Body Systems PDF

Body Systems Prepared by Daisy Agravante, RMT, ASCPi, MMPH  Body systems  Integumentary  Skeletal Cells  Muscular Tissues  Nervous  Digestive Organs  Respiratory Body systems  Excretory/Urinary Organism...

Body Systems Prepared by Daisy Agravante, RMT, ASCPi, MMPH  Body systems  Integumentary  Skeletal Cells  Muscular Tissues  Nervous  Digestive Organs  Respiratory Body systems  Excretory/Urinary Organism  Endocrine  Lymphatic  Reproductive  Circulatory  Functions Components Integumentary Disorders Diagnostic tests Parts of the skin  Hair  Hair follicles: sheaths of epidermal tissue where hair fibers grow  Mitosis takes place in the hair root located at the base of the follicle.  The new cells produce keratin, obtain their color from melanin, and grow Hair and nails into the visible portion of the follicle, called the hair shaft. Nails Nails consist of hard keratin plates that cover and protect the fingers and toes. The new cells produce keratin and then die to form the nail plate. Disorders of the skin Disorders of the skin Diagnostic tests  Functions Components SKELETAL Disorders SYSTEM Diagnostic tests   Bones Skeletal  Connective tissues: system - cartilage, tendons, ligaments. components  Joints Disorders of the Skeletal system Disorders of the skeletal system Diagnostic tests  Functions Components Muscular System Disorders Diagnostic tests Muscular System Components Disorders of the Muscular System Diagnostic tests  Functions Components Nervous System Disorders Diagnostic tests  CNS and the PNS  The CNS lies in the center of the body and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Nervous The PNS consists of System-  nerves located outside the skull and spinal column that extend out into the body and connect the brain and spinal cord to all parts of the body. Components  The main functioning cell that conducts nerve impulses is the The main functioning cell that conducts nerve impulses is the neuron. Nervous System- Components Nervous System- components Central Nervous System : 1. brain and spinal cord 2. communication center of the nervous system. CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid): CSF obtained by puncture into the meninges between the vertebrae is frequently received in the laboratory for analysis. These samples must be processed with extreme care.  Peripheral Nervous System  nerve network branching through- out the body from the brain and spinal cord.  The PNS includes the autonomic Nervous nervous system that consists of the System- motor neurons to control the involuntary bodily functions such as components heartbeat, stomach contractions, respiration, and gland secretions and the sensory neurons to carry voluntary impulses to the musculoskeletal system. Nervous System- Disorders Nervous System- Diagnostic tests  Functions RESPIRATORY Components SYSTEM Disorders Diagnostic tests  the nose, pharynx, larynx, and RESPIRATORY upper trachea SYSTEM- lungs, lower trachea, bronchi, and components alveoli RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- components RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- Disorders RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- Diagnostic tests  Functions Components DIGESTIVE Disorders SYSTEM Diagnostic tests DIGESTIVE  Alimentary Tract/Gastr SYSTEM- ointestinal Components (GI) Tract DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- Components DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- Disorders DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- Diagnostic Tests  Functions Components URINARY Disorders SYSTEM Diagnostic tests  The kidneys URINARY The two ureters SYSTEM- The urinary Component bladder The urethra URINARY SYSTEM- Disorders URINARY SYSTEM- Diagnostic tests  Functions Components ENDOCRINE Disorders SYSTEM Diagnostic tests   pituitary gland  thyroid gland  four parathyroid glands ENDOCRINE  two adrenal glands SYSTEM-  Pancreas Components  two female ovaries  two male testes  Thymus  pineal gland ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- Disorders ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- Diagnostic tests  Functions Components REPRODUCTIVE Disorders SYSTEM Diagnostic tests  Female Reproductive System  The ovaries produce the gametes called ova.  The fallopian tubes transport REPRODUCTIVE unfertilized ova or a fertilized embryo to the uterus. SYSTEM-  The uterus is the organ for embryo development. Components  The vagina receives sperm during intercourse, discharges menstrual blood, and acts as the birth canal during delivery of a fetus.  The mammary glands (breasts) produce milk for newborn nourishment.   Male Reproductive System The testes, enclosed in the scrotum, produce spermatozoa (sperm). REPRODUCTIVE The epididymis is an organ SYSTEM- for storage and maturation of sperm. Components The vas deferens is a tube that propels mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. The seminal vesicles produce fluid for sperm nourishment and motility.   The prostate gland propels semen through the urethra for ejaculation and contributes additional chemicals for sperm nourishment REPRODUCTIVE  The bulbourethral glands SYSTEM- contribute additional chemicals for sperm viability Components just before the semen is propelled to the urethra.  The urethra is a tube running through the penis to expel the semen. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- DIsorders REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- Diagnostic tests  Functions Components LYMPHATIC Disorders SYSTEM Diagnostic tests   Lymph  lymph vessels  right lymphatic duct LYMPHATIC  thoracic duct SYSTEM-  lymph nodes Components  Tonsils  Thymus  spleen LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- Disorders LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- Diagnostic tests   controls the body’s immune system by the recognition of foreign antigens filtered through the lymph nodes and Immune spleen, and the maintenance of a high System concentration of B and T lymphocytes  It also can cause rejection of transplanted tissue.  Functions Components Circulatory System  Arteries- arterioles Circulatory System- Blood Veins- venules vessels Capillaries- connect to larger veins or arteries Blood vessel structure Tunica externa: the outer layer composed of. connective tissue Tunica media: the middle layer composed of smooth. muscle and elastic tissue Tunica intima: the inner layer composed of a lining of epithelial cells. The space within a blood vessel through which the blood flows is called a lumen   Arteries are large thick-walled blood vessels that propel Arteries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the capillaries.   Veins have thinner walls than arteries and carry oxygen- Veins poor blood, carbon dioxide, and other waste products back to the heart   smallest blood vessels.  They consist of a single layer of epithelial cells to allow exchanges of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between Capillaries the blood and tissue cells.  The blood in capillaries is a mixture of arterial and venous blood.  hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs and slightly to the left of the body midline HEART consists of two pumps to circulate blood throughout the circulatory system. It is enclosed in a membranous sac called the pericardium  The heart has four chambers and is divided into right and left halves by a partition called the septum. Each side has an upper chamber called an atrium to collect blood and a lower chamber called a ventricle to pump blood from the heart. Heart The right side is the “pump” for the pulmonary circulation, and the left side is the “pump” for the systemic circulation. The heart contracts and relaxes to pump oxygen-poor blood through the heart to the lungs and return oxygenated blood to the heart for distribution throughout the body   https://www.youtube.co Pathway of m/watch?v= _vZ0lefPg_0 blood through the heart Veins in the arm used for venipuncture.  a blood volume of 5 to 6 liters two parts: a liquid BLOOD portion called plasma, and a cellular portion called the formed elements Blood components  anuclear biconcave disks that are approximately 7.2 microns in diameter. Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Erythrocytes approximately 4.5 to 6.0 million erythrocytes per microliter (µL) of blood, with men having slightly higher values than women. The normal life span for an erythrocyte is 120 days. Blood Group and Type Rh Type-Rh factor or D antigen determines whether a person is type Rh-positive or Rh-negative Compatibility of ABO blood groups   WBCs, provide immunity to certain diseases by producing antibodies and destroying harmful pathogens by phagocytosis.  produced in the bone marrow from a stem cell and develop in the thymus and bone marrow. Leukocytes  circulate in the peripheral blood for several hours and hen migrate to the tissues through the capillary walls  The normal number of leukocytes for an adult is 4,500 to 11,000 per µL of blood.t  neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils (40% to 60%) most numerous leukocytes provide protection against infection through phagocytosis. called segmented or polymorphonuclear cells 5 types of increases in bacterial infections. leukocytes Lymphocytes (20% to 40%) the second most numerous leukocytes, provide the body with immune capability by means of B and T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte has a large round purple nucleus with a rim of sky blue cytoplasm. The number of lymphocytes increases in viral infections  Monocytes (3% to 8%)  largest circulating leukocytes and act as powerful phagocytes to digest foreign material.  The cytoplasm has a fine blue-gray appearance with vacuoles and 5 types of a large, irregular nucleus. leukocytes  The number of monocytes increases in intracellular infections and tuberculosis  Eosinophils (1% to 3%)  The granules in cytoplasm of eosinophils stain red orange  nucleus has only two lobes.  Eosinophils detoxify foreign proteins and increase in allergies, skin infections, and parasitic infections 5 types of leukocytes Basophils (0% to 1%)  Basophils are the least common of the leukocytes.  The cytoplasm contains large granules that stain purple-black and release histamine in the inflammation process and heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting  Thrombocytes platelets are small, irregularly shaped disks formed from the cytoplasm of very large cells in the bone marrow called the Thrombocytes megakaryocytes. Platelets have a life span of 9 to 12 days. The average number of platelets is between 140,000 and 440,000 per µL of blood. Platelets play a vital role in blood clotting in all stages of the coagulation mechanism Circulatory System- Coagulation Hemostasis Circulatory System- Coagulation Hemostasis Stage 1 Injury>>Blood vessels constrict>> Platelets and clumps (aggregation)>>adhere to the blood vessel (adhesion) to form a temporary platelet plug to stop the bleeding. Tests: bleeding time test evaluates formation of the platelet plug. Circulatory System- Coagulation Hemostasis Stage 2 Formation of fibrin strands to strengthen the platelet plug by forming a fibrin clot. The activated partial thromboplastin time and the activated clotting time tests evaluate the intrinsic pathway and monitor heparin therapy. The prothrombin time test evaluates the extrinsic pathway and monitors warfarin (Coumadin) therapy. Circulatory System- Coagulation Hemostasis The last factor in the coagulation cascade (Factor XIII) Stage 3 stabilizes the fibrin clot. This produces retraction (tightening) of the clot Tests: The thrombin time and the fibrinogen level evaluate this end stage of fibrin clot production. Circulatory System- Coagulation Hemostasis Stage 4 Healed blood vessel>>fibrinolysis>>fibrin clot> fibrin degradation product Tests: The measurement of FDPs or D-dimers monitors fibrinolysis. Circulatory System- Disorders Circulatory System- Disorders Circulatory System- Diagnostic tests Circulatory System- Diagnostic tests   The Phlebotomy Textbook End Susan King Strasinger, DA, MLS(ASCP) Marjorie Schaub Di Lorenzo, MLS(ASCP)SH