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This document explores the history of architecture in the Philippines after World War II. It covers the key architects, design characteristics, and influences of that time. It presents a historical analysis of significant buildings and their influences, specifically focusing on post-war reconstruction in the Philippines.
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# HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 - FINALS ## POST WAR ARCHITECTURE At the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Manila lay in ruin. The city’s built-heritage and once grand edifices of Spanish and American colonial architecture were reduced to rubble by indiscriminate bombardment to liberate the city. Americ...
# HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 - FINALS ## POST WAR ARCHITECTURE At the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Manila lay in ruin. The city’s built-heritage and once grand edifices of Spanish and American colonial architecture were reduced to rubble by indiscriminate bombardment to liberate the city. American bombs turned Manila into the second most devastated Allied city in the world. Yet war-torn Manila rose again. Out of the ashes, Filipinos moved on to rebuild their lives and would be gripped by nostalgia for nation, a sense of mourning for the things lost during the war, but they found in modernism the foundation on which to erect a new nation. JULY 4, 1946 - The Philippine Islands became the independent Republic of the Philippines and soon after, the new nation-state in modern architecture found a way to divorce itself from the vestiges of colonization and to create new-built environments that conveyed freedom from the colonial past. The US War Damage Rehabilitation Fund was also instrumental in resurrecting Manila's pre-war neoclassical splendor... * The Manila City Hall (1941ti, * Post Office building (1931ti, * Agriculture and Finance buildings (194ftti, * Legislative Building (1926ti, * A group of buildings of the University of the Philippines (192ft-3ftsti in Manila were rebuilt approximating their original plans. As the war damage claims reached their respective beneficiaries, a construction boom followed suit. The architects, after a long inactive practice, dusted off their drawing boards and joined the reconstruction euphoria. As they built to address the widespread housing shortage and infrastructure deficit, they had to abandon the motifs and ornament of styles of the pre-war era to reduce the construction cost and efficiently complete the structure in the shortest possible time. Post-war austerity meant straightforward and no-nonsense architectural forms which modernism readily supplied. “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION” was the new doctrine proclaimed by the “Third Generation” Filipino architects, namely, * Jose Maria Zaragoza (1912-1994ti, * Cesar Concio (19ftffi-2ftft3ti, * Angel Nakpil (1914-198ftti, * Alfredo Luz (19ft4-198ftti, * Otillo Arellano (1916-1981ti, * Felipe Mendoza (191ffi-2ftftftti, * Gabriel Formoso (1915-1996ti and * Carlos Arguelles (191ffi-2ftft8ti. ## FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION follows the principle of the shape of a building or object and should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose. The Independent Philippines also expressed its identity by implementing Modernism through the utilization of REINFORCED CONCRETE, STEEL, and GLASS; the PREDOMINANCE OF CUBICFORMS, GEOMETRIC SHAPES, and CARTESIAN GRIDS, and the ABSENSE OF APPLIED DECORATION. The BRISE-SOLIEL or SUN SHADE, GLASS WALLS, PIERCED SCREEN and THIN CONCRETE SHELLS were staple architectural elements of the 195fts and 196fts. As early as 194ffi, the Philippine government constituted a group of architects and engineers on a mission to study the modern capitals of the United States and Latin America and on their return, they were to formulate the master plan for the modern capital city and the campus of the state university. South American modernism, particularly the works of Oscar Niemeyer (19ftffi-2ft12ti. Because of that, the impact of this exposure among the members of the mission was so immense that on their return they would design buildings that closely resembled the referred modern structures from South America... And one of those Architects who borrowed his idea… ## CESAR HOMERO CONCIO Nov. 3ft, 19ftffi - April 2ffi, 2ftft3 * First University Architect of the University of the Philippines. When the University transferred to Diliman from Padre Faura in the late 194ft's, Cesar Concio was tasked to continue what Louis Croft has started. * He is one of the Architects selected by President Roxas in 194ffi to study the trends in Architecture and Engineering to design the buildings of the Capital City, especially in his position as the Chief Architect of the UP Diliman Campus. Cesar Concio borrowed Oscar Niemeyer’s massing and sun shades for his Twin Liberal Arts Building (195ftti and the Engineering Building. His saddle- shaped Church of the Risen Lord (1954ti was imitative of Oscar Niemeyer’s St. Francis Church (1943ti in Pampulha, Brazil. The Government Service Insurance System (GSISti Building in Aroceros, Manila, completed in 195ffi, belonged to the first batch of the new government buildings programmed for the New Republic. As a transitional style for government architecture, the building demonstrated the shift from classical to modern. It had an imposing façade with soaring pillars that were fluted but without bases or capitals that evoked classical proportions but its volumes were highly simplified in a modern manner. ## FEDERICO S. ILUSTRE * In May 1956, the proposed design and scale model of the Capitol Complex on Constitution Hill were presented to the public and were prepared by Federico S. Ilustre (1912-1989ti, the consulting architect of the Bureau of Public Works from the 195ft's to 19ffift's. * His design combine unrelated shapes and flamboyant forms; use building height for excessive monumental effect The centerpiece of this elliptical core is the 66-meter high Art Deco Quezon Memorial Monument (195ft-19ffi8ti composed of 3pylons topped by female winged figures representing 3 major islands of the Philippines - Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ## THE NATIONAL LIBRARY (1961ti The NATIONAL LIBRARY (1961ti, designed by a consortium of architects known as Hexagon Architects, was a plain rectangular prism, whose façade was almost wholly covered by grids of vertical slats except at the center where planes of curtain wall rendered transparency to the building. ## UP INTERNATIONAL CENTER - DESIGNED BY VICTOR TIOTUYCO ## RUPERTO GAITE’S RIZAL PROVINCIAL CAPITOL (1962ti Ruperto Gaite’s Rizal Provincial Capitol (1962ti was one of the important post- war capitol edifices that deviated from Beaux Arts formalism. The modern capitol was remarkable for the diamond- shaped concrete supports extracted from Oscar Niemeyer’s Presidential Palace in Brasilia (196ftti ## LEANDRO LOCSIN’S BIOMORPHIC BILLOWING ROOFS FOR THE CHURCH OF ST. ANDREWS (1968ti ## MARCOS DE GUZMAN’S SAUCER-SHAPED RESIDENCE OF ARTEMIO REYES ## MAÑOSA BROTHERS’ FUTURIST RESIDENCE OF IGNACIO ARROYO This so-called SPACE AGE of the 195fts had since been translated into a visual language of long, lean horizontal lines suggesting airplane wings, soaring upright structures and parabolic arches that direct the eye to the sky, and sharply contrasted angles that express speed. Innovations in building materials, including reinforced concrete, plastics, and steel, made it possible for architects to manipulate materials to the point where buildings became sculptures ## UNION CHURCH OF MANILA Designed by Ar. Jose Maria Velez Zaragoza, the Union Church of Manila was founded in 1914 by a group of Methodist and Disciples of Christ Missionaries. After the United States recognized Filipino Independence in 1946, membership grew quickly carrying of dozens of Ministries and Outreaches. ## SOFT MODERNISM SOFT MODERNISM, as the name implied, experimented with the sculptural potential of concrete's plasticity to come up with soft and organic forms with the use of thin-shell technology. These new design approaches were skeptical of Modernism; soft was deemed to enable UNIQUENESS, OPENNESS, and LAWLESSNESS. ## THE CONCRETE SHELL The majority of the thin concrete shell structures were constructed by pouring wet concrete onto a rigid wooden form work, often assembled from straight elements. This construction process required many skilled craftsmen. The typical geometrical forms generated by thin shell engineering were the hyperbolic paraboloid (CHURCH OF THE RISEN LORDti and spherical dome (CHURCH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICEti. In the Philippines, the first venture into thin-shell experimentation yielded the CHURCH OF THE HOLY SACRIFICE (1955ti. ## LEANDRO V. LOCSIN A Filipino architect, artist, and interior designer, known for his use of concrete, floating volume and simplistic design in his various projects. This was a revolutionary structure heralded by National Artist LEANDRO LOCSIN (1928-1994ti and Engineers ALFREDO JUNIO and DAVID CONSUNJI. * The Chapel is basically open, there are no doors. * Slanted Columns. * The Chapel is circular, and the altar is right in the center of the circle. The CHURCH OF THE RISEN LORD was designed to have an exterior shape similar to a parabola. This kind of architectural design symbolizes the belief that there are imperfections outside the Christian World. A characteristic of a parabola is that it has no distinctive peak just like of a triangle and it has not one slope. In 1955, then University of the Philippines, Diliman Catholic Chaplain, Fr. John Delaney, S.J. commissioned Locsin to design a chapel that is open and can easily