Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

TOPIC OUTLINE  Anatomy and Physiology  Basic Anatomical  Definition and Terminology Subdivisions  Body Positions  Levels of Body  Regional Names Organization  Directional Terms  Systems Overview  Planes &...

TOPIC OUTLINE  Anatomy and Physiology  Basic Anatomical  Definition and Terminology Subdivisions  Body Positions  Levels of Body  Regional Names Organization  Directional Terms  Systems Overview  Planes & Sections  Characteristics of Living  Body Cavities Human Organism  Abdominopelvic Regions  Basic Life Processes and Quadrants  Homeostasis  Control & Imbalance  Body Fluids ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY  Anatomy  the study of structure and the relationships among structures  Subdivisions  Systemic anatomy  Surface anatomy  Regional anatomy  Gross anatomy  Developmental  Cytology anatomy  Histology  Embryology  Radiographic anatomy  Pathological anatomy ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY  Physiology  study of how body structures function  Subdivisions  Systems physiology  Neurophysiology  Cell physiology  Endocrinology  Pathophysiology  Cardiovascular physiology  Immunophysiology  Respiratory physiology  Exercise physiology  Renal physiology  Reproductive physiology LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION  Chemical Level  includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together  Cellular Level  basic structural and functional units of an organism LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION  Tissue Level  groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions  Organ Level  structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION  System Level  consist of related organs that have a common function  Organismal Level  is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems; any living individual Systems Overview  Integumentary System  Skeletal System  Components  Components  Skin and associated  Bones, joints and structures such as hair, associated cartilages nails, sweat glands and oil glands  Functions  Supports and protects the  Functions body  Protects the body  Provides the surface area  Thermoregulation for muscle attachments  Eliminates some wastes  Aids body movements  Helps make Vitamin D  Houses hematopoietic  Detect cutaneous cells sensations  Stores minerals and fats Systems Overview  Muscular System  Nervous System  Components  Components  Brain, spinal cord, nerves,  Skeletal muscles special sense organs  Functions  Functions  Generates action  Produces body potentials to regulate body activities movements  Detects changes internal  Stabilizes body position and external environments, interprets the changes and  Generates heat responds by muscular contractions or glandular secretions Systems Overview  Cardiovascular System  Lymphatic System  Components  Blood, heart, blood vessels  Components  Lymph, lymph vessels,  Functions lymph nodes, spleen,  Heart pumps blood through thymus, tonsils blood vessels  Blood transport nutrients and O2 to cells and carries  Functions wastes and CO2 from cells  Returns fluid and proteins  Regulates ph balance, temperature, and water to blood content of body fluids  Transport dietary fats  Aids in immunity and tissue repair  Aids in immune response Systems Overview  Respiratory System  Digestive System  Components  Components  GIT organs (mouth,  Lungs and air pharynx, esophagus stomach, small and large passageways (pharynx, intestine, anus) trachea, bronchial tubes)  Accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)  Functions  Gas exchange  Functions  Regulates ph balance  Physical and chemical breakdown of food  Voice production  Absorbs nutrients  Eliminates solid wastes Systems Overview  Urinary System  Endocrine System  Components  Components  Kidneys, ureters, bladder,  hypothalamus, thymus, urethra pancreas, ovaries, testes  pituitary, pineal,  Functions parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal glands  Homeostasis of body fluids  Functions  Regulates body activities by releasing hormones Systems Overview  Reproductive System  Components  Gonads (ovaries and testes) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus vagina and epididymis, ductus deferens, penis)  Functions  Production, storage and transport of gametes  Hormone production Basic Life Processes  Metabolism  the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism.  Responsiveness  the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment.  Movement  includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells. Basic Life Processes  Growth  increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both.  Differentiation  change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.  Reproduction  formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement  production of a new individual. Homeostasis  condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment produced by the ceaseless interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes  Regulation  Endocrine and nervous system  Feedback system Feedback System  Cycle of events  Body is monitored and re- monitored  Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition  Three Basic components  Receptor  Control center  Effector Feedback System  Receptor  Monitors changes in a controlled condition  Sends input to the control center  Control center  sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained  evaluates the input it receives from the receptors  generates output commands when they are needed.  Effector  Receives output from the control center  Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition Feedback System  Negative Feedback systems  Reverses a change in a controlled condition  Positive Feedback systems  Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Homeostatic Imbalance  Normal equilibrium of body processes are disrupted.  Disorder  any derangement of abnormality of function.  Disease  an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.  Maybe local or systemic  Symptoms are subjective, signs are objective changes  Death Body Fluids  dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell  Intracellular Fluid (ICF)  Fluid within cells  Extracellular Fluid (ECF)  Fluid outside cells  Interstitial fluid is ECF between cells and tissues  Blood Plasma is ECF within blood vessels  Lymph is ECF within lymphatic vessels  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is ECF in the brain and spinal cord  Synovial fluid is ECF in joints  Aqueous humor and vitreous body are ECF in eyes Body Positions  Anatomical Position  a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.  Body upright  Standing erect facing the observer  Head and eyes facing forward  Feet are flat on the floor and forward  Upper limbs to the sides  Palms turned forward Body Positions  Reclining Position  Prone  the body is lying face down  Supine  the body is lying face up Regional Names Directional Terms  Superior (Cranial/Cephalic) – Inferior (Caudal)  Anterior (Ventral) – Posterior (Dorsal)  Medial – Lateral – Intermediate  Ipsilateral – Contralateral  Proximal – Distal  Superficial (External) – Deep (Internal)  Rostral Planes and Sections  Planes  imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas  Principal planes  Sagittal  Midsagittal (median) and parasagittal  Frontal (coronal)  Transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal)  Oblique.  Sections  Cut of the body made along a plane Body Cavities  Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs  Cranial cavity and vertebral canal  Thoracic cavity  Abdominopelvic cavity  Others Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Canal  Cranial cavity  Formed by the cranial bones  Protects the brain  Vertebral canal  Formed by bones of vertebral column  Contains the spinal cord  Meninges  Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal Thoracic Cavity  Formed by ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and vertebral column (thoracic portion) and diaphragm  Mediastinum  Central part of the thoracic cavity between lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and 1st rib to the diaphragm  Contains all contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs.  Pericardial cavity  Fluid-filled space that surround the heart  Pleural cavity  Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung Abdominopelvic Cavity  Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis  Abdominal cavity  Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines  Pelvic cavity  Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes  Serous membrane  thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera  Parietal layer  Lines the wall of the cavities  Visceral layer  Covers the viscera within the cavities  Serous fluid  between the two layers  reduces friction and allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes  Pleura  Serous membrane of the pleural cavities  Pericardium  Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity  Peritoneum  Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity Other Cavities  Oral (mouth) cavity  Tongue and teeth  Nasal cavity  nose  Orbital cavities  eyeball  Middle ear cavities  Small bones of the middle ear  Synovial cavities  Joints Abdominopelvic Regions  Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs Abdominopelvic Quadrants  Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus