Post War Philippines (1946-1965) PDF

POST WAR PHILIPPINES 1946-1965 RDPH Course Outline Lesson 1. Post-War Conditions Lesson 2. Third Republic Lesson 3. Trade Relations with US Lesson 5. RDPH 2  1934-...

POST WAR PHILIPPINES 1946-1965 RDPH Course Outline Lesson 1. Post-War Conditions Lesson 2. Third Republic Lesson 3. Trade Relations with US Lesson 5. RDPH 2  1934-1965 1986-2013 American Marcos Colony Commonwealth, War and Independence Years Reform, Rebellion and Reconstruction 1898-1933 1965-1986 PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE YEARS  Should the Philippines be independent or not? What happens to those who collaborated with the Japanese? How can a country devastated by war become a stable nation again? How did the politicians react to the growing problems of the nation? How did the masses respond to ISSUES AFTER THE WAR the inability of the government to provide what they need? TEACH A COURSE 4  There was no production in the first months after the liberation from the Japanese. The scarcity of food and dreadful diseases were challenges for the Commonwealth Administration. Post War Conditions Manila was the second most destroyed in city during WWII. Second to Warsaw, Poland. TEACH A COURSE 5 Post War Philippines Commonwealth Military Bases Period HUKBALAHAP Agreement Japanese Roxas signed Luis Taruc Occupation the agreement: surrenders on March 14 1941-1945 1946 1947 1949 1954 1954 Election April 23 Central Bank of Laurel-Langley the Philippines Agreement Manuel Roxas US Congress Versus Sergio ratified the Osmena economic agreement PHILIPPINE DILEMMA: INDEPENDENCE OR NOT? CATASTROPHIC AFTERMATH OF THE WAR Philippine Bureau of Census and Statistic Php5,589,580,005 damages US AS LIBERATORS Filipinos were not aware of military issues and aims of US; sees US as saviors and devastation as worth the liberation PHILIPPINES HAD NOTHING General MacArthur led the liberation army; behind him was Osmena. US had everything; Philippines had nothing.  MACARTHUR VERSUS OSMENA Osmeña’s actions for the reconstruction of the Philippines were hampered by MacArthur. Seeing that Osmeña was getting his power, MacArthur and the United States was ready to install American supremacy in the Philippines by handpicking the man for presidency. TEACH A COURSE 8 MACARTHUR VERSUS OSMENA Osmeña’s actions for the PHILIPPINE CIVIL AFFAIRS UNIT reconstruction of (PCAU / PEECOW) the Philippines were hampered by MacArthur. Seeing that Osmeña was getting his power, USAFFE ELITES MacArthur and the GUERILLAS United States was ready to install LANDLORDS American supremacy in the Philippines by handpicking the man for presidency. ESTABLISH CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN THE TOWN  COLLABORATORS: WHO CONSPIRED WITH WHOM? Assigned under the Quintin Paredes Benigno Aquino, Sr. PCAU was the (Public Works and (Interior) COUNTER Communication) INTELLIGENCE CORPS (CIC). They handled Claro M. Recto Jose P. Laurel the issues of (Justice; President) (Education, Public collaboration. Welfare) Who are the collaborators? Teofilo Sison Jose Yulo (Budget) (Chief Justice) MACARTHUR: ROXAS FOR PRESIDENT! Rehabilitation after the war was necessary. Manuel Outcome for Presidency Roxas with US backing won the April 20, 1946 elections. Roxas Osmena Senator Millard Tydings arrived to survey the war damages; he then, later recommended one hundred million dollars as Philippine Government rehabilitation assistance. Is this enough for war Manuel A. Roxas, Sr. damages? Elpidio Quirino  Excerpt from the Inaugural Address of President Manuel Roxas MY COUNTRYMEN: granting us our sovereignty. They would have us believe that the American Republic, resplendent in her “I have taken my oath as President of the Philippines to power and prestige as the leader of democracy and as defend and support the Constitution, and to enforce the the spokesman for freedom, would lend herself to a laws of our country. I assume in all humbleness the theft of our national heritage for the sake of a thimbleful of profits. No, my mind will not stoop to as complex responsibilities, which you have chosen to give low a conceit as that. The nation which spent 300 me. I pledge my effort and my life to discharge them billion dollars to arm the hosts of freedom, the nation with whatever talent, strength, and energy I can muster. which has spent and is spending so much of its But those responsibilities must be shared by the substance not only to free but also to feed the hungry Congress, by the other branches of government, and, in peoples of the earth will not do that. Small minds see the last analysis, by all the people of the Philippines who small deeds. I will not place my Government in the face together the great test