Politics Review Unit 3 PDF

Module 6 and 7 (Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14) 1) Will oil and gas remain the major source of energy for the global economy, or is it possible to move to greener options? - No, it's very possible to fully integrate greener options. The evidence is within the al...

Module 6 and 7 (Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14) 1) Will oil and gas remain the major source of energy for the global economy, or is it possible to move to greener options? - No, it's very possible to fully integrate greener options. The evidence is within the already greener options we see today, for example rechargeable cars, wind and solar power. 2) As a “Middle Power”, should Canada become involved in international conflict under any circumstances? Why? Or Why not? - Yes if the impact is not too negative. 3) What are some main concepts that have reappeared throughout this book? - Moving from cynicism to skepticism - Liberalism and nationalism - Political process - Globalization - Branches of government - Media influence - Influence vs. Power - Conflict and conflict resolution Chapter 14: a) Cynicism to skepticism. Understanding apathy - A lack of interest towards politics. The presence of apathy is a big problem, people tend to be indifferent about politics which is actually harmful. Voter apathy can happen due to a lack of education or inconvenience. b) Understanding of canada's political system and how it operates - Limited government involvement in the economy with a high level of government regulation. Decisions are made in the general interest according to the law (polity). Parliamentary system - Fusion of powers (must be members of executive branch must also be members of the legislative branch), Prime Minister is Head of Government. The Crown (represented by Governor General) is Head of State, Variable election date. The election date is set by the Prime Minister within a maximum of five years. Branches of government (legislative - make laws, judicial - adjudication and interpretation, bureaucracy- advise and administer and executive - political leadership) c) Utilization of the comparative approach to politics - We live in a democratic a society.  d) Where and how we obtain our information/appropriate discussions to be had about current ways of life e) Learning of new concepts, terms and approaches to studying politics - concepts: power, order, influence, nation, state, legitimacy, anarchy, international relations, foreign policy, international security, international political economy, sovereignty, globalization - approaches: analytical, behavioural, post-behavioural, political economy, realist, liberal, socialist, feminist and conservative. f) Looking into possible employment with a political studies background. - -Senator, member of parliament, diplomat, UN worker, lawyer, journalist, teacher/instructor/professor. Module 6: Politics in Developed and Developing States 1) Distinguish between a DC and a LDC. What are examples of each? What issues do they have in common? What characteristics do they have in common? - A DC is an abbreviation for developed country. LDC is an abbreviation for a less developed country. A developed country has continued industrialization whereas a less developed country does not have the ability or resources to start industrialization. An example of a DC is Canada, an example of a LDC is mexico. Issues they have in common are human trafficking and high rates of drug trade. 2) What type of state has the higher level of economic development; what type usually has higher inflation? Higher debt? - A developed state. And a developing state for the last two. 3) In DC, what is the most common political culture? Political system? Franchise? - Polyarchal (High levels of political participation for citizens and government). Federal and Unitary systems are most common in DC’s. Nation-state. Where the national government claims sovereignty and exercises final authority over citizens. Walmart is an example of a franchise. 4) What is the primary political issue in developing states? - Lack of industrialization (aren’t able to develop goods) 5) What is the EU? - The European Union is an international organization of 27 European countries. It's a trade bloc that governs economic, social and security policies. It’s an example of a confederation, and it lacks a central sovereign government.  a) What are its main institutions? - European Parliament - European Council - Council of the European Union - European Commission - Court of Justice of the European Union b) What is the main decision making institution? - the general assembly 6) What is the main difference between a regional institution and a state? - Regional institutions cannot command legitimacy in the same way that states can. Regionalism limits globalization. 7) Newly Industrializing Countries (NIC) - benefit from external trade relationships. T/F - True 8) Developing countries are NICs. T/F - False 9) What type of political system is most common in developed states? - Nation-state, federal and unitary 10) What type of franchise is most common in developed states? - Multinational corporation ex. Walmart 11) Both developed and developing states have what issue? - Human trafficking and drug trade 12) What type of political culture is most common in developed states? - Polyarchal. Characterized by a high level of citizen participation and a pluralistic political system where multiple groups and interests compete for power. It emphasizes democratic principles, such as free and fair elections, civil liberties and political equality. Example: United states) 13) Developed states have high levels of economic development, developing states have inflation and debt. T/F - True 14) Based on GDP, the world's largest economies are… - United States - China - Japan Key terms: a) Corporatism - a political system, where interest groups, such as businesses, labour unions and other organizations are integrated into the decision making process. An example is in italy during mussolini’s regime, corporatism was used  to organize society into sectors representing different interests like agriculture and industry. b) Kuznets Effect - a theory that suggests economic inequality increases during early economic development and decreases after a certain average income is reached. An example is in the early stages of industrialization, countries like the United States saw rising inequality, which later decreased as the economy matured and wealth distribution improved. Kuznets curve - a graphical representation of the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. c) North Atlantic triangle - a concept in Canadian foreign policy that emphasizes the importance of the relationships between Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. An example is during world war ll, Canada played a crucial role in mediating and maintaining relations between the UK and the US. d) Patronage - the practice of giving government jobs and other benefits to political supporters as a reward for their loyalty. An example is the “spoils system” in the United States during Andrew Jackson's presidency, where government positions were given to supporters of the winning party. e) Political economy - the study of how economic theories and methods influence political ideologies and policies. An example is analyzing how government policies on taxation and spending impact economic growth and income distribution. f) Protectionism - economic policies that restrict imports to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. An example is the United States imposing tariffs on steel imports to protect its domestic steel industry. g) Regional integration - the process by which neighboring countries enter into agreements to enhance cooperation and achieve common goals. An example is The European Union. h) Transatlantic bargain - the strategic and political relationship between the United States and Europe particularly through NATO. An example is the mutual defense agreement within NATO, where an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. i) Yoshida doctrine - Japan’s post-world war ll strategy focusing on economic recovery and relying on the UNited states or military security. An example is Japan's emphasis on economic growth and minimal military spending, while hosting US military bases for defense. j) Newly industrializing countries - countries benefiting from external trade relationships, growing export markets, and burgeoning industrial development k) Post industrial - developed economies that maintain a high-technology, or high-value economy  l) Sustainable development - model of economic growth that seeks to use renewable resources so as not to destroy the environment in which human beings have to live and to assure life and livelihoods for future generations. Short answers: - Outline 6 killer apps, explain significance of them and why Ferguson uses the term “apps”. - consumer society, property rights, competition, modern medicine, scientific revolution, and work ethic. They are downloadable. First downloaded in the west. The developed states download these apps to further develop their country. The great divergence. The great re-convergence. Module 7: International Politics/International Relations + IPE 1) Distinguish between the types of international actors, giving examples of each type. - State actors (have sovereignty) → individual states (self-interest, concerned with issues that are happening within their territory, or state to state relationship)→IGO (international governmental organization) has to have 3 or more states come together to solve a global issue, ex. International security or world hunger. - Non-state actors → Individuals (ex. Greta thunberg youngest speaker at UN council about climate change, Nelson Mandela racial issues within South Africa, Bill Gates) → NGO’s (non-governmental organization) ex. Redcross (deals with medical issues) looking to solve issues around the world without government input, amnesty international (human rights violations) → MNC ex. Walmart is looking to provide influence based on how much revenue they make. 2) What is the most important international actor? - The state 3) Distinguish between a zero sum and a positive sum system - Zero sum (one has to lose for another to gain, part of realism), positive sum (part of liberalism) cooperation. Building a fence together for the benefit of both. 4) Distinguish between realism and liberalism. - Realists see the world as it is and liberals see the world as it should be. Realists are worried about self-interest. Liberalism is worried about cooperation. 5) What is the most important factor influencing Canadian foreign policy? - Relations with USA, multilateralism (alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal)  6) What is humanitarian intervention? - Involves interference in a sovereign state’s affairs with the intention of reducing the suffering felt by its people. Focus turns from the security of the state to the security of the individual. Example of Intervention Failure: The Rwandan Genocide 7) What is terrorism? - Strategy of violence designed to bring about political change by instilling fear in the public at large. Can come from state (alkida) or non-state (9/11) actors. May be direct (Iran, govt directly provided resources to terrorist organizations) or indirect (Afghanistan, they allow terrorist organizations to operate within the state). 8) Who prepared the responsibility to protect report and what was its main goal? - Established by the Canadian government in 2000. Adopted by the UN in 2005. Attempt to codify humanitarian intervention (shifting from security of the state to the security of the individual) by the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty. Theory that the global community must try to stop known incidents of killings and major human rights abuses. 