive negotiations in international relations ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 10 PRELIM TRANSES The lease of territories or a military bases or equipment—industrial or military, transit and trade facilities and grant of right to allow passage of ships are some of the other forms of rewards which a state can offer to other states for securing a desired change in their behaviors. l PUNISHMENT A powerful nation can inflict punishment on an offending or unhelpful state by imposing economic sanctions or norms or policies or placing trade restrictions or ensuring a denial of a possible reward. Denial or reduction in foreign aid or loan or refusal to export certain items or technology can be used by a powerful nation for inflicting a punishment or pressure on other nations. The most effective punishment is the one which secures the desired objective of a state without the actual infliction of punishment on other states. Threat of punishment is a better method of exercise of national power than its actual infliction. foreign FORCE OR PHYSICAL VIOLENCE By the use of military power or physical force, a powerful nation can compel a desired behavior of another nation. As a method of exercising power, force is related to punishment. When punitive action is taken against another nation, it becomes a case of use of force. However, when only the threat of punitive action is given without the actual use of physical violence against the other state, it becomes a case of exercise of power through the use of punishment. As such the difference between force and punishment is in the ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 11 PRELIM TRANSES Traditional authority is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule are passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quo. Traditional authority is typically embodied in feudalism or patrimonialism. In a purely patriarchal structure, “the servants are completely and personally dependent upon the lord”, while in an estate system (i.e., feudalism), “the servants are not personal servants of the lord but independent men” (Weber 1958, 4). But, in both cases the system of authority does not change or evolve. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY Charismatic authority stems from an individual’s extraordinary personal qualities and from that individual’s hold over followers because of these qualities. Such charismatic individuals may exercise authority over a whole society or only a specific group within a larger society. They can exercise authority for good and for bad, as this brief list of charismatic leaders indicates: Joan of Arc, Adolf Hitler, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Jesus Christ, Muhammad, and Buddha. Each of these individuals had extraordinary personal qualities that led their followers to admire them and to follow their orders or requests for action. Charismatic authority is found in a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 12 PRELIM TRANSES the increasing bureaucratization of economic enterprise. with divine and spent a laws and rules to act under and set of voters, and power are a document. by content of the (rationality). a specific traditional or authority was a economic). and public stated that modern state is of modern bureaucratic development with ANGEINDAEYO PAGE 13

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