accommodate 1,ftftft people. The Church of Holy Sacrifice is the first round chapel in the Philippines with the altar in the middle, and the first to have a thin shell concrete dome. <start_of_image> Church of Holy Sacrifice: As we go up the parabola, before we get to the highest peak, we can observe that we eventually go down. The Church has a Basilica design and features a concrete shell roof, this time curved like a piece of folded paper as you enter the church you would first notice the big cross at the center of the altar with no human image. In the 195ft's, buildings in Manila are just permitted to get as high as 3ft meters or 1ft storeys, owing to the fact that Manila is very prone to liquefaction during earthquakes and the water pressure of the water pipes back then and can't reach higher than that. Pumps are not yet available commercially. But by the next decade this restriction was lifted, and one of the very first buildings to go beyond 3ft meters is this building, the Picache Building by Angel Nakpil. ## ANGEL E. NAKPIL Feb. 2ft, 1914 - Nov. ft2, 198ft * Leading Filipino Architect and nephew of Architect Juan Nakpil. * Graduated from UST in 1931. * A Harvard-trained Architect. * Served as the City Planning Commissioner of Manila during the Post-War Reconstruction years, from 194ffi - 1949. Also, a Charter Member of the United Architects of the Philippines, which was founded in 19ffi5. ## THE INSULAR LIFE BUILDING The building was built in 1962 and was also one of the first buildings to surpass the 3ft meter height restriction in the Philippines. It has gently curving facade entirely covered by narrow vertical aluminum projections that were set close together within square modules to conceal the curtain wall behind it. Originally designed by Cesar Concio. ## NATIONAL PRESS CLUB - Designed by Angel Nakpil The 4-storey main building was built in June 1954 and inaugurated on Dec. 3ft, 1955 by President Ramon Magsaysay. It was designed as one of the modern and first earthquake-proof buildings in the Philippines, and constructed by Engr. Alberto T. Abaya. It is a popular forum for press conferences held by other organizations. The use of crystalline surfaces for modern edifices was best captured in Angel Nakpil’s National Press Club Building (1955ti, in which a cylindrical glass tower became the focus of this Bauhaus volumetric manipulation. ## BRISE-SOLEIL. In the typical form, a horizontal projection extends from the sunside facade of a building. This is most commonly used to prevent facades with a large amount of glass from overheating during the summer. Often louvers are incorporated into the shade to prevent the high angle summer sun falling on the facade, but also to allow the low-angle winter sun to provide some passive solar heating. The Engineering and Architecture Building of the University of Santo Tomas (1952ti, designed by Julio Victor Rocha, initiated the successful use of the BRISE-SOLIEL. This launched a wave of imitation and a craze for the sun shade, which some architects use indiscriminately without knowledge of proper solar orientation, making the devise a useless and expensive fashion appliqué. But the more judicious application of these sun shading devices resulted in magnificent structures such as Alfredo Luz’s World Health Organization Building (1958ti and his Ermita Center (196ffiti; Cesar Concio’s Insular Life Building (1963ti; and Pablo Antonio’s (19ft1-19ffi5ti May Building (1959ti. ## MERALCO BUILDING a.k.a. Lopez Building, is located at Ortigas Avenue in the City of Pasig, Metro Manila. It is a fourteen- storey building designed by Architect Jose Maria Zaragoza and built by Engr. Eduardo A. Santiago. In the building, the architect used the 196ft architectural medium of brise-soleil. A series of vertical concrete elements were bordered by monolithic concrete towers. There was the phalanx of twenty- nine curved vertical members which were installed as a concave curtain between solid rectangular masses. The sun baffles which functions as a screen to the sunlight and deflect the torrential rain also creates brightness in the architecture of the building. ## PHILAM LIFE THEATER The Philamife Building located in United Nations Avenue in Metro Manila is the main office of the Philippine American Life and General Insurance Company, one of the biggest life insurance organization in the Philippines which was founded in 194ffi. The structure was built in 1961 and its architect is Architect Carlos D. Arguelles. ## 21ST CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Philippine art and architecture reflect the rich and diverse cultural identity and history of the Philippines, which is influenced by the roots of indigenous styles, the colonial era, the post-war era, and the present contemporary era. 21st-century architecture is encompassed in the broader term called Filipino Contemporary style of architecture, which technically refers to