9) Distinguish between jus ad bellum and jus post bellum. - Jus ad bellum – “Right to war.” Laws governing whether states may resort to war. When, where, for what reason, to what end? Rules that govern the justice of war. Things that must be in place: Just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, probability of success, last resort, proportionality. - Jus post bellum – “Justice after war.” Concept that deals with the morality of the termination phase of war, including the responsibility to rebuild. Provides terms to end of war, guidelines for peace, political reconstruction, and prevention of vengeful peace terms. Responsibilities and accountability of warring parties after the war. 10) What is the main function of an international organization? - 1) Contribute to the efficiency in relations between states - 2) Forum for negotiation - 3) Provide stability through long-term relationships - 4) Monitor agreements 11) What is the main function of the world trade organization? - created in 1995, promotes free trade of goods and services between nations. a) Growing Regionalism (more trade within states around you, “trade blocs”). b) Conflict between European and North American conceptions of Economic Liberalism. c)The Rise of China, India, Mexico, and Brazil as major economies and trading nations. Key Terms: a) Balance of power - a situation in international relations where power is distributed among multiple states to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant. A system where states try to prevent any state or coalition of states from dominating the system. Part of realism. An example is the cold war era, where power was balanced between the United states and the soviet union. b) Foreign policy policy refers to the policies of a state that are beyond its territory. As a policy, foreign policies are an official mandate or an output of the government in the system's model. An example is collective security. Foreign policy is determined by several factors: 1) Geography: share large common border with us 2) Natural resources: lots of minerals, water, agriculture, need to import 3) Population: educated, urban, located close to border 4) Technological development: close connections with us 5) Middle power status: Canada has been described as a helpful fixer 6) Internal politics structures: democracy, role of PM 7) MOST IMPORTANTàRelations with USA, multilateralism (alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal) c) Globalization - the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders. - a) Economic globalization (removal of tariffs or trade barriers, more states can then become interconnected with one another, constant global movement of money) - b) Social/Cultural globalization (movement of people based on tourism, immigration, business and refugee status, bringing together of multiple cultures within one state) - c) Political globalization (span national borders, influence on policy making both at national and international levels, influences on political globalization include military alliances, trade agreements and relationships with other states) d) Middle power status - a state that is not a superpower but still has moderate influence and plays a significant role in international relations. An example is  Canada, which actively participates in international organizations and peacekeeping missions. e) Positive sum game - part of liberalism, cooperation. Building a fence together for the benefit of both. f) Regime - a set of rules or principles established to encourage cooperation among states. Designed to create incentives for states to collaborate on common goals, ensuring mutual benefits and fostering stability in international relations. Examples sare the United Nations (established in 1945, the UN is a global organization that promotes international cooperation on issues such as peace and security). and the World trade organization (oversees international trade rules and agreements, providing a platform for states to negotiate trade deals and resolve disputes). g) Security dilemma - a situation where actions taken by a state to increase its security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease in the original state's security. An example is the arms race between the United states and the Soviet Union during the cold war. h) State - recognized political unit considered to be sovereign with a defined territory and a population as well as a central government. i) Structural anarchy - the concept in international relations that the international system lacks a central authority, leading states to act in their own self interest. An example is the international system where no single authority governs the actions of all states. j) International government organization - institutions formed by three or more countries with a common economic, social, cultural and political purpose. k) Non-governmental organization - non-profit group organized on a local, national, or international level. l) Zero-sum game - requires one state to win and the other state to lose. Short answers: - What is a system where states try to prevent any state or coalition of states from dominating the system? - balance of power - The ______ is the most important actor in international relations - the state - Liberals are more optimistic than realistis. T/F - True - Liberals recognize states as the only legitimate actor, realists recognize individuals, states, and international organizations as actors. T/F - False - Where one has to lose in order for another to gain.  - zero-sum game - What theorists are associated with realist theory? - Hnas Morgenthau - He is the author of politics among nations. - Hnas Morgenthau - What theory suggests political leaders can avoid war by not pursuing goals they do not have the power to achieve? - democratic peace theory