of the future. I would not be position of accusing the United States Congress of content to assume this office, I would not have the hope willingly conspiring to cheat us of our birthright. I admit the possibility of error in the United States Congress as to discharge the duties assigned me if I were not in any other constitutional body. But I have faith that confident that my countrymen are ready and capable of justice will be done us by a country which has been our sharing in full measure the work and sacrifices which lie mother, our protector, our liberator, and now our ahead.” benefactor. In this world, the balances of justice move only on great momentums. I am firmly convinced that ▪ “Yet we have today in our own land a few among us when the scales point unmistakably to injustice being who would have us believe that we are in danger of an rendered us, the United States Congress will grant us imperialistic invasion from the very nation which is redress in full and generous measure.” TEACH A COURSE 12 ROXAS: ISSUES ON REHABILITATION As embodied in the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946, the United States allocated $620 million. The breakdown is as follows: “$120 million for the reconstruction of COLLABORA COMMUNIS highways, port, and harbor facilities, TION ISSUE T THREAT etc., $100 million worth of surplus military property, and $400 million GUERILLA for the compensation of property AMNESTY losses and damages suffered by MILITARY Filipinos, Americans, citizens of BASES AGREEMENT friendly nations, religious and private OF 1947 organizations” (Constantino and Constantino, 1978, p. 202).  Economic and Military Agreements Bell Trade Tydings Laurel- Langley Military Bases Military Mutual Relations Act Rehabilitation Agreement of Agreement Assistance Pact Defense Treaty (1946) Act (1947) 1955 The Bell Trade Relations Act gave economic assistance through trade while Tydings Rehabilitation Act gave financial help. Free trade between two countries; but the Philippine business can not flourish on American soil since the machinery was devasted by the war. Tydings Rehabilitation Act burdened the Filipinos with the ‘parity rights’ grant to the Americans. Military Bases Agreement granted America to establish 23 military bases anywhere in the country.  BELL TRADE ACT (Summary with Key Provisions) 1.Article II. Article I. Absolute quotas are placed on the amount of sugar, cordage (rope), rice, cigars, scrap tobacco, coconut oil, and buttons of U.S. exports to the Philippines and Philippine pearl or shell that can enter the U.S. from the Philippines. exports to the U.S. (with the exception of those 2.For the cigars and buttons of pearl, the importation to the U.S. Philippine exports covered in Article II) shall pay no shall be duty-free until July 4, 1954, and then a decreasing percentage of the imports shall be duty-free each year until 1973 duty until July 4, 1954. Duties on these items shall when the regular duty must be paid on the full amount then be 5% of the regular duties from July 4 to imported. December 31, 1954; 10% during calendar year 3.The quotas in paragraphs 1 and 2 (for all the items except rice) 1955; and 5% more of the regular duty each year shall be allocated annually by the Philippine Government to until 1973, when the full duty shall be paid. manufacturers in the Philippines proportionate to their 1940 exports of the item to the U.S. or for sugar, to their 1931-33 production. 4.The allocated quotas in paragraph 3 may be transferred or sold. TEACH A COURSE 15  1.Article V BELL TRADE ACT (Summary with Key Provisions) The value of Philippine currency in relation to the U.S. dollar shall not be changed, the convertibility of the Philippine pesos into the U.S. dollar shall not be suspended, and no restrictions shall be imposed on the transfer of funds from the Philippines to the U.S. except by agreement with the U.S. President. Article VII. The disposition, exploitation, development, and utilization of all agricultural, timber, and mineral lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces and sources of potential energy, and other natural resources of the Philippines, and the operation of public utilities, shall, if open to any person, be open to citizens of the U.S. and to all forms of business enterprise owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by U.S. citizens, except that (for the period prior to the amendment of the Constitution of the Philippines referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article) the Philippines shall not be required to comply with such part of the foregoing provisions of this sentence as are in conflict with such Constitution. 2.The Government of the Philippines will promptly take such steps as are necessary to secure the amendment of the Constitution of the Philippines so as to permit the taking effect as laws of the Philippines of such part of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of this Article as is in conflict with such constitution before such amendment. TEACH A COURSE 16  Article III. Description of Rights. —1. It is MILITARY BASES AGREEEMENT mutually agreed that the United States shall have the rights, power, and authority within the bases which are necessary for the establishment, use, operation, and defense thereof or appropriate for control thereof and all the rights, and power authority within the limits of territorial waters and air space adjacent to, or the vicinity of, the bases which are necessary to provide access to them, or appropriate for their control. 17 MILITARY BASES AGREEMENT 18  Excerpt from Roxas’ Address to Congress Let us look at the facts of life. After July 4th, without this Executive Agreement, we will be on a full foreign duty basis, like any other foreign nation, with respect to the United States. The sugar, tobacco, and coconut oil industries will be dead. So, too, will be embroideries, and pearl buttons, and probably cordage. Our exports for some years to come will consist of copra and abaca, and chrome. There will even be a tariff against our manganese. It will be many months before we can mine gold again. That means, at pre-war production levels, an income from exports of approximately 60 million pesos, using current prices as a standard. Our imports this year from the United States will be valued at approximately 600 million pesos. If we are to rehabilitate ourselves, the amount of imports must be increased next year. The result will be that at the end of 1947, we will have denuded the Philippines of practically every peso and every centavo which the American GI’s and others brought in here, the so-called nest-egg on which we have been living and doing business for the past 18 months. We will be penniless. It is easy to say that we can raise our own food and live, as we lived under the Japanese. Do we wish to push our people back into the middle ages of subsistence and economic isolationism? Of course, we do not. But unless we attract capital from abroad, and even more important, unless we can begin immediately to increase our exports of our major cash crops, we are doomed to disaster and worse. We must be reminded that should we reject this Trade Act, and deprive ourselves of preferential markets, we prejudice completely our applications for loans from the United States Government. No government would lend us money in the absence of a productive economy that would permit us to repay the loan. I do not think that there is any question of confronting such a situation. There is no reason to expect that this Congress will refuse to meet this question in its true light. I have described and defended the Trade Act at great length. I sincerely believe that we have only one choice, and that is, to accept it. Let me point out to the Congress, that were we to be actuated by partisan considerations, the majority party might oppose this legislation. We are not responsible for it. We had nothing to do with its formulation or passage. But we do not intend to take a partisan attitude toward a question which involves our national existence. 19 CHALLENGES Neo-Colonialism Economy HUKBALAHAP Stephen Shalom describes NEO- American business flourish Luis Taruc led HUKABALAP COLONIALISM as an “alliance between after Bell Trade Act and to change the course of the leading class or classes of two other agreements with the action. They were after independent nations which facilitates United States. Filipino QUEZON’s promise of the ability to maintain a dominant products competed with SOCIAL JUSTICE. position over the weaker population of American products. the weaker of the two nations.” TEACH A COURSE 20  RESPONSE TO NEOCOLONIALISM Economic and Filipino Social Elites masses Blueprint of reform and reconstruction The ruling sector only favored the elite considered relations with American Hukbalahap and other beneficial to them; guerilla groups thus accomodating continue to rise American interest calmly. Parliament of the streets emerged HUKBALAHAP AFTER THE WAR Luis Taruc Peasant Juan movement Against Enemies of Feleo against Japanese the state landlordism Casto Alejandrino PRE WAR AND WAR AFTER THE WAR ACTIONS HUKBONG BAYAN LABAN SA HAPON PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS FROM 1946-1965 From Manuel Roxas to Diosdado Macapagal national development had been dictated by the United States. The Communist wave marred the term of the government; lingering colonial influence affected the economy.