the building designed and constructed in the present or recent years. ## "THE QUEST FOR CONTEMPORARY FILIPINO STYLE" At the dawn of the 21st century, the landscape of Philippine architecture continues to evolve. The advent of modern architecture in the Philippines heralds an era of glass, steel, and concrete structures. The designs are now sleeker, with clean lines and minimalist aesthetics. But amidst this modernity, traces of the country’s rich architectural history can still be seen - making Philippine architecture a unique blend of the old and the new. A notable trend among contemporary architects in the Philippines is the focus on green architecture, environmental preservation, and innovative sustainability. Many Filipino architects incorporate traditional concepts like using local, eco-friendly, and renewable materials and technology, natural lighting and ventilation, and other tropical design concepts. ## 20TH CENTURY NATIONAL ARCHITECTS WHO HEAVILY INFLUENCED 21ST CENTURY ARCHITECTS TOWARDS PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE ## ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS JR. NATIONAL ARTIST FOR ARCHITECTURE (2ftft6ti Ildefonso P. Santos Jr. (also known as "IP Santos"ti was a prominent Filipino architect, urban planner, and environmental planner. His contributions spanned several decades and significantly impacted Philippine architecture and urban planning, especially in the latter part of the 2ftth century. However, as of the last update in January 2ft22, his notable contributions were primarily made in the 2ftth century, and information regarding his direct contributions to 21st-century architecture may be limited. The Architectural design of the building is influenced by International style. The multi- storey reinforced concrete block is transformed into extraordinary architecture by the use of BRISE - SOLEIL of aluminum which help manipulate the shade and shadow within the building. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Santos was revered for his expertise in urban planning and environmental design. He played a crucial role in shaping the landscape of many Philippine cities, advocating for sustainable and community-centric urban development. His works were instrumental in influencing policies and guidelines related to land use planning, environmental conservation, and architectural design. His emphasis on sustainability, community-oriented design, and environmental consciousness remains relevant and significant even in the 21st century as architects and urban planners continue to address contemporary challenges in city development and design. ## Famous Architectural Works * San Miguel Corporation * The Orchard Golf and Country Club * Cultural Center of the Philippines * Paco Park * Tagaytay Highlands Golf and Country Club * Manila Hotel ## FRANCISCO "BOBBY" MAÑOSA NATIONAL ARTIST FOR ARCHITECTURE (2ft18ti Bobby Mañosa, also known as Francisco Mañosa, was a pioneering figure in Filipino architecture whose influence transcended into the 21st century. Throughout his career, Mañosa championed the preservation of Filipino heritage and traditions in architecture. His legacy continues to impact the architectural realm, influencing the fusion of modernity with indigenous design concepts, and encouraging a deeper appreciation for Filipino identity in architecture, shaping the ethos of 21stcentury Filipino architecture. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Renowned for his advocacy of "Philippine Modern Architecture," Mañosa's contributions were profound in shaping the country's architectural landscape. He emphasized the integration of indigenous Filipino design elements, vernacular architecture, and sustainable practices into contemporary architectural designs. Inspiring subsequent generations of architects to embrace and celebrate the country’s rich cultural legacy. Mañosa's iconic structures, such as the Coconut Palace and the San Miguel Corporation Head Office, exemplify his commitment to showcasing Filipino cultural identity through architecture, utilizing local materials like bamboo, wood, and cogon grass to create visually stunning yet culturally resonant spaces. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS * Coconut Palace * Amanpulo Resort * Sacobia River Bridge ## 21ST CENTURY NOTABLE ARCHITECTS ## ROYAL PINEDA Royal Pineda is the Principal Architect, CEO of BUDJI+ROYAL Architecture and Design, the lead advocate of Modern Filipino Architecture and Design, making him the most sought-after resource speaker on the subject. As a naturalist and modernist architect, his works mainly advocate for progressive design focused on the betterment of the users while also promoting the importance of showcasing the Filipino identity and sustainability. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS His designs are mainly inspired by the natural environment, and his emphasis on the meaning of green architecture and sustainability and how it is not defined only by the utilization of eco-friendly materials but should start with the overall incorporation of nature and the environment in the design is evident in his works that make use of natural lighting and ventilation. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS * New Clark City Athletics Stadium and Aquatics Center * Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal * Mind Museum * College of St. Benilde School of Design and Arts * UP Museum - Museum of A History of Ideas * Mañosa Home * 1960s Corner House * Torogan Hall ## EDUARDO CALMA Ed Calma is a distinguished Filipino architect whose influential contributions have significantly shaped 21st-century architecture in the Philippines. Through a diverse portfolio spanning residential homes, commercial complexes, cultural institutions, and more, Calma has established a legacy of architectural excellence. Ed Calma’s lasting impact on the architectural landscape continues to inspire innovation and shape the direction of Filipino architecture, elevating the standards of functionality and aesthetics in the 21st century. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Renowned for his modernist vision and innovative design approach, Calma is celebrated for crafting spaces that seamlessly merge functionality with aesthetic elegance. His architectural ethos emphasizes clean lines, minimalist aesthetics, and a meticulous understanding of spatial dynamics, resulting in structures that redefine contemporary living and working environments Calma’s designs often incorporate natural elements and light to create immersive spaces that prioritize the comfort and experience of the occupants while maintaining a distinctly modern appeal. His commitment to redefine spatial concepts, coupled with a keen focus on sustainable practices and user-centric design, has earned him recognition and acclaim both locally and internationally. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS - New Clark City Athletics Stadium and Aquatics Center - Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal - Mind Museum - College of St. Benilde School of Design and Arts - UP Museum - Museum of A History of Ideas - Mañosa Home - 1960s Corner House - Torogan Hall ## ANGELO MAÑOSA Gelo Mañosa is an emerging Filipino architect known for continuing the legacy of his father, Francisco "Bobby" Mañosa, a renowned figure in Philippine architecture. Gelo Mañosa has shown a commitment to furthering the principles of "Philippine Modern Architecture", advocating for the integration of traditional Filipino design elements with contemporary architectural concepts. He has been involved in various projects that echo his father’s vision, emphasizing the use of indigenous materials, sustainable practices, and a focus on Filipino cultural identity in architectural designs. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Gelo Mañosa has contributed to the preservation and promotion of Philippine architectural heritage, incorporating elements like bamboo, wood, and vernacular design concepts into modern architectural projects. While continuing to carve his own path in the architectural realm, he carries forward the ideals and principles set forth by his father, aiming to create spaces that honor Filipino culture while embracing innovation and functionality. There are several things that Mañosa considers when designing structures to be disaster-resilient: site selection, water, power, medical, and distribution space. When most architects would follow the ‘trends’ in architecture, he stayed in the course and believed in one philosophy- to design contemporary or vernacular (sustainableti Philippine architecture that is sensitive to our culture, our people, and our land. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS * New Clark City Athletics Stadium and Aquatics Center * Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal * Mind Museum * College of St. Benilde School of Design and Arts * UP Museum - Museum of A History of Ideas * Mañosa Home * 1960s Corner House * Torogan Hall ## EDWIN UY Edwin Uy is a prominent Filipino architect recognized for his substantial contributions to 21st-century architecture in the Philippines. Uy’s architectural portfolio spans various projects, including residential homes, commercial spaces, and cultural establishments, each reflecting his keen attention to detail and commitment to creating spaces that harmonize with the environment while meeting the needs of the occupants. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS He is celebrated for his contemporary and innovative approach, blending modern design principles with functional and aesthetically pleasing architectural solutions. Uy’s contributions to contemporary architecture involve a focus on sustainable design practices and the integration of technology into his projects. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS - New Clark City Athletics Stadium and Aquatics Center - Mactan-Cebu International Airport Terminal - Mind Museum - College of St. Benilde School of Design and Arts - UP Museum - Museum of A History of Ideas - Mañosa Home - 1960s Corner House - Torogan Hall His designs often prioritize energy efficiency, incorporating sustainable materials and smart design strategies to reduce environmental impact. Through his forward-thinking designs and dedication to architectural excellence, Edwin Uy continues to shape the architectural landscape in the Philippines, leaving a mark characterized by his innovative use of space, modern aesthetics, and a commitment to sustainability. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS * CDO Ice Plant * House No. 17 * Bahay Bakasyunan in Camiguin * Grand Midori Makati * RCBC Plaza * Discovery Shores Boracay ## GARY AND GILCOSCOLLUELA The twin sons of well-known Filipino architect William Coscolluela followed their father’s footsteps in pursuing architecture and are now the senior partners of W.V. Coscolluela & Associates who is one of the leading architectural firms in the Philippines. They are bound to continue the legacy of their famed father, Architect William Coscolluela, who was one of the foundations of the development and growth of the Metro Manila skyline. ## INFLUENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS Coscolluela architecture is known for their landmark designs, clean lines, evocative silhouettes, unique details, and their interpretation and incorporation of fluidity, transparence, and structural expressiveness in their design. Their works include residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and recreational projects local and international and are also advocates of a more environment-friendly design. With the recent appointment of the Coscolluela brothers, the firm is expected to continue delivering strikingly beautiful, highly sustainable, and useful buildings. ## FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS * CDO Ice Plant * House No. 17 * Bahay Bakasyunan in Camiguin * Grand Midori Makati * RCBC Plaza * Discovery Shores Boracay ## 1945 Philippine Modern Architecture The Philippine Modern Architecture started to emerge in 1945 after World War 2. The first buildings of the modern era were conceived early in the 2ftth century. ## 21st-century Philippine Architecture 21st-century architecture in the Philippines is characterized by a diversity of styles and approaches, reflecting the country’s rich cultural heritage and its rapid economic development. ## 21st-century Philippine Architecture: Sustainability 21st-century architecture in the Philippines is also characterized by a growing awareness of the importance of sustainability. Many architects are now designing buildings that are energy-efficient and use recycled materials. This is in response to the growing concern about climate change and the need to conserve natural resources. ## Notable Filipino Architects ## FRANCISCO "BOBBY" MAÑOSA Known as the champion of indigenous Filipino architecture Mañosa’s designs are a masterful blend of traditional Filipino elements and modern techniques. His most famous work is probably the Coconut Palace, a stunning edifice built almost entirely of local materials. He strongly believed that Philippine architecture must be “true to itself, its land and its people,” as he usually says in his interviews when asked about his design philosophy. He intensively studied, mastered and interpreted the untapped DNA of Philippine architecture, especially the Bahay Kubo and Bahay na Bato. ## WORKS: * Coconut Palace * San Miguel Corporation Headquarters * Pearl Farm Beach Resort * Eskaya Beach Resort * Ateneo Professional Schools Library and Sports Complex ## Coconut Palace (19ffi8ti also known as Tahanang Pilipino a government building located in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex in Manila, Philippines. First Lady Imelda Marcos ordered the construction of the palace. It got its name because it used mostly coconut lumber and other parts of the coconut tree for its construction, basically, at least ffift% of the whole structure is made out of a coconut. It was initially built as the guest house and to receive Pope John Paul II in 1981. It was the official residence and the principal workplace of the vice president of the Philippines during the term of Jejomar Binay in 2ft11. ## The Landscaping It was designed by the National Artist for Architecture, Ildefonso Santos which is known to be the father of Philippine landscape architecture ## FEATURES: * coconut trunks were used for the columns * coconut wood shingles are for the roof * 1ft1 coconut-shell chandelier * dining table made of 4ft, ftftft tiny pieces of inlaid coconut shells * capiz shell accents * Bahay Kubo-Inspired Design * Filipino Motifs and Patterns * Tropical Landscaping ## San Miguel Corporation Headquarters (19ffi6ti Built in 19ffi6 by the firm "MANOSA BROTHERS' Manuel, Jose, and Francisco (Bobbyti. The ARCHITECTURAL character was commissioned to Francisco Manosa & Partners. The building is considered by many as one of the bastions of Filipino Architecture and is notable for its gesture of employing angled and vegetated facade to shade the interiors from the sun and combat heat gain. It was inspired by the rice terraces in Banaue The distinctiveness of the building also lay in its pyramidical geometry, more specifically a flat ziggurat ## FEATURES: * Open Spaces and Landscaping * Water features (ponds and reflecting poolsti * greenery on its terraces * slanted windows with similarly angled sun breakers, an inspiration from the nipa hut * pocket gardens * "tropical" parking layout * Sustainable Design * Cultural Elements ## LEANDRO VALENCIA LOCSIN (1928-1994ti a Filipino architect, artist, and interior designer known for his use of concrete, floating volume and simplistic design in his various projects. An avid collector, he was fond of modern painting and Chinese ceramics. He studied Pre-Law, before shifting to pursue a Bachelor’s Degree in Music at the University of Santo Tomas. However, he later changed again to Architecture, just a year before graduating. His designs often featured clean lines, bold forms, and innovative use of materials, including concrete. He was known for integrating local and cultural elements into his modernist designs. His work is often celebrated for its innovative design, cultural sensitivity, and commitment to modernity. Many of his designs have become cultural landmarks. ## WORKS: * Cultural Center of the Philippines * Philippine International Convention Center * Folk Arts Theater * SEARCA Residences * The Dioscoro Umali Hall of U.P. Los Baños * Philippine International Convention Center (between 19ffi4 and 19ffi6ti ## Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) one of Asia’s first international convention centers, Located in Pasay City Built in a record time of 23 months The PICC has hosted various conventions both local and international ones, meetings and social events. The PICC officially opened to the world by hosting the IMF-World Bank Meeting in 19ffi6. The Plenary Hall at the PICC annually hosts the prestigious Awards Night for the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMASti. PICC has also been an important part of Philippine history, Between 19ffi6 to 19ffi8, it housed the Batasang Bayan or the Legislative Advisory Council and the office of the Vice President of the Philippines until 2ftft5. PICC was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines in 2ft13 ## FEATURES: * characterized by its clean lines, geometric shapes, and a focus on functional design * showcases brutalist architecture through bare concrete, striking visuals, and distinctive lines. * Buttress-like Pillars * Floating Roof Structure * Shells and Arches * gardens and water features ## Cultural Center of the Philippines (1966ti is a large complex with theaters, exhibition galleries, an ethnographic museum (Museo ng Kalinangangti, a contemporary art museum (Museo ng Sinigti, and more It was established by our former president Ferdninand Marcos on the executive Order No. 3ft in 1966 to preserve, develop and promote arts and culture in the Philippines took four years to build on 21 hectares of reclaimed land along Manila Bay. With its massive, rough concrete edifice, it reflect a Brutalist architectural style Its simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form exhibits one of the characteristics of International style, divided into two zones: the Art Zone, and the Commercial and Entertainment Zone. all facade angles are 9ft degrees The structure demonstrate Locsins application abstract cubist principles to distil the essential and floating qualities of the bahay-kubo into sculptural edifices The building houses four theaters, a museum of ethnographic and other temporary exhibits, galleries, and a library on Philippine art and culture. ## FEATURES: * Theater Facilities * Curve Cantilever Beam * Water Feature * open spaces * capiz shells chandeliers ## CARLOS ARGUELLES (1917 - 2008) proponent with the International Style of architecture that had its beginnings in the Bauhaus school and the Rationalist design movements, which were transplanted to the United States where he studied architecture. He was active in the Philippine Institute of Architects and was an honorary fellow of the American Institute of Architects. His designs, such as the Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavilionti, introduced international modernism to the Philippines. He skillfully balanced the sleek, clean lines of modern design with the warmth and charm of Filipino aesthetics. ## WORKS: * Manila Hilton (Manila Pavilionti * Manilabank * Philamlife headquarters * PNB on Escolta * The Dioscoro Umali Hall of