PMLSP 1 - Basic Concepts on Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity PDF

Basic Concepts on Laboratory Biosafety and Bio security 87 Brief Historg of Laboratorg Biosafetg Observin g a n d implement ing lab 1., t..c.. - · · 0 c:t or Y sa1ety precaut10ns are of utmost importance m the m ed1cal tech nology pracf.. _ J a· ·a 1...

Basic Concepts on Laboratory Biosafety and Bio security 87 Brief Historg of Laboratorg Biosafetg Observin g a n d implement ing lab 1., t..c.. - · · 0 c:t or Y sa1ety precaut10ns are of utmost importance m the m ed1cal tech nology pracf.. _ J a· ·a 1 _ - c Jee. n l Vl u a s wh o h andle and process microbiological specimen a r e ~ruln ~i ~ble to path ogenic m icroorganism s which are possible sources of laboratory acqmred m fections (LAI). Laborat orv bios afet y and l)1·osec·tit·i·ty ·t races r '.. 1·ts h.1story m · N orth A m enca · an d Western Europe.. "' fh e on 0crm· s ot b10s·1fetv - c · · t d· h b. · ·., 1s r oo e m t e US 10log1cal weapons program which began m 19 40 as ord er ed by then US President Franklin Roosevelt and was active during the Cold War. It was event ually terminated by US Ptesident Rich ard Nixon in 1969. In 1943, Ira L. Bald,,in be cam e the first scientific director of Camp Det rick (which eventually became Fort Detrick). a nd v,,as tasked with establishin g the biological weapons program for defensive purposes t o en able the United States t o respond if attacked by such weapons. After the Second \Vorld "\Var, Camp Detrick was designated a perman ent installation for biological research and de,-elopment. Biosafety was an inherent component of biological weapons development. Later on: N e,vell A. J ohnson designed m odifications for biosafety at Camp Derrick. He engaged some of Ca mp Detrick's leading scientists about the nature of th eir work, and developed specific t echnical solutions such as Class III safety cabinets and laminar flow hoods to address specific risks. Consequent meetings eventually led to the formation of th e American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) in 1984. The association held annual meetings that soon became the AB SA annual conferences (Salerno et al., 2015). Other contributors outside the United States included Arnold Wedum who described the use of mech anical pipettors to prevent laboratory-acquired infections in 1907 and 1908 ( Kru se (1991), cited by Salerno, 2015). Moreover, ventilated cabinets, early progenitors to the nearly ubiquitous engineered control now known as the biological safety cabinet, were also first documen te d outside of the US biological weapons program. In 1909, a pharmaceutical company in Pennsylvania developed a ventilat ed cabinet to prevent infection fron-;i. mycobacterium tuberculosis. At the hei,,ht of increasing mortality and morbidity due to smallpox in 19 67, W HO - aggressively pu~sued the eradication of the viru s (College o~Ph~sicians o~' Philadelph~a 2 014). It was al so durinrr th is ti m e th at serious concern s ab out b10safety practices worldwide were 6 · d rai se , contn u in ~ cJ J· rec t]y tc; the' ·b t· - clec1· s1· on of· the World.Health. Assembly to consolidate the. · · ·. t k rem amrng V1rus s oc s lfl o · t lw · 1 oc·tt1·011s· c · th e Center for Disease. _. Control and. Prevent10n. (CDC) in th e United Stales a nd t he Slate Research Center of Vir~logy and B10tec_h nol~gy VECTOR (SRCVB VECTOR) in Russia. [n 197lJ,, t he CDC _p ublished the Class{fi~at~o1~ ·. · · ,r1-1· ,··d th crt introduced t he concept of es tabhshmg qf Etiological Agents on the Busts 0.1 - azw , c _ _ ascen ding 1evels of containment associated wit b risks in hall