U.P. Los Baños ## Manila Hilton (Manila Pavilionti (1968ti The Manila Hilton, then the first five star hotel in country and it became the hub of the country’s elite, politicians and wealthy families, as well as diplomats from other countries. located in United Nations Avenue, it was the tallest in Manila for the next two decades Two architects were involved in this project, Carlos Arguelles and Welton Becket. From 1995 to 2ftft3, the Manila Hilton became Holiday Inn after which it was acquired by the Gatchalians’ Waterfront Philippines and renamed as Waterfront Manila Pavilion. hosted the 1969 Miss Universe pageant The Hilton formula was a signature rectangular slab on a podium that contained the ballroom, restaurants and pool. Opportunities for architectural expression were to be found in the top of the tower, at the podium facades, the landscape and the interior design. The lobby’s design shows a baroque carve Narra timber walls contrasting with the beige and brown marble floors and columns. Moreover, materials such as Philippine easy chairs, aquamarine rugs, dark wood inlaid with mother-of-pearl add elegant touches to the lobby. The hotel contains approx. 44ft guest rooms, restaurants and conference rooms, parking lot for over 1ftft cars, shopping arcades, and an open air pool. ## FEATURES: * slab tower on a Podium * Large windows and open areas * incorporated indigenous/local materials * water features (poolsti * cantilevered canopies with handcarved wooden borders (at the entrancesti ## Philamlife Headquarters (1961ti officially known as the PhilamLife Tower, is a notable skyscraper located in Ermita, Manila, Philippines. It serves as the main office of the Philippine American Life and General Insurance Company (PhilamLifeti, one of the largest insurance companies in the Philippines. opened in 1961 Arguelles’s first big office-building commission and this is one of the first international-style buildings in Manila. a good example of perfect balance between rectilinear and organic forms The sculptured entrance is made out of molded thin shell concrete and has circular perforations to allow natural light in. The lobby have enourmous circular columns and high ceilings, and the interesting artwork and carvings that adorn the walls provide warmth and life to the space. the most famous part of the Philam Life Theeater is its auditorium. The ffi8ft-seat theater has walls paneled with narra, and reputedly has one of the best acoustics in the country designed by Bolt, Beranek and Newman however, in 2ft13, Philam Life has moved its corporate head office to its new home in Bonifacio Global City ## FEATURES: * extensive ribbon window glazing * aluminum sunshades (brise soleilti * features artworks of Filipino artists * Sculpted concrete formed entrance canopies * courtyard ## EDUARDO "ED" CALMA A beacon of the new generation, Calma’s designs are known for their futuristic elegance. His work often combines modern aesthetics with a sensitivity to the local context. sets himself apart with a distinctly modern style-often consisting of pristine lines, glass walls and a flair for the futuristic. His work, such as the Mind Museum, shows how modern architecture in the Philippines is the founder of the architectural firm Lor Calma & Partners, which is based in Manila, Philippines. known for designing luxurious homes in upscale communities in the Philippines He was awarded the Ten Outstanding Young Men Award for Architecture in 2ftft2 for his contribution to Philippine Contemporary Architecture. He is a multi-awarded architect ## WORKS: * Mind Museum * College of Saint Benilde School of Design and Arts * UP Manila Museum of A History of Ideas * Chapel of St. Benilde * CLIPP Center and Headquarters of the MDC Company ## Mind Museum (2ft12ti It opened in 2ft12 and is located in Taguig, Metro Manila The design of the structure was inspired from cellular structure and growth and had a solar reflective exterior, natural wind ventilation and rainwater flow drainage. an example of an ecologically responsible building. The country’s first world-class science museum- now LEED Gold certified by the US Green Building Council (USGBCti. The Mind Museum’s exhibition takes off from a narrative that presents science in over 25ft interactive exhibits through five interconnected stories. The galleries span nature in scale, from the smallest of things to the largest uses collected rainwater and condensate water for its cleaning, thus saving over ffift% of potable water use for sewage conveyance. It also saves 22% more energy due to its efficient HVAC system. Its lighting system is 95% LED, the most cost-efficient and environment-friendly lighting available today. Products with high recycled content were used in major materials, like steel and other metal requirements. The Mind Museum was designed with curved down roofs and slanted walls. A portion of the museum’s roof is covered by